Human growth, biological maturation, motor performance and contextual factors in Madeira children

The central aims of this study were: (1) to construct age- and gender-specific percentiles for motor coordination (MC), (2) to analyze the change, stability, and prediction of MC, (3) to investigate the relationship between motor performance and body fatness, and (4) to evaluate the relationships between skeletal maturation and fundamental motor skills (FMS) and MC. The data collected was from the ‘Healthy Growth of Madeira Children Study’ and from the ‘Madeira Child Growth Study’. In these studies, MC, FMS, skeletal age, growth characteristics, motor performance, physical activity, socioeconomic status, and geographical area were assessed/measured. Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape, mixed between-within subjects ANOVA, multilevel models, and hierarchical regression (blocks) were some of the statistical procedures used in the analyses. Scores on walking backwards and moving sideways improved with age. It was also found that boys performed better than girls on moving sideways. Normal-weight children outperformed obese peers in almost all gross MC tests. Inter-age correlations were calculated to be between 0.15 and 0.60. Age was associated with a better performance in catching, scramble, speed run, standing long jump, balance, and tennis ball throwing. Body mass index was positively associated with scramble and speed run, and negatively related to the standing long jump. Physical activity was negatively associated with scramble. Semi-urban children displayed better catching skills relative to their urban peers. The standardized residual of skeletal age on chronological age (SAsr) and its interaction with stature and/or body mass accounted for the maximum of 7.0% of variance in FMS and MC over that attributed to body size per se. SAsr alone accounted for a maximum of 9.0% variance in FMS and MC over that attributed to body size per se and interactions between SAsr and body size. This study demonstrates the need to promote FMS, MC, motor performance, and physical activity in children.

Nutritional status, biological maturation and cardiorespiratory fitness in Azorean youth aged 11-15 years

Background: Sex and individual differences in biological maturity status can influence height, weight, and body fat. Thus, the rigorous control of these variables seems necessary for estimating overweight and obesity in adolescents. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and over-fatness in Azorean adolescents and to examine the contributions of chronological age, sex, estimated maturity status, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to the risk of overweight and obesity and over-fatness. Methods. The sample comprised 1,206 youth aged 11-15 years (626 boys and 580 girls) from the Azores Islands, Portugal. Body mass, stature, and skinfolds (triceps and subscapular) were measured. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and percent fat was predicted from skinfolds. Age- and sex-specific IOTF cut-off values of the BMI defined nutritional status. Biological maturation was estimated as present height expressed as a percentage of predicted adult (mature) stature. The CRF was analyzed from the 20-m shuttle run test. Results: The total prevalence rates of overweight/obesity and over-fatness were of 31% and 27%, respectively. Low CRF (unfit) and being average and advanced in maturity status were positively and significantly associated with overweight/obesity and with risk of being over-fatness in both sexes. Conclusions: High prevalence rates of overweight/obesity and over-fatness were identified in Azorean youth, and low CRF and advanced biological maturation were positively associated with overweight/obesity and over-fatness in our sample of adolescents. © 2013 Coelho-e-Silva et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Biological maturity and primary school children's physical activity : influence of different physical activity assessment instruments

Biological maturation may attenuate hypothesized sex differences in children’s physical activity but overall the evidence for this is equivocal. In this study, we investigated how the selection of different physical activity assessment instruments affects the detected relationship between biological maturation and late primary school children’s physical activity. Altogether, 175 children (97 girls, 78 boys) aged 10.690.3 years completed the PAQ-C self-report questionnaire and wore ActiGraph GT1M accelerometers for 5 consecutive days. Maturity status was predicted by estimating attainment of age at peak height velocity. Following initial exploration of sex differences in PAQ-C (t-test) and multiple ActiGraph outcome variables (MANOVA), the influence of maturity status was controlled using ANCOVA and MANCOVA. Unadjusted analyses revealed that boys were significantly more active than girls according to the PAQ-C (PB0.0001, d0.52) and ActiGraph (PB0.0001, d0.360.72). After controlling for maturity status, the differences in PAQ-C scores increased (P0.001, d0.64), but the significant differences disappeared for the ActiGraph data (P0.36, d0.170.33). The detected relationship between maturity status and late primary school children’s physical activity is dependent on the physical activity assessment tool employed, reflecting the different aspects of physical activity captured by the respective measures.

Impact of skeletal maturation on bone metabolism biomarkers and bone mineral density in healthy Brazilian male adolescents

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Language in genetic syndromes and cognitive modularity

In recent years, research into the impact of genetic abnormalities on cognitive development, including language, has become recognized for its potential to make valuable contributions to our understanding of the brain–behaviour relationships underlying language acquisition as well as to understanding the cognitive architecture of the human mind. The publication of Fodor’s ( 1983 ) book The Modularity of Mind has had a profound impact on the study of language and the cognitive architecture of the human mind. Its central claim is that many of the processes involved in comprehension are undertaken by special brain systems termed ‘modules’. This domain specificity of language or modularity has become a fundamental feature that differentiates competing theories and accounts of language acquisition (Fodor 1983 , 1985 ; Levy 1994 ; Karmiloff-Smith 1998 ). However, although the fact that the adult brain is modularized is hardly disputed, there are different views of how brain regions become specialized for specific functions. A question of some interest to theorists is whether the human brain is modularized from the outset (nativist view) or whether these distinct brain regions develop as a result of biological maturation and environmental input (neuroconstructivist view). One source of insight into these issues has been the study of developmental disorders, and in particular genetic syndromes, such as Williams syndrome (WS) and Down syndrome (DS). Because of their uneven profiles characterized by dissociations of different cognitive skills, these syndromes can help us address theoretically significant questions. Investigations into the linguistic and cognitive profiles of individuals with these genetic abnormalities have been used as evidence to advance theoretical views about innate modularity and the cognitive architecture of the human mind. The present chapter will be organized as follows. To begin, two different theoretical proposals in the modularity debate will be presented. Then studies of linguistic abilities in WS and in DS will be reviewed. Here, the emphasis will be mainly on WS due to the fact that theoretical debates have focused primarily on WS, there is a larger body of literature on WS, and DS subjects have typically been used for the purposes of comparison. Finally, the modularity debate will be revisited in light of the literature review of both WS and DS. Conclusions will be drawn regarding the contribution of these two genetic syndromes to the issue of cognitive modularity, and in particular innate modularity.

Velocidade de corrida associada ao consumo máximo de oxigênio em meninos de 10 a 15 anos

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência da idade cronológica e da maturação biológica sobre o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) e a velocidade de corrida correspondente ao VO2max em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros, do sexo masculino, com idade entre 10 e 15 anos, não praticantes de atividade física sistemática. Participaram do estudo 40 voluntários, divididos em dois grupos, segundo a idade cronológica (GC1 - n = 20; 11,4 ± 0,6 anos; 38,8 ± 8,6kg; 143,6 ± 8,2cm e GC2 - n = 20; 14,1 ± 0,6 anos; 55,9 ± 14,2kg; 163,3 ± 10,2cm) e maturação biológica (GB1 - n = 20; estágios 1, 2 e 3; e GB2 - n = 20; estágios 4 e 5). O VO2max foi mensurado em um teste progressivo e intermitente de corrida em esteira rolante, com estágios de três minutos e pausa de 20 segundos, incrementos de 1km/h a começar com 9km/h, até a exaustão voluntária. A velocidade correspondente ao VO2max (vVO2max) foi considerada como a menor velocidade em que se observou o maior valor de VO2. A máxima velocidade aeróbia (Va max) foi calculada pela fórmula proposta por di Prampero (1986). Houve diferença significante para os valores de VO2max(l/min), Va max(km/h)e vVO2max(km/h) entre os grupos GC1 e GC2 (1,84 ± 0,41 / 2,81 ± 0,61; 11,8 ± 1,2 / 12,6 ± 1,2; 12,1 ± 1,2 / 12,9 ± 1,1, respectivamente), GB1 e GB2 (1,80 ± 0,37 / 2,87 ± 0,56; 12,1 ± 1,2 / 12,9 ± 1,1; 11,8 ± 1,2 / 12,5 ± 1,1, respectivamente), mas não para os valores de VO2max em ml.kg-1.min-1 para todos os grupos (GC1 e GC2: 47,9 ± 6,8 / 50,4 ± 5,5; GB1 e GB2: 47,9 ± 6,8 / 50,3 ± 5,5, respectivamente). Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o VO2max (l/min), aVa max e a vVO2max têm seus valores aumentados como um provável efeito do crescimento e desenvolvimento, podendo, ainda, expressar melhora da economia de movimento, mesmo em indivíduos não praticantes de atividade física sistemática.

Efeitos da maturação biológica sobre o custo energético, potência aeróbia, máximo déficit acumulado de oxigênio e performances de nadadores

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Desenvolvimento de equações para estimativa do VO2PICO pelo teste de 9 minutos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito dos hábitos comportamentais e gordura corporal sobre indicadores de risco cardiovasculares entre adolescentes: estudo de coorte de 12 meses

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The mediating role of physical inactivity on the relationship between inflammation and artery thickness in prepubertal adolescents

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sports practice is related to parasympathetic activity in adolescents

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Impacto da maturação esquelética em biomarcadores do metabolismo ósseo e na densidade mineral óssea em adolescentes brasileiros saudáveis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Relationship between bone ageand pubertal breast stage to bone biomarkers and bone mineral density in healthy brazilian female adolescents

Background and Aims Bone metabolism involves understanding many factors, especially during puberty, when bone turnover is significant and the bone mass peak must be achieved as a protective factor of future bone health. The objective was to evaluate the behavior of formation and resorption bone biomarkers (BB) in function of biological maturation in female adolescents.Methods Evaluation of formation and resorption BB, osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and carboxyterminal telopeptide (S-CTx) by correlating them with bone mineralization, bone age and pubertal development in healthy female adolescents. Seventy-two volunteers were subdivided into groups according to chronological age/bone age (BA): 10 11 years (n=12), 12 13 years (n=16), 14 15 years (n=15) and 16 19 years (n=29). The following were evaluated: weight (kg), height (m), BMI (kg/m2), calcium intake (3-day 24h food recalls (mg/day), puberty events (Tanner stages), serum OC (ng/mL), BAP (U/L), S-CTx (ng/mL) and bone mineral density (BMD) as calculated by DXA (g/cm2) in the spine (L1-L4), proximal femur and whole body. The project was approved by the UNESP Ethics Committee.Results BB showed similar behaviors, with higher mean values for 10 12 years and when adolescents were in the B2-B3 Pubertal Maturation Stage (B2: BAP=110.16 U/L, OC=33.81ng/mL, S-CTx=1.66 ng/mL and B3: BAP=136.50 U/L, OC=39.15ng/mL and S-CTx=1.88 ng/mL; p<0.001). Mean BB values decreased with advancing BA and pubertal maturity.Conclusions BB values showed parallelism with peak height velocity and significant negative correlation with BMD in the different evaluated sites, with chronological and BA ; higher BMD values correlated with lower bone biomarker values.

Processo maturacional, insatisfação corporal e comportamento alimentar inadequado em jovens atletas

Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre o processo maturacional, a insatisfação corporal e o comportamento alimentar inadequado, de acordo com o sexo, em jovens atletas. Métodos Participaram da pesquisa 580 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, pertencentes a diferentes modalidades esportivas. Foram avaliados a maturação sexual, a maturação somática, a insatisfação corporal e o comportamento alimentar inadequado, por meio dos Critérios de Tanner, banco de Lohman, Body Shape Questionnaire e Eating Attitudes Test, respectivamente. O percentual de gordura foi estimado pela medição das dobras cutâneas, e a aferição de peso e de estatura foi utilizada para calcular o índice de massa corporal. Realizaram-se modelo Univariado de Covariância, regressão logística binária e regressão linear múltipla para análise dos dados. Resultados Os resultados demonstraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) na insatisfação corporal entre os estágios maturacionais. Além disso, os meninos pré-púberes e púberes apresentaram maior probabilidade de insatisfação corporal em relação aos atletas pós-púberes (p<0,05), e o modelo de regressão logística mostrou associação entre os estágios maturacionais e o comportamento alimentar inadequado apenas no sexo masculino (p<0,05). Nas meninas, o processo maturacional explicou em 9% e 7% a variância da insatisfação corporal (p<0,05) e comportamento alimentar inadequado (p<0,05), respectivamente.