996 resultados para Black soil


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Biogeochemical and hydrological cycles are currently studied on a small experimental forested watershed (4.5 km(2)) in the semi-humid South India. This paper presents one of the first data referring to the distribution and dynamics of a widespread red soil (Ferralsols and Chromic Luvisols) and black soil (Vertisols and Vertic intergrades) cover, and its possible relationship with the recent development of the erosion process. The soil map was established from the observation of isolated soil profiles and toposequences, and surveys of soil electromagnetic conductivity (EM31, Geonics Ltd), lithology and vegetation. The distribution of the different parts of the soil cover in relation to each other was used to establish the dynamics and chronological order of formation. Results indicate that both topography and lithology (gneiss and amphibolite) have influenced the distribution of the soils. At the downslope, the following parts of the soil covers were distinguished: i) red soil system, ii) black soil system, iii) bleached horizon at the top of the black soil and iv) bleached sandy saprolite at the base of the black soil. The red soil is currently transforming into black soil and the transformation front is moving upslope. In the bottom part of the slope, the chronology appears to be the following: black soil > bleached horizon at the top of the black soil > streambed > bleached horizon below the black soil. It appears that the development of the drainage network is a recent process, which was guided by the presence of thin black soil with a vertic horizon less than 2 in deep. Three distinctive types of erosional landforms have been identified: 1. rotational slips (Type 1); 2. a seepage erosion (Type 2) at the top of the black soil profile; 3. A combination of earthflow and sliding in the non-cohesive saprolite of the gneiss occurs at midslope (Type 3). Types 1 and 2 erosion are mainly occurring downslope and are always located at the intersection between the streambed and the red soil-black soil contact. Neutron probe monitoring, along an area vulnerable to erosion types 1 and 2, indicates that rotational slips are caused by a temporary watertable at the base of the black soil and within the sandy bleached saprolite, which behaves as a plane of weakness. The watertable is induced by the ephemeral watercourse. Erosion type 2 is caused by seepage of a perched watertable, which occurs after swelling and closing of the cracks of the vertic clay horizon and within a light textured and bleached horizon at the top of black soil. Type 3 erosion is not related to the red soil-black soil system but is caused by the seasonal seepage of saturated throughflow in the sandy saprolite of the gneiss occurring at midslope. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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In sub-humid South India, recent studies have shown that black soil areas (Vertisols and vertic Intergrades), located on flat valley bottoms, have been rejuvenated through the incision of streambeds, inducing changes in the pedoclimate and soil transformation. Joint pedological, geochemical and geophysical investigations were performed in order to better understand the ongoing processes and their contribution to the chemistry of local rivers. The seasonal rainfall causes cycles of oxidation and reduction in a perched watertable at the base of the black soil, while the reduced solutions are exported through a loamy sand network. This framework favours a ferrolysis process, which causes low base saturation and protonation of clay, leading to the weathering of 2:1 then 1:1 clay minerals. Maximum weathering conditions occur at the very end of the wet season, just before disappearance of the perched watertable. Therefore, the by-products of soil transformation are partially drained off and calcareous nodules, then further downslope, amorphous silica precipitate upon soil dehydration. The ferrolysed area is fringing the drainage system indicating that its development has been induced by the streambed incision. The distribution of C-14 ages of CaCO3 nodules suggests that the ferrolysis process started during the late Holocene, only about 2 kyr B.P. at the studied site and about 5 kyr B.P. at the watershed outlet. The results of this study are applied to an assessment of the physical erosion rate (4.8x10(-3) m/kyr) since the recent reactivation of the erosion process. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The influence of the pedogenic and climatic contexts on the formation and preservation of pedogenic carbonates in a climosequence in the Western Ghats (Karnataka Plateau, South West India) has been studied. Along the climosequence, the current mean annual rainfall (MAR) varies within a 80 km transect from 6000 mm at the edge of the Plateau to 500 mm inland. Pedogenic carbonates occur in the MAR range of 500-1200 mm. In the semi-arid zone (MAR: 500-900 mm), carbonates occur (i) as rhick hardpan calcretes on pediment slopes and (ii) as nodular horizons in polygenic black soils (i.e. vertisols). In the sub-humid zone (MAR: 900-1500 mm), pedogenic carbonates are disseminated in the black soil matrices either as loose, irregular and friable nodules of millimetric size or as indurated botryoidal nodules of centimetric to pluricentimetric size. They also occur at the top layers of the saprolite either as disseminated pluricentimetric indurated nodules or carbonate-cemented lumps of centimetric to decimetric size. Chemical and isotopic (Sr-87/Sr-86) compositions of the carbonate fraction were determined after leaching with 0.25 N HCl. The corresponding residual fractions containing both primary minerals and authigenic clays were digested separately and analyzed. The trend defined by the Sr-87/Sr-86 signatures of both labile carbonate fractions and corresponding residual fractions indicates that a part of the labile carbonate fraction is genetically linked to the local soil composition. Considering the residual fraction of each sample as the most likely lithogenic source of Ca in carbonates, it is estimated that from 24% to 82% (55% on average) of Ca is derived from local bedrock weathering, leading to a consumption of an equivalent proportion of atmospheric CO2. These values indicate that climatic conditions were humid enough to allow silicate weathering: MAR at the time of carbonate formation likely ranged from 400 to 700 mm, which is 2- to 3-fold less than the current MAR at these locations. The Sr, U and Mg contents and the (U-234/U-238) activity ratio in the labile carbonate fraction help to understand the conditions of carbonate formation. The relatively high concentrations of Sr, U and Mg in black soil carbonates may indicate fast growth and accumulation compared to carbonates in saprolite, possibly due to a better confinement of the pore waters which is supported by their high (U-234/U-238) signatures, and/or to higher content of dissolved carbonates in the pore waters. The occurrence of Ce, Mn and Fe oxides in the cracks of carbonate reflects the existence of relatively humid periods after carbonate formation. The carbonate ages determined by the U-Th method range from 1.33 +/- 0.84 kyr to 7.5 +/- 2.7 kyr and to a cluster of five ages around 20 kyr, i.e. the Last Glacial Maximum period. The young occurrences are only located in the black soils, which therefore constitute sensitive environments for trapping and retaining atmospheric CO2 even on short time scales. The maximum age of carbonates depends on their location in the climatic gradient: from about 20 kyr for centimetric nodules at Mule Hole (MAR = 1100 mm/yr) to 200 kyr for the calcrete at Gundlupet (MAR = 700 mm/yr, Durand et al., 2007). The intensity of rainfall during wet periods would indeed control the lifetime of pedogenic carbonates and thus the duration of inorganic carbon storage in soils. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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集约化养殖大量使用铜(Cu)作为饲料添加剂会在养殖废物的排放和利用中导致一定的环境问题。随着东北老工业基地产业结构的调整,畜牧业作为东北地区二次振兴的主要产业得到迅速发展,由此会产生大量的畜禽粪便用于农业土壤施肥。而东北地区又是我国重要的农副产品生产基地,研究畜禽粪便农用的健康及环境风险就显得殊为必要。黑土是东北地区最主要的土壤类型,本文以东北黑土为供试材料,通过在盆栽实验中添加不同Cu浓度的猪粪来模拟施肥年限不同的菜园土,研究土壤中Cu累积对小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)地上部分生物量与Cu含量、土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶(脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶)活性、微生物群落功能多样性以及对土壤功能微生物——氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)等的影响,从而实现含Cu猪粪农用对食物链途径的健康风险以及土壤生态系统的生态风险的综合评价。 研究结果表明,施用猪粪显著地改善了土壤的pH,增加了小白菜地上部分生物量,对其体内Cu浓度则没有显著影响;小白菜地上部分Cu浓度与土壤全Cu和水溶态Cu浓度显著正相关(P<0.01),而地上生物量与土壤全Cu浓度显著负相关(P<0.05)。当土壤全Cu浓度达到300 mg kg-1后,小白菜地上部分生物量受到强烈抑制。 猪粪的施用在一定时期内显著地促进了脱氢酶和脲酶的活性,但随土壤Cu浓度的增加,脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性逐渐受到抑制。当土壤全Cu浓度达到300 mg kg-1后,微生物生物量、脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶等均受到强烈抑制。 施加猪粪提高了土壤微生物群落功能多样性,当土壤Cu浓度达到170 mg kg-1后,显著地抑制了微生物群落功能多样性。种植小白菜后,各处理间微生物群落功能多样性没有显著差异,意味着植物能够维持微生物群落功能多样性。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,当土壤全Cu浓度达到300 mg kg-1后,微生物群落功能多样性与其它处理显著不同。 猪粪显著地促进了土壤的硝化潜势速率(PNR)。随着Cu浓度的增加,硝化潜势速率逐渐受到抑制,当土壤全Cu浓度达到170 mg kg-1后,即与对照无显著差异。植物在维持硝化速率方面也起到重要作用。古菌amoA基因在每克干土中的拷贝数在9.4*106~2.59*107,细菌amoA基因在每克干土中的拷贝数约为1.48*106~1.41*107。猪粪在一定时期内显著地增加了AOA和AOB的数量,当土壤Cu浓度达到300 mg kg-1后,AOA和AOB的数量显著下降,并且AOA与AOB amoA基因拷贝数的比值增加,在小白菜栽种前(B1)和小白菜收获后(B2)分别为2.33和9.26,这意味着在高Cu浓度胁迫下,AOA的耐受性更强。古菌与细菌的amoA拷贝数与PNR之间则没有显著的相关关系,意味着AOA和AOB种群结构以及其中某些种群的活性可能发生了变化。 本文通过对东北黑土菜地土壤中Cu在作物体内的迁移积累及其对土壤微生物学指标(微生物生物量、酶活性、微生物群落功能多样性及功能微生物)的影响的综合研究,揭示了含Cu猪粪农用所造成的健康和生态风险,为建立适宜的土壤环境质量标准提供了一定的科学依据。通过本研究得出,黑土蔬菜种植中Cu浓度的阈值在170-300 mg kg-1之间。

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采用样方法研究了首曲湿地功能区"黑土滩"退化草甸改良后3 a的群落特征变化,分析了围栏封育和补播"高寒1号"生态组合草种对退化草甸的恢复改良效果.结果显示:仅封育3 a后,"黑土滩"退化草甸群落的盖度、高度、地上生物量和可食牧草比例均显著提高,丰富度指数由0.55增加到0.75,多样性指数由0.07增加到了0.25;封育后补播"高寒1号"生态草种相对于封育前,使得退化草甸的盖度增加了56.00%,高度增加了11.74 cm,地上生物量增加了222.24 g/m~2,可食牧草比例增加了55.98%,物种数由5种/m~2增加到了15种/m~2,丰富度指数由0.55增加到了3.29,多样性指数由0.07增加到了1.85,均匀度指数由0.06增加到了0.27.相对围栏封育而言,封育后补播是一种更有效的"黑土滩"退化草甸改良恢复措施.围栏封育和补播配套实施可以显著改善"黑土滩"退化草地的群落貌相、草地生产力和组分结构状况.

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目前激光衍射法(laser diffraction method,LD)逐步被用于土壤颗粒粒径分布(particle size distribution, PSD)的分析,为了对比LD法和吸管法测定东北黑土区土壤PSD的差异性,采用LD法和吸管法分别对东北黑土区宾州河流域36个土壤剖面不同层次178个土壤样品的PSD值进行了测定与分析。结果表明,同吸管法相比,LD法低估了土壤的黏粒含量,平均低估幅度19.69%,而高估了土壤的粉粒和砂粒含量,平均高估幅度分别为14.66%和5.13%。LD法所得PSD结果依据美国土壤质地分类制判定的土壤质地,相对于吸管法总体由粉黏质偏向粉砂质方向。建立了LD法与吸管法测定PSD结果的转换模型,将LD法测定的PSD结果利用转换模型校正后,其测定的各土壤粒级同吸管法相比,准确度达96.97%~98.71%,判定土壤质地的准确率也达83.15%。

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土壤养分、污染物的生物有效性与其固液相分配规律密切相关。本研究通过室内模拟试验,设置不同的水、热、肥条件和培养时间序列,采用高速离心法对红壤、黑土、潮土、黑垆土、塿土5种典型土壤的磷素固液相分配规律及其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,质地不同土壤磷素固液相分配系数(Kd)值差别很大,整体变化趋势是红壤>黑垆土>塿土>黑土>潮土。不同培养条件下土壤磷素固液相分配系数(Kd)值变化特征表现出随着培养时间延长,土壤磷素Kd值增大,土壤磷素生物有效性逐渐降低。水吸力、浓度与之相反,随着水吸力的增加土壤磷素Kd值变小,随着施入磷素浓度的增加而Kd值降低。在整个温度梯度中,当温度处于20 ̄25℃左右时,土壤磷素Kd值达到最小值,液相磷素含量相对增多,养分有效性增强。

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磷肥低利用率造成了经济损失,给人们赖以生存的环境造成了不良后果,因而提高磷肥利用率意义重大。温度对植物磷营养及土壤磷有效性影响较大,然而探索不同温度下磷活化剂的效应(特别是对磷组成的影响)少有研究。本文以腐植酸(HA)、柠檬酸铵、活化剂H2为供试磷素活化剂,以吉林黑土为供试土壤,研究活化剂对土壤磷有效性及玉米产量的影响。 ①培养试验表明:自然不施磷水平下,在一定温度范围内,高温更有利于Olsen-P含量增加。施入磷肥后,情况相反,特别是培养前期,高温加速磷的固定。活化剂能有效提高土壤Olsen-P量,10℃和20℃时活化效果较好,主要通过增加Ca2-P、Ca8-P和Al-P含量来实现。10℃时三种活化剂活化能力为柠檬酸铵>HA>活化剂H2,分别提高土壤Olsen-P量达40.9%、33.1%、23.2%;20℃时活化能力为HA>柠檬酸铵>活化剂H2,分别提高32.4%、24.9%、16.7%;30℃时无明显增效。活化剂对无机磷总量无明显增效。通过相关分析、通径分析和回归分析证实,Al-P和Ca2-P是黑土有效磷的主要组分,与Olsen-P有极显著的相关性,其它形态的磷可以通过影响Al-P和Ca2-P的含量间接作用于Olsen-P。 ②大田试验表明:苗期-抽穗期-腊熟期各处理土壤有效磷含量都呈下降趋势,特别是苗期-抽穗期,有效磷含量急剧降低,下降幅度为47.1%~50.2%,活化剂处理都一定程度地减缓了有效磷下降的趋势。活化剂不同幅度的增大了玉米产量,以H2(450kg/hm2)产量为最,比对照增产9.32%,其次为柠檬酸铵(15kg/ hm2)和HA(150kg/ hm2),分别增产5.99%和4.99%。玉米产量与抽穗期土壤有效磷的相关性相对较大。活化剂处理对玉米产量的提高主要是通过增加千粒重来实现的。

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本文对东北地区松辽平原不同纬度农田土壤碳氮磷剖面分布特征进行比较研究,从北到南依次采集了黑土区的海伦、哈尔滨、德惠、公主岭和棕壤区的昌图、沈阳、大石桥玉米地土壤样品。所得主要结论如下: 各样点土壤有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而下降。海伦、哈尔滨和公主岭样点40~60cm土层土壤有机碳含量及其储量显著低于0~40cm土层;海伦、哈尔滨、德惠、公主岭和昌图样点土壤水溶性有机碳表现出随深度增加先升高后降低,在沈阳和大石桥样点土壤水溶性有机碳表现出随深度而下降的趋势;各样点0~20cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量高于20~40cm土层。典型黑土区海伦点0~100cm的SOC储量为213.4t•hm-2, 棕壤区昌图、沈阳、大石桥样点分别为69.9、87.9和73.4t•hm-2,海伦点SOC储量是棕壤区三样点的3倍左右。 土壤全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮及氮储量随剖面深度增加而下降。德惠点在20~40cm土层、沈阳点在40~60cm土层、昌图点在60~80cm土层的全磷含量最低;其他样点土壤全磷、有机磷含量和磷储量总体上呈现随土层深度增加而下降的趋势。黑土区样点土壤有机磷含量在40cm以下各土层迅速下降,而棕壤区各样点20cm以下各土层差异不显著。除公主岭和大石桥点外, 其他各样点土壤Olsen-P含量在0~20cm 土层显著高于20~40cm土层。 土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和有机磷含量随纬度增加而增加。营养元素在纬度上的分异主要受成土母质、气候条件等自然因素影响,施肥、耕作等人为活动对表层土壤营养元素分布的影响较大。除土壤水溶性有机碳外,土壤碳、氮和磷之间及其与其他基本理化性质间均存在显著的相关关系。

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有机磷是植物和微生物的重要磷源,其各化合物含量组成在一定程度上可反映土壤供磷情况。31P 核磁共振谱仪(31P NMR)通过监测核磁共振频率可以将有机磷不同组分加以区分,是测定土壤有机磷组分的理想工具。本文以吉林省公主岭市不同施肥处理(不施肥处理Control;无机肥处理NPK;有机肥处理M1 、M2;有机无机配施处理M1+NPK、M2+NPK)的长期试验地典型黑土为研究对象,对其有机磷组分应用31P NMR技术进行了研究。结果发现: 1、上机样品的浓度对谱图的影响大,同一批样品需按照同一方法配制,且浓度不是越高越好。冻干前浸提液不中和,试验中未发现磷酸二酯,土壤的NaOH-EDTA浸提液在冷冻干燥前中和,可以减少磷酸二酯的水解;土壤全碳对实验谱图的分辨率有较大的影响。 2、Control处理和NPK处理磷酸单酯含量占浸提液全磷量的比例最高,分别为41%和38%,M2 + NPK处理比例最低为13% 。肌醇六磷酸盐含量占总有机磷量的比例在7% ~ 28%之间,Control处理最高,显著高于NPK处理、M1处理、M1 + NPK处理和M2 + NPK处理。土壤焦磷酸盐含量占浸提液全磷含量比例为0.01% ~ 0.31%,施有机肥处理土壤焦磷酸盐含量显著高于Control处理和NPK处理。 3、土壤浸提液冷冻干燥前中和,测定结果均发现胞壁酸(属磷酸二酯)的峰,中和后的测定磷酸二酯含量占浸提液全磷量的比例在0.53%和3.75%之间;且在Control处理发现-5.28ppm、-26.19ppm和-27.54ppm处发现三个未知峰;Control处理未知化合物占总有机磷的比例为0.35%。

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黑土地区处于北温带,冬季寒冷,夏季炎热;但由于纬度偏北,夏季日照时间较长.虽然黑土地区气候比较寒冷,但在生长季却是水、热、光同步,为植物的生长发育提供了良好的环境条件.因此黑土地区一直是中国主要的商品粮生产基地.但由于对土地掠夺式的开发,黑土在开垦后有机质含量急剧下降.植物生物量由地上生物量和根生物量组成.根生物量采用钻土芯法,地上生物量通过重复取样直接测定.研究表明:撂荒时间的增长,有助于植物生物量(包括地上生物量和根生物量)的积累,而尤以根生物量的增加最为明显;撂荒时间越长,在环境条件变化时,根生物量可以在生长季中保持相对的稳定;撂荒时间的增长,有助于植物营养元素碳、氮、磷的累积;撂荒时间越长,活根生物量的周转值越小.黑土地区不同撂荒年限植物生物量季节动态的研究还表明:不同年限撂荒地生物量的差异主要体现在根生物量的不同,地上生物量基本一致;即黑土开垦后土壤有机质急剧下降主要由根生物量归还减少导致;撂荒时间的增长,提高了生态系统适应环境的能力;植物营养元素碳、氮、磷的累积规律相似,而钾则与它们有较大差异.

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本文以东北典型黑土区长期试验地(自1980年)为研究对象,选取施入高量有机肥、低量有机肥、氮磷钾化肥和长期不施肥四个处理,对土壤脉酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、微生物生物量碳、氮、磷等七项生物学活性指标在整个作物生长季的动态变化进行了研究。并结合土壤理化特性的动态变化,植株氮、磷、钾含量和玉米籽粒品质,探究长期采用不同施肥方式土壤生物学活性在生长季的变化规律及可能的机理。研究表明,长期施用有机肥,在生长季任一时期黑土的生物学活性都明显高于施用化肥和不施肥土壤,其生长季土壤酶保护容量大,季节性变化波动小,有机质保持土壤酶免遭变性、免遭分解作用显著。微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量很高,季节性变化小,养分周转速率快,提高了矿质营养物质固持与转化能力。施肥数量和种类的不同所引起的土壤脉酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性和微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量的差异并未因季节变化及作物生育时期影响而改变,作物生长代谢旺盛时期(拔节期至蜡熟期)这六项生物学活性指标最高。早春期这六项生物学活性指标高于晚秋期。长期施用有机肥土壤,土壤各项养分指标明显高于长期施用化肥和不施肥土壤;土壤生物学活性七项指标在生长季的动态变化只与少部分土壤生物、理化特性因子的动态变化在个别处理土壤中相关。长期施用有机肥,对土壤生物学活性的积极影响也体现在作物有稳定的产量、品质和安全的产品上。

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利用传统及分子微生物生态学研究方法,研究了在乙草胺、甲胺磷、铜离子及二元组合胁迫下,黑土中六种类群微生物数量,细菌种群多样性,微生物碳源代谢(BloLoGGN)功能多样性及特征、土壤脱氢酶活性(DHA)、底物诱导呼吸强度(SIR)等土壤微生物特性的生态过程及变化规律。结果表明:所有农药处理,均对细菌、放线菌及磷细菌产生明显急性毒性效应;对土壤自生固氮菌及硅酸盐细菌生长产生长期的慢性毒性效应;对土壤真菌产生强烈的刺激效应,使土壤真菌数量显著升高。由165 ONA-PCR-DGGE方法对土壤细菌研究结果显示,所有农药胁迫均使土壤细菌多样度降低、细菌种群结构受到严重影响;土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性及指纹特征因农药种类,浓度及组合不同,受到不同程度影响,功能多样性降低,代谢指纹特征被改变:所有农药组合处理均使土壤DHA受到长期抑制,对土壤底物诱导呼吸强度无显著影响,但改变了土壤DHA和S工R的动态变化规律。野外农药长期作用使土壤SIR与对照无显著差异,土壤DHA明显降低,土壤细菌、磷细菌、固氮菌及硅酸盐细菌数量明显减少,土壤真菌数量显著升高。由农药及其组合处理与土壤微生物群落生长剂量一效应关系,证明:三种农药对土壤微生物群落生长随投加农药种类、浓度和组合不同起促进或抑制双重作用;组合使相应单因子农药毒性增强,表现出协同或加和毒性效应;从清洁土壤中筛选出一株乙草胺耐受菌产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebbsirlla oxytoca),在固体平板培养基上能耐受300omg·L-1乙草胺。

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在松嫩平原典型中厚黑土区,通过对不同地点荒地和耕地、长期定位试验地的野外调查、采样分析及室内模拟实验,系统研究了荒地、耕地不同粒级团聚体的剖面结构特性及有机胶结物质含量变化规律,探讨了有机碳及无机氮添加对黑土不同粒级团聚体水稳定性的影响。阐明了黑土轻组分有机C的积累分布变化及其与团聚体水稳定性的关系。结果表明,荒地各粒级水稳性团聚体内部孔隙较多,并有根毛和菌丝体穿插;耕地则内部结构紧实,孔隙度明显低于荒地,内部很难发现根毛与菌丝体,具有压实的表面特征。耕地各粒级水稳性团聚体间有机碳含量无明显差别,而荒地则随粒级减小呈下降趋势。微粒有机C主要存在水稳性大团聚体中,其含量随粒级减少而下降,这对维持耕地黑土大团聚体的水稳定性起重要作用。不同养分供给条件下,无机氮单独添加不能维持耕地团聚体的水稳定性,有机碳和无机氮可明显增加不同粒级团聚体的水稳定性。抗分解稳定性实验表明,荒地大团聚体中的轻组分有机C含量急剧减少,大团聚体的水稳定性迅速下降。可以推断大团聚体中活性有机胶结物质减少是黑土开垦后水稳性团聚结构退化的直接原因,无机N会加速消耗黑土团聚体有机胶结物质,不利于黑土团聚体水稳定性的保持。

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利用CENTURY模型,以嫩江、北安、海伦、哈尔滨和公主岭为研究地点,模拟黑土开垦前自然状态下及开垦后耕地条件下0-20cm的土壤有机碳的动态变化过程及主要影响因素的作用,并预测了未来100年,不同管理措施改变及气候变化和大气CO2升高对土壤有机碳的影响。通过对模型的验证表明,CENTURY模型在黑土区的应用获得较好的模拟效果。模拟结果显示,黑土有机碳动态平衡被打破以后,将达到一个新的平衡,这一过程大致可分为三个阶段:初期的快速变化阶段、中期的速率趋缓阶段和后期的缓慢趋向于新的平衡阶段。在变化过程中,从净变化量来看,黑土慢分解土壤有机碳组分对土壤有机碳总量的变化影响较大。在黑土区,气温是影响土壤有机碳变化的主要气候因素。在目前的管理方式下,未来100年间,黑土有机碳下降趋势将继续减缓,但在各研究地点,不同的开垦年限及地理位置等使其存在一定差异。采取增施有机肥、秸秆还田及免耕等积极的农业管理措施,有利于减缓土壤有机碳的损失,增加土壤碳截获,但这些措施对黑土有机碳各组分的影响不同。在黑土区未来气候变化和大气CO2浓度增加的协同作用下,尤其在降水量增加的情况下,将有利于土壤有机碳的积累。