三种萝藦科植物中C21甾类成分的研究

　　本实验对三种萝藦科植物通光散(Marsdenia tenacissima)、黑水藤（Biondia insignis Tsiang）和徐长卿（Cynanchum Paniculatum）中的C21甾体化合物进行了研究。从通光散藤茎乙酸乙酯提取物的水解产物中，分离得到两类八个C21甾类甙元。经光谱鉴定，它们的结构分别为11α-O-(2-甲基)-丁酰基-12β-O-顺芷酰通光藤甙元乙（1），11α-O-乙酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙（2），11α-O-（2-甲基）-丁酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙(3), 11α-O-苯甲酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙(4)， 11α-O-顺芷酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙（5）11α-O-顺芷酰基-12β-O-顺芷酰基通光藤甙元乙（6），12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元甲（7）和12β-O-顺芷酰基通光藤甙元甲（8）。其中，化合物2和8为新化合物。从黑水藤乙醇提取物的水解产物中，分离得到了两个C21甾体化合物。经1D、2D NMR技术鉴定，分别为（3β，14β，15β，17β）-3, 14-二羟基-15，16-裂-孕甾-5-烯-15-醛-16-半缩醛-20-酮（1）和白前甙元C（2）。其中1为15，16-裂环的新骨架类型的C21甾体化合物，命名为黑水藤甙元甲。从采购于昆明、浙江、湖南三地药材市场的徐长卿的根及根茎中，分离得到了18个化合物（其中昆明徐长卿6个，浙江徐长卿9个，湖南徐长卿3个）。经光谱数据分析，这些化合物被鉴定为：cynapanoside-C (1), cynapanoside-A (2), 白前甙元B 3-O-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(3)，白前甙元C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-α-L-2-脱氧洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹吡喃糖甙（4），白前甙元C3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（5），白前甙元C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（6），cynatratoside-B (7)，cynatratoside-C (8);glaucoside A(9)，新白薇甙元B 3-O-β-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（10），白前甙元 A 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（11），白前甙元 B 3-O-α-L-磁糖基吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(12)，白前甙元D 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（13），白前甙元 C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-α-L-2-脱氧洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（14），白前甙元 C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（15），白前甙元 B 3-O-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（16），白前甙元 D 3-O-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(17)，白前甙元月B 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（18）。其中，化合物3-6，10-18为新化合物，10的甙元为一个新甙元，命名为新白薇甙无B。

The effects of stocking density in physiological parameters and growth of the endangered teleost species piabanha, Brycon insignis (Steindachner, 1877)

This study investigated the effects of stocking density on the growth and fatty acid (FA) of Brycon insignis metabolism. Fingerlings (360) were distributed into eight ponds at two stocking densities (105 and 210 g/m(3)). The analysis of growth showed that the condition factor (K) and the coefficient of variation (CV) for body mass were not affected by stocking density. However, final body mass and length, specific growth rate (SGR), and weight gain (WG) were higher in the low stocking density group, which also presented a higher feed efficiency (FE) and survival (S). By contrast, muscle protein levels were higher in the high stocking density group. The plasma and muscle lipid content were not affected by stocking density, but fish reared at lower stocking density presented higher lipid concentration in the liver, with no differences in hepatosomatic index values. Even with the differences observed in metabolic and growth parameters, plasma cortisol was not affected by stocking density. The FA profile in the muscle and liver neutral fraction were not affected by stocking density, but the FA in the polar fractions differed between the two stocking densities. In the liver, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA n - 3 increased in higher stocking density, mainly due to an increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, PUFA n - 6 were also increased in the higher stocking density group, mainly due to an increase in arachidonic acid (AA) and docosadienoic acid (22:2n - 6). In the muscle polar fraction, the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) decreased in the animals from the higher stocking density group, and this reduction was compensated by an increase in PUFA n - 3 and PUFA n - 6, mainly the FA with 20-22 carbons (20:4n - 6: 22:4:n - 6; 22:5n - 6, 22:5n - 3, and 22:6n - 3). A different profile was observed for the C18 PUFAs, mainly 18:2n - 6 and 18:4n - 6, which were higher in the lower density stocking group. The data suggest that when living in high stocking density, B. insignis differentially utilizes the hepatic lipids as energy source and remodels the membrane fatty acids, with higher amounts of DHA in the polar muscle fraction compensated for by a decrease in MUFA. The zootechnical and physiological indices reveal that the lower stocking density group achieve overall better performance. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biological features of a puzzling symbiotic association between the hermit crab Dardanus insignis and the porcellanid crab Porcellana Sayana (Crustacea)

The symbiotic lifestyle is widespread among porcellanid crabs, which maintain ecological and co-evolutionary associations with annelid polychaetes, poriferans, cnidarians, echinoderms, gastropod. mollusks, and other crustaceans such as shrimps and hermit crabs, among others. We investigated the ecological association between the hermit crab Dardanus insignis and the porcellanid Porcellana sayana, in southeastern Brazil. Porcellanid crabs, hermit crabs, and available shells were collected monthly from July 2001 to June 2003, with a shrimp boat equipped with two double-rig trawl nets. The majority of P. sayana specimens were collected in shells occupied by D. insignis (96.6%); a few were found in empty shells (3.4%). The catch of both symbionts and hosts increased with increasing depth, with the highest occurrence at 35 m. The F. sayana crabs of various sizes could be found solitary or forming aggregations of up to 14 individuals per host, showing no sex or size segregation. In spite of the high diversity of shell species occupied by the hermit crabs and also available in the field, only a few of them were also utilized by P. sayana. The majority (93%) of shells utilized by P. sayana also hosted other symbiont species, constituting the basis of extensive symbiotic complexes. Thus, the ecological relationship between D. insignis and P. sayana may be classified as a non-obligate and non-specific symbiosis that may also involve other facultative organisms such as sea anemones. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Postharvest changes and respiratory pattern of bacuri fruit (Platonia insignis Mart.) at different maturity stages during ambient storage

O bacuri (Platonia insignis, Mart.) é um dos mais importantes entre os frutos da Amazônia. Todavia, pouco se sabe sobre sua fisiologia pós-colheita, bem como, estádio de maturação, mudanças durante o armazenamento sob condições ambientais e padrão respiratório. Os frutos foram colhidos em três estádios de maturação baseados na coloração do epicarpo: verde-escuro, verde-claro e de vez (50% amarelo), com o objetivo de se determinar as modificações de coloração e padrão respiratório durante armazenamento sob condições de ambiente (25,2 ºC, 75,1 % UR). Os frutos de todos os estádios de maturação apresentaram, a partir do terceiro dia de colheita, comportamento respiratório não climatérico, com os frutos de vez apresentando maior taxa de produção de CO2 até o quarto dia de armazenamento (177,63 mg CO2.kg-1.h-1). O amarelecimento aumentou durante o armazenamento e foi relacionado com a diminuição da luminosidade (L), cromaticidade e ângulo hue. Os frutos de vez podem ser armazenados sob condições de ambiente por até 10 dias sem nenhuma perda da qualidade comercial.

Desenvolvimento larval de Dardanus insignis (Saussure) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Diogenidae), em laboratório

The developmental stages of Dardanus insignis (Saussure, 1858) from first through eighth zoea and megalopa are described and illuslraled. The experiments were carried out involving 100 larvae, obtained from ovigerous females collected on the north littoral of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The larvae were kept in individual containers, with water of 34 salinity and fed with freshly hatched nauplii of Artemia; room temperature was maintained at 25±1ºC. The larval characters of this species are compared with Dardanus arrosor (Herbst, 1796). the only species of the genus that has also heen reared in laboratory.

Ecomorfologia trófica de Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849), Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840 e Mesonauta insignis (Heckel, 1840) (Perciformes:Cichlidae) nas reservas de desenvolvimento sustentável de Amanã e Mamirauá, Amazônia

Os ciclídeos compõem uma das mais diversas famílias de peixes dulcícolas com 1.900 espécies. Espécies como A. heckelii, H. efasciatus e M. insignis são coletados das reservas de desenvolvimento sustentável de Amanã e Mamirauá de acordo com o projeto de manejo sustentável. Para investigar as variações entre as variáveis morfológicas associadas com a alimentação das espécies para as reservas Amanã e Mamirauá no médio Solimões, foi feita uma análise após eliminar o efeito do tamanho corporal. As três espécies formaram diferentes grupos por espécies, por grupos etários e por ambientes. Os principais caracteres para a formação dos grupos foram a largura da boca e comprimento da cabeça. Diferenças entre os juvenis e os adultos nos atributos área relativa do olho e razão-aspecto da nadadeira caudal foram significativas. A composição da dieta indicou que as três espécies estudadas apresentaram uma convergência alimentar por insetos em ambos os ambientes.

Germinação “in vitro” de grãos de pólen de bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.) – Clusiaceae

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Male reproductive system of the red brocade hermit crab Dardanus insignis (Diogenidae) and its relationship to other family members

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Life-history traits of the red brocade hermit crab Dardanus insignis on the subtropical Brazilian coast

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

GASTROPOD SHELLS USED BY Dardanus insignis (Decapoda, Anomura) NEAR ISLANDS IN THE UBATUBA REGION, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL

The use of gastropod shells by hermit crabs is determined by the availability of shells in the environment or through selection for size and volume. This study analyzed patterns in the use of shells by Dardanus insignis (Saussure, 1858). From January 1998 to December 1999, 386 individuals were collected from two islands at Ubatuba, Sao Paulo. The crabs were measured for cephalothoracic shield length (CSL) and wet weight (CWW). The gastropod shells occupied by hermit crabs were identified, and the shell aperture width (SAW), dry weight (SDW) and internal volume (STY) were measured. The relationships between the dimensions of the gastropod shell and the hermit crabs were evaluated by linear regression analysis. Among the 11 species of gastropod shells used by D. insignis, the most often used was Olivancillaria urceus (31%), followed by Strombus pugilis (22%) and Siratus tenuivaricosus (18%). The shell of O. urceus was used most probably due to its high availability on Couves and Mar Virado islands. The most significant biometric parameter was shell aperture width (F=18.231; p<0.0001), highlighting the importance of this variable for the shell choice by D. insignis at both sites.

Vanda insignis

AR

Preparacion del terreno en las repoblaciones de P. INSIGNIS en Santander y Vizcaya.

Encargado el alumno que suscribe, por la Direccion General del Patrimonio Forestal del Estado y la Escuela Especial de Ingenieros de montes de realizar un trabajo sobre el tema del proyecto.

Constituciones siue ordinationes insignis metropolitanae ecclesiae valentinae ab eius primaeua fundatione. [Texto impreso]

Marca tip. en port. repetida en v. sign.: Q6