Towards an Emancipatory International Law: the Bolivarian reconstruction

In this article, we argue that a unique South American treaty known as ALBA—the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas—puts forward a cohesive counter-vision of international law rooted in notions of complementarity and human solidarity. We further argue that Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) scholars might use this initiative as a springboard to push forward a long-overdue reform of the international legal regime. While, on its own, ALBA is unlikely to pose much of a challenge to the structural imbalances that permeate global society, when juxtaposed alongside the many initiatives of the Bolivarian Revolution, it appears to possess signi?cant democratic potential. With both scholarly and popular support, ALBA may even have the capability of sparking a renewal of a united Third World movement.

Metaphors in Hugo Chávez's political discourse:conceptualizing nation, revolution and opposition

This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of metaphors used by Hugo Chávez in his efforts to construct and legitimize his Bolivarian Revolution. It focuses on metaphors drawn from three of his most frequent target domains: the nation, his revolution, and the opposition. The author argues that behind an official discourse of inclusion, Chávez's choice of metaphors contributes to the construction of a polarizing discourse of exclusion in which his political opponents are represented as enemies of the nation. Chávez constructs this polarizing discourse of exclusion by combining metaphors that conceptualize: (a) the nation as a person who has been resurrected by his government, as a person ready to fight for his revolution, or as Chávez himself; (b) the revolution as war; and (c) members of the opposition as war combatants or criminals. At the same time, by making explicit references in his discourse about the revolution as the continuation of Simón Bolívar's wars of independence, Chávez contributes to represent opponents as enemies of the nation, given that in the Venezuelan collective imaginary Bolívar is the symbol of the nation's emancipation.

Metaphors in Hugo Chávez's political discourse:conceptualizing nation, revolution and opposition

This dissertation examines Hugo Chávez's choice of metaphors in his efforts to construct and legitimize his Bolivarian Revolution. It focuses on metaphors drawn from three of the most frequent target domains present in his discourse: the nation, his revolution, and the opposition. The study argues that behind an official discourse of inclusion, Chávez's choice of metaphors contributes to the construction of a polarizing discourse of exclusion in which his political opponents are represented as enemies of the nation.The study shows that Chávez constructs this polarizing discourse of exclusion by combining metaphors that conceptualize: (a) the nation as a person who has been resurrected by his government, as a person ready to fight for his revolution, or as Chávez himself; (b) the revolution as war; and (c) members of the opposition as war combatants or criminals. At the same time, the study shows that by making explicit references in his discourse about the revolution as the continuation of Bolívar's wars of independence, Chávez contributes to represent opponents as enemies of the nation, given that in the Venezuelan collective imaginary Simón Bolívar is the symbol of the nation's emancipation.This research, which covers a period of nine years (from Chávez's first year in office in 1999 through 2007), is part of the discipline of Political Discourse Analysis (PDA). It is anchored both in the theoretical framework provided by the cognitive linguistic metaphor theory developed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson described in their book Metaphors We Live By, and in Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) as defined by Jonathan Charteris-Black in his book Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis.The study provides the first comprehensive analysis of metaphors used by Chávez in his political discourse. It builds upon the findings of previous studies on political discourse analysis in Venezuela by showing that Chávez's discourse not only polarizes the country and represents opponents as detractors of national symbols such as Bolívar or his wars of independence (which have been clearly established in previous studies), but also represents political opponents as enemies of the nation.

Análisis de la estrategia política de la Revolución Bolivariana y su proyección hacia la región andina. Estudio de caso: Ecuador 2004 – 2007

Esta investigación presenta un análisis a cerca de los elementos que configuran la estrategia política de la Revolución Bolivariana y su proyección hacia la región andina, teniendo en cuenta un caso especifico de esta, como lo es el Ecuador, durante el periodo comprendido entre el 2004 y el 2007.

El discurso político del presidente Hugo Chávez Frías como constituyente de identidad política en Venezuela: antagonismo y representación

En esta monografía de grado se pretende hacer un análisis acerca de la constitución de una nueva identidad política en Venezuela a partir del discurso del presidente Hugo Chávez y con posterioridad al golpe de Estado de 2002. Para ello, se emplean los supuestos teóricos de Ernesto Laclau y Chantal Mouffe y la deconstrucción de las categorías discursivas del presidente venezolano, así como “la respuesta” popular en relación a la representación política en “doble vía”. Por medio de un estudio histórico sobre la conformación de Venezuela como un Estado democrático-liberal, es posible aprehender sobre su consenso (Pacto de Punto Fijo) y la manera en la que un discurso antagónico se erige como hegemónico y así, se establece una identidad política alternativa: “El pueblo bolivariano”. Se trata de un análisis cualitativo sobre la constitución de identidades políticas y la relación entre las mismas, se aleja completamente de una evaluación sobre los logros y/o fracasos del proceso político venezolano.

Analísis de la interacción entre Actores No Gubernamentales Internacionales y Redes de Desobediencia civil. Caso de estudio: ORVEX-JAVU en el periodo 2007-2008

Han pasado ya más de diez años en los cuales, la otrora República de Venezuela, vive un clima de “Revolución Bolivariana” y que al mando de Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías, se vió soportada en sus cimientos por el apoyo y simpatía de millones de personas en el ámbito doméstico, regional e internacional. Sin embargo, y en el transcurso de su gestión, las amplias atribuciones que se ha tomado el poder ejecutivo sobre los demás poderes de la república han provocado arbitrariedades atentando en contra de Derechos Civiles y Políticos. Qué ha hecho o qué ha dejado de hacer la oposición venezolana y algunos sectores que la conforman, en la lucha contra la violación de los Derechos Civiles y Políticos? ¿Cuál ha sido el rol de los estudiantes de la educación superior venezolana? ¿Tienen estos estudiantes algún tipo de coalición transnacional fuera del país que les acompañe?

Análisis descriptivo del marco jurídico normativo referido a la Fuerza Armada Nacional y su incidencia en las relaciones cívico- militares en Venezuela, 1999- 2012

Las relaciones cívico- militares que se establecen desde el año 1999 en Venezuela debido a la llegada del entonces Teniente Coronel del Ejército (re) Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías, presentan cambios que permiten explicar la situación del país a través de un actor que ha sido fundamental desde el siglo XIX venezolano: los hombres en armas de la renovada Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana. La hipótesis que se maneja llega a cumplirse gracias a la aplicación del enfoque neo institucionalista, desde el cual se dan los matices conceptuales necesarios para convertir el análisis en uno de tipo politológico. Los resultados reflejan con claridad la diferencia del panorama venezolano respecto a relaciones cívico- militares, entre el lapso del puntofijismo (1961- 1999) y la ejecución de la Revolución Bolivariana por parte del fallecido Presidente Hugo Chávez (1999- 2012). Esto, gracias al análisis normativo que se destaca, el cual permite extraer elementos de constituciones y leyes, que ayudan a la comprensión del comportamiento tanto de civiles como de militares en cada época.

Análisis de la política petrolera venezolana durante el gobierno de Hugo Chávez como factor determinante de la Revolución Bolivariana (período 1999-2012)

Desde 1999, la política petrolera se constituyó como base del proyecto político chavista conocido como la Revolución Bolivariana, e incluso se convirtió en el eje de la participación, polarización y de las relaciones entre los principales actores del oficialismo y de la oposición venezolana.

La Fuerza Armada Nacional en la Revolución Bolivariana

En Venezuela, en el seno de la Revolución Bolivariana, la Fuerza Armada Nacional se convierte en una de las principales organizaciones con capacidad para adelantar los objetivos de ese proyecto nacional. En este sentido, los militares tienen un papel político que cumplir. Lo anterior ha implicado, desde la llegada del presidente Hugo Chávez al poder, la puesta en marcha de un nuevo pensamiento militar que se sustenta en los conceptos de seguridad y defensa integral de la nación, la adopción del principio de corresponsabilidad entre el Estado y la sociedad en estos ámbitos y la reestructuración de la composición de la Fuerza Armada Nacional.-----In Venezuela, in the middle of the Bolivarian Revolution, the National Armed Forces become one of the main organizations with the capacity to push the objectives of the Bolivarian Revolution national project. Furthermore, the military have a political role to fulfill. This has entailed, since the arrival of president Hugo Chavez to power, the put into operation of a new military thought based on concepts of national integral defense and security, the adoption of the principle of co-responsibility between the state and society in these realms, and the National Armed Forces’ composition restructuring.

La Revolución Bolivariana: sinopsis de una permanente ambigüedad

La victoria electoral de Hugo Chávez en 1998 se constituyó en un importante tema para las ciencias sociales latinoamericanas. En efecto, la sola idea de que se diera un cambio tan importante en la política venezolana alentó y desempolvó una serie de perspectivas sobre un proceso que ha llamado la atención de muchos académicos, analistas y estudiosos de nuestra realidad.En 1999 Venezuela le dio un cheque en blanco a una alianza electoral que prometió cambiar a un país que en ese momento le pasó factura a un período democrático que no supo adaptarse a los nuevos tiempos. A partir de esa fecha se fundamentaron al menos tres grandes espacios para la reflexión académica. En primer lugar, la problemática sobre los alcances de ese cambio; en segundo término, la discusión sobre sus causas, en cuanto a que Venezuela –considerada por mucho tiempo como un caso sui géneris dentro de la política comparada– se transformó a sí misma, y se dio de esta manera una verdadera ruptura con el pasado; en tercer lugar, el análisis sobre el papel que ha jugado la variable internacional en la configuración de ese cambio.

Imperialismo, petróleo e Revolução Bolivariana: impasses político-ideológicos do governo Chávez na Venezuela

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

Islamist Cyber Networks in Spanish-Speaking Latin America

Despite significant concern among policy, law enforcement and intelligence communities in the United States (U.S.) over the possible spread of radical Islamist thought throughout the world as part of a global jihad movement, there has been little investigation into the growing cyber networks in Latin America that promote strong anti-Semitic and anti-U.S. messages. This paper offers an overview of that network, focusing on the structure of Shi’ite websites that promote not only religious conversion but are also supportive of Iran -- a designated State-sponsor of terrorism – its nuclear program. Hezbollah, and the “Bolivarian revolution” led by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and his allies in Bolivia, Ecuador and Nicaragua. There is also a smaller group of Sunni Muslim websites, mostly tied to the legacy organizations of the Muslim Brotherhood. Many of the Shi’ite websites are linked to each other consistently portray Israel as a Nazi State, and the United States as an imperialist war monger. The Palestinian issue is frequently juxtaposed with the anti-imperialist struggle that those states supporting Chávez’ Bolivarian revolution claim to wage against the United States. Some of the Islamist websites claim thousands of new convert, but such claims are difficult to verify. Most of the websites visited touted the conversion of one or two individuals as significant victories and signs of progress, implying that there are few, if any, mass conversions. While conducting this research, no websites directly claiming to be linked to Hezbollah were found, although there numerous sites hosted by that group that were active until around 2006. Several of the inactive links are supportive of Hezbollah as a political party. No websites linked to al Qaeda were found. Yet a substantial Internet network remains operational. Much of the outreach for Shi’ite Muslims, closely tied to Iran, is sponsored on numerous websites across the region, including El Salvador, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico and Bolivia. Numerous Facebook forums for discussion are also hosted around Latin America. These links must be viewed in the context of the rapidly expanding diplomatic, intelligence, political and economic ties of Iran in recent years with the self-proclaimed Bolivarian states. Given the sparse literature available and the rich vein of un-mined information on the sites cited as well as others that one could find with additional research, the cyber network of Islamist groups remains one of the least understood or studied facets of their presence in Latin America and the Caribbean. It merits significantly more investigation.

Race Relations & Politics in Venezuela during Punto Fijo (1958 – 1998)

In 1998, Hugo Chávez Frías’ presidential candidacy brought race to national discussion in Venezuela for first time since 1945. For long, the country’s politics had abided by the myth of racial harmony and racial democracy. This approach pointed to institutional separation in the United States and Africa as examples of true racism. Latin America was largely void of such atrocities. Nonetheless, Chávez claimed the present political parties (Acción Democrática, Copei and Unión Republicana Democrática) disenfranchised the common, colored Venezuelan. He continued to assert the opposition’s racism during his presidency. And his political fanbase agrees. A variety of scholars have studied the break from Punto Fijo politics to the Bolivarian Revolution. Yet, few have linked the obvious class struggle to race. Here, I seek to explain how racial identity has shaped class identity in Venezuela by closely examining the Punto Fijo era (1958-1998). The essay begins with an overview of historical race relations, moving to the period in focus. Then, I examine systematic and institutional exclusion under Punto Fijo politics. The object is to understand the merit of Chávez’s racial claims since 1998. Hence, the study also sees democracy in action and the consequences of racial exclusion. The study will be accomplished through secondary research, considering the limitations brought by working abroad. In the end, this study serves as first step in analyzing the fall of what was once considered Latin America’s most durable democracy.

Race Relations & Politics in Venezuela during Punto Fijo (1958 – 1998)

In 1998, Hugo Chávez Frías’ presidential candidacy brought race to national discussion in Venezuela for first time since 1945. For long, the country’s politics had abided by the myth of racial harmony and racial democracy. This approach pointed to institutional separation in the United States and Africa as examples of true racism. Latin America was largely void of such atrocities. Nonetheless, Chávez claimed the present political parties (Acción Democrática, Copei and Unión Republicana Democrática) disenfranchised the common, colored Venezuelan. He continued to assert the opposition’s racism during his presidency. And his political fanbase agrees. A variety of scholars have studied the break from Punto Fijo politics to the Bolivarian Revolution. Yet, few have linked the obvious class struggle to race. Here, I seek to explain how racial identity has shaped class identity in Venezuela by closely examining the Punto Fijo era (1958-1998). The essay begins with an overview of historical race relations, moving to the period in focus. Then, I examine systematic and institutional exclusion under Punto Fijo politics. The object is to understand the merit of Chávez’s racial claims since 1998. Hence, the study also sees democracy in action and the consequences of racial exclusion. The study will be accomplished through secondary research, considering the limitations brought by working abroad. In the end, this study serves as first step in analyzing the fall of what was once considered Latin America’s most durable democracy.