Occurrence of organochlorine compounds in Euphausia superba and unhatched eggs of Pygoscelis genus penguins from Admiralty Bay (King George Island, Antarctica) and estimation of biomagnification factors

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides are compounds that do not occur naturally in the environment and are not easily degraded by chemical or microbiological action. In the present work, those compounds were analysed in unhatched penguin eggs and whole krill collected in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica in the austral summers of 2004-2005 and 2005-2006. The compounds found in higher levels (in a wet weight basis) were, in most of the egg samples, the PCBs (2.53-78.7 ng g(-1)), DDTs (2.07-38.0 ng g(-1)) and HCB (4.99-39.1 ng g(-1)) and after Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, the occurrence seemed to be species-specific for the Pygoscelis genus. In all of the cases, the levels found were not higher than the ones in Arctic birds in a similar trophic level. The krill samples analysis allowed estimating the biomagnification factors (which resulted in up to 363 for HCB, one order of magnitude higher than DDTs and chlordanes and two orders of magnitude higher than the other groups) of the compounds found in eggs, whose only source of contamination is the female-offspring transfer. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Brominated flame retardants and biomagnification factors in marine species in the North-East Atlantic

BACKGROUND: Concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are reported to increase in marine ecosystems. OBJECTIVES: Characterize exposure to BFRs in animals from different trophic levels in North-East Atlantic coastal marine ecosystems along a latitudinal gradient from southern Norway to Spitsbergen, Svalbard, in the Arctic. Calanoid species were collected from the Oslofjord (59°N), Froan (64°N), and Spitsbergen (> 78°N); Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the Oslofjord and Froan; polar cod (Boreogadus saida) from Bear Island (74°N) and Spitsbergen; harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) from the Oslofjord, Froan, and Spitsbergen; and ringed seal (Phoca vitulina) from Spitsbergen. Eggs of common tern (Sterna hirundo) were collected from the Oslofjord, and eggs of arctic terns (Sterna paradisaea) from Froan and Spitsbergen. RESULTS: Levels of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) generally decreased as a function of increasing latitude, reflecting distance from release sources. The clear latitudinal decrease in levels of BFRs was not pronounced in the two tern species, most likely because they are exposed during migration. The decabrominated compound BDE-209 was detected in animals from all three ecosystems, and the highest levels were found in arctic tern eggs from Spitsbergen. HBCD was found in animals from all trophic levels, except for in calanoids at Froan and Spitsbergen. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the levels of PBDEs and HBCD are generally low in North-East Atlantic coastal marine ecosystems, there are concerns about the relatively high presence of BDE-209 and HBCD.

A description of mercury in fishes from the Madeira River Basin, Amazon, Brazil

Over the last 20 years several projects carried on the Madeira River basin in the Amazon produced a great amount data on total Hg concentration in different fish species. In this paper we discuss temporal trends in Hg contamination and its relation to body weight in some of those fishes, showing that even within similar groups, such as carnivorous and non-migratory fish, the interspecies variability in Hg accumulation is considerable.

DDT (dicloro difenil tricloroetano): toxicidade e contaminação ambiental - uma revisão

DDT and others organochlorine insecticides are very persistent substances. Clinical symptoms of intoxication have been reported in humans, although the main problem concerning such substances is bioaccumulation and biomagnification along throphic chains, leading to contamination of top predators and humans after them. In this review these characteristics are described, as well as some aspects of the control of vector borne diseases, like leishmaniasis and malaria, which were until recently, controlled by the health authorities using DDT.

Transferência trófica de mercúrio e selênio na costa norte do Rio de Janeiro

Trophic transfer of trace elements along marine food chains has been recognized as an important process influencing metal and metalloid bioaccumulation. The trophic transfer of mercury was observed between trophic levels from prey (considering fish with different feeding habits and squid) to top predator (dolphin) in a Northern coastal food chain of Rio de Janeiro. Selenium showed some evidence of trophic transfer between lower trophic levels. Dolphin presented the highest mercury concentrations whereas the benthic carnivorous fish showed the highest selenium concentrations. Mercury is biomagnified through the food chain while selenium does not present the same behavior.

Bioconcentração e biomagnificação de metilmercúrio na baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro

Methylmercury was determined in water and aquatic biota from Guanabara Bay. Trophic transfer of methylmercury was observed between trophic levels from prey (microplankton, mesoplankton and fish with different feeding habits) to top predator (pelagic demersal fish). Top predator fish presented the highest methylmercury concentrations (320.3 ± 150.7 mg kg-1 dry wt.), whereas microplankton presented the lowest (8.9 ± 3.3 mg kg-1 dry wt.). The successive amplification of methylmercury concentrations and its bioconcentration factor with increasing trophic levels from base to top indicate that biomagnification may be occurring along the food web. Results suggest the importance of feeding habits and trophic level in the bioaccumulation of methylmercury by aquatic biota.

Mercure, arsenic et sélénium au Burkina Faso : bioaccumulation, transfert trophique dans les systèmes aquatiques et évaluation de bioaccessibilité chez les humains

L’extraction aurifère est l’une des activités humaines qui a fortement accru l’émission de contaminants métalliques dans l’environnement. Le mercure (Hg), l’arsenic (As) et le sélénium (Se) sont 3 polluants métalliques de grande toxicité environnementale. En milieu aquatique, ils peuvent subir des transformations menant à des composés capables de bioaccumulation et de bioamplification. Il peut en résulter des concentrations 106 fois celle mesurée dans l’eau chez les poissons et les organismes situés en haut des chaînes alimentaires posant de ce fait de graves menaces pour la santé de ces organismes ainsi que leurs consommateurs y compris les humains. Cette étude a évalué les teneurs en Hg, As et Se dans les milieux aquatiques au Burkina Faso, une région d’Afrique sub-saharienne soumise à une exploitation minière intensive. Le risque potentiel pour les organismes aquatiques et les humains a été évalué en considérant les effets des interactions antagonistes Se/Hg et As/Se. La bioaccumulation et le transfert du Hg et du Se dans les réseaux trophiques sont également décrits. L’exposition au Hg de poissons par les humains a été également évalué au laboratoire par mesure de la bioaccessibilité comme équivalent de la biodisponibilité par simulation de la digestion humaine. En général, les milieux aquatiques étudiés étaient peu affectés par ces 3 métal(loïd)s bien que certaines espèces de poisson issus des réservoirs les plus profonds indiquent des teneurs de Hg au dessus de 500 ngHg/g (poids frais) recommandé par l’OMS. Ces niveaux sont susceptibles de présenter des risques toxicologiques pour les poissons et pour leurs consommateurs. En considérant l’antagonisme Se/Hg, 99 % des échantillons de poisson seraient moins exposés à la toxicité du Hg dû à la présence simultanée du sélénium dans le milieu et pourraient être consommés sans risque. Cependant, les effets potentiels de l’antagonisme As/Se pourraient réduire les effets bénéfiques du Se et ramener cette proportion à 83 %. L’application des mesures de signatures en isotopes stables d’azote (δ15N) et de carbone (δ13C) des organismes aquatiques a permis le traçage des voies de transfert du Hg et du Se dans les réseaux trophiques. On y observe des chaînes trophiques très courtes (3 - 4 niveaux trophiques) et des poissons majoritairement benthiques. L’approche isotopique n’a cependant pas permis de détecter les variations saisonnières des niveaux de contamination en Hg des poissons. L’exploration des contenus stomacaux des poissons a permis de mieux expliquer la baisse des concentrations en Hg et Se observées chez certains poissons au cours de la saison sèche en lien avec la variation de la composition des proies que l’analyse isotopique n’a pas cerné. L’étude suggère que l’analyse de contenus stomacaux ainsi que l’étude de la dynamique des communautés d’invertébrés couplées à celle des métaux pourraient améliorer la compréhension du fonctionnement des écosystèmes étudiés. Enfin, l’évaluation expérimentale de l’exposition au Hg indique que les modes de traitement avant consommation ainsi que l’usage de composés alimentaires tels le thé, le café lors de repas de poisson par certaines communautés humaines ont un impact sur la bioaccessibilité du Hg de poisson. Ces résultats, sous réserve de validation par des modèles animaux, suggèrent la prise en compte des habitudes alimentaires des communautés dans l’élaboration adéquat des avis de consommation de poisson.

Ecotoxic Metal Records and its Degree of Geochemical Symphony in the Niche of Cochin Estuarine System- A Theraptic Perspective

The heavy metal contamination in the environment may lead to circumstances like bioaccumulation and inturn biomagnification. Hence cheaper and effective technologies are needed to protect the precious natural resources and biological lives. A suitable technique is the one which meets the technical and environmental criteria for dealing with a particular remediation problem and should be site-specific due to spatial and climatic variations and it may not economically feasible everywhere. The search for newer technologies for the environmental therapy, involving the removal of toxic metals from wastewaters has directed attention to adsorption, based on metal binding capacities of various adsorbent materials. Therefore, the present study aim to identify and evaluate the most current mathematical formulations describing sorption processes. Although vast amount of research has been carried out in the area of metal removal by adsorption process using activated carbon few specific research data are available in different scientific institutions. The present work highlights the seasonal and spatial variations in the distribution of some selected heavy metals among various geochemical phases of Cochin Estuarine system and also looked into an environmental theraptic/remedial approach by adsorption technique using activated charcoal and chitosan, to reduce and thereby controlling metallic pollution. The thesis has been addressed in seven chapters with further subdivisions. The first chapter is introductory, stating the necessity of reducing or preventing water pollution due to the hazardous impact on environment and health of living organisms and drawing it from a careful review of literature relevant to the present study. It provides a constricted description about the study area, geology, and general hydrology and also bears the major objectives and scope of the present study.

Compromiso neurológico periférico y exposición a plaguicidas en cultivadores de arroz en una zona rural, Colombia.

Objetivos Mediante un estudio descriptivo transversal, establecer la presencia de una relación entre los niveles de exposición a plaguicidas con la presencia de hallazgos clínicos neurológicos periféricos en personas expuestas ocupacionalmente a estos. Resultados La muestra poblacional fue de 59 trabajadores, en el área rural del municipio del Espinal, Tolima. El 52% de la población refirió usar organofosforados, 32 % carbamatos, 16% organoclorados, y 66% otros grupos de plaguicidas. Los niveles sanguíneos de carbamatos estuvieron presentes en el 7% de la población, organofosforados en el 66% y organoclorados en el 100%. En el 42% de la población se estableció sospecha de neuropatía a partir de los síntomas y en el 92% a partir de los signos. Se estableció asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los niveles sanguíneos de determinados organoclorados con la sospecha de neuropatía periférica a partir de síntomas; la presencia de sensación de pérdida de la fuerza en extremidades y la presencia de alteraciones en los reflejos osteotendinosos. Conclusiones El presente estudio permitió identificar los plaguicidas a los cuales está expuesta la población agrícola del municipio del Espinal así como corrobora el efecto de bioacumulación y biomagnificación de los organoclorados. Adicionalmente, se detectó la presencia de hallazgos sugestivos de compromiso neurológico periférico, con asociaciones significativas entre ciertas anormalidades y determinados organoclorados. Este estudio es una aproximación a la relación entre la exposición a plaguicidas de la población agrícola de la zona rural del municipio del Espinal con la secuelas neurológicos periféricas asociadas a esta.

Mercury and methylmercury bioaccumulation by polychaete worms is governed by both feeding ecology and mercury bioavailability in coastal mudflats

Polychaete worms are abundant in many mudflats but their importance to coastal food web Hg biomagnification is not known. We sampled sediments and polychaete worms from mudflats in the Bay of Fundy to investigate the bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the coastal invertebrate food web. Hg concentrations in the sediments were low (<20 μg kg−1). Labile Hg (methanol/KOH sediment extraction) in surface sediments (0–1 cm) was positively correlated with Hg bioaccumulation by surface sediment-ingesting polychaetes but, surprisingly, there was a negative correlation between δ15N (i.e. trophic level) and THg bioaccumulation factors in polychaete worms. Worms feeding on deeper sediments contained the greatest MeHg concentrations (69.6 μg kg−1). Polychaetes are an important vector for Hg biomagnification to the coastal avian food web. This research demonstrates that feeding depth and method of feeding are more important than trophic position or sediment Hg concentrations for predicting Hg bioaccumulation.

Differential uptake, partitioning and transfer of Cd and Zn in the soil-pea plant-aphid system

The biomagnification of trace metals during transfer from contaminated soil to higher trophic levels may potentially result in the exposure of predatory arthropods to toxic concentrations of these elements. This study examined the transfer of Cd and Zn in a soil−plant−arthropod system grown in series of field plots that had received two annual applications of municipal biosolids with elevated levels of Cd and Zn. Results showed that biosolids amendment significantly increased the concentration of Cd in the soil and the shoots of pea plants and the concentration of Zn in the soil, pea roots, shoots, and pods. In addition, the ratio of Cd to Zn concentration showed that Zn was preferentially transferred compared to Cd through all parts of the system. As a consequence, Zn was biomagnified by the system whereas Cd was biominimized. Cd and Zn are considered to exhibit similar behaviors in biological systems. However, the Cd/Zn ratios demonstrated that in this system, Cd is much less labile in the root−shoot−pod and shoot−aphid pathways than Zn.

Contrasting behaviour of cadmium and zinc in a soil–plant–arthropod system

This study investigates the transfer of Cd and Zn from a soil amended with sewage sludge at rates up to 100 t ha(-1) through a multi-trophic system consisting of barley, the aphid Sitobion avenae and the larvae of the lacewing Chrysoperla carnae. Results show marked differences in the transfer of the two metals. Cadmium was freely accumulated in barley roots, but accumulation in the shoot was restricted to a concentration of around 0.22 mg kg(-1) (dry weight). This limited the transfer of Cd to higher trophic levels and resulted in no significant accumulation of Cd in S. avenae or in C. carnae. Zinc transfer in the system was largely unrestricted, resulting in significant accumulation in roots and shoots, in S. avenae and in C. carnae. Cadmium biomagnification occurred in lacewing pupae, with concentrations up to 3.6 times greater than in aphids. S. avenae biomagnified Zn by a factor of ca. 2.5 at low sludge amendment rates, but biomagnification decreased to a factor of 1.4 at the highest amendment rate. Biomagnification of Zn did not occur in C. carnae, but concentrations were up to 3.5 time higher than in soil. Results are discussed in light of the mechanisms regulating transfer of the two metals in the system.

Cytogenotoxicity biomarkers in fat snook Centropomus parallelus from Cananeia and Sao Vicente estuaries, SP, Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Accumulation of six metals in the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Crustacea: Ucididae) and its food source, the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle (Angiosperma: Rhizophoraceae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)