106 resultados para Biodegradabilidade
Resumo:
The biodegradability of animal wastes production was evaluated through a simplified methodology that allowed the verification of the applicability of anaerobic processes. The experiments were performed in bath reactors, with granular sludge of three origins: UASB reactor treating dairy effluent, UASB reactor treating swine effluent and UASB reactor treating effluent of slaughterhouse of poultry. The experiments (1) - dairy effluent and poultry slaughterhouse non-adapted sludge; (2) -swine effluent and poultry slaughterhouse non-adapted sludge; (3) - dairy effluent and poultry slaughterhouse adapted sludge; (4) - swine effluent and poultry slaughterhouse adapted sludge; (5) - dairy effluent and dairy sludge, and (6) - swine effluent and swine sludge were performed in Incubator Shaker, at a temperature of 35 °C, under agitation at a 150 rpm, for 5 minutes, every 1 hour. A substrat:biomass relationship of 0.5 was used. Kinetic models of Monod, Zero Order, First and Second Order were tested and it was verified that the First Order model provided the best adjustment. The apparent First Order kinetic parameter (k1) was estimated for the experiments 1; 2; 3; 4; 5, and 6, as 2.51 x 10-2; 2.49 x 10-2; 1.90 x 10-2; 3.09 x 10-2; 2.54 x 10-2; 4.09 x 10-2 h-1, respectively.
Resumo:
O efluente da Indústria da Cortiça apresenta elevados teores de carga orgânica e de compostos fenólicos, nomeadamente teninos, com baixa biodegradabilidade e significativa toxicidade, o que dificulta o seu tratamento. O objectivo deste trabalho é o estudo da biodegradabilidade de diferentes fracções do efluente da cortiça, na perspectiva de contribuir para viabilizar o seu tratamento. Biológico, em simultâneo com a sua valorização, pela recuperação do seu conteúdo em taninos. O fraccionamento foi realizado através de processos de separação por membranas, nomeadamente por ultrafiltração e nanofiltração, de Limite de Exclusão Molecular (MWCO) compreendido entre 0,125-91kDa. O efluente e as fracções permeadas obtidas foram analisadas em termos de conteúdo orgânico (COT, CBO, CQO), fenóis, taninos, cor, pH e condutividade. A caracterização do efluente revelou um elevado conteúdo orgânico (2285-2604 mg de CQO/L, 670,5-1056,8 mg C/L, 1000-1225 mg CBO/L), biodegradabilidade relativamente baixa (0,44-0,47 para CBO/CQO; k de 0,25-0,24 d-1) e elevado conteúdo de fenóis (0,36-0,41 g de ácido tânico/L) e de taninos (0,25-0,27 g ácido tânico/L). O fraccionamento do efluente permitiu concluir uma diminuição do seu conteúdo poluente nos permeados com a diminuição do MWCO das membranas utilizadas. A diminuição simultânea de matéria orgânica e fenóis foi particularmente significativa no permeado da membrana de MWCO de 3,8 kDa que, por outro lado, apresenta uma melhoria significativa para o índice de biodegradabilidade e k (0,83;0,38-0,44 d-1), o que significa que este permeado apresenta já viabilidade para sofrer um processo biológico para remoção de matéria orgânica e o concentrado apresenta um elevado potencial para recuperação de taninos. Nas fracções de MWCO inferior a 3,8 kDa, a diminuição de matéria orgânica é muito significativa, com um aumento da sua fracção biodegradável. Embora os resultados não sejam totalmente conclusivos em termos de biodegradabilidade, esta fracção apresenta já características adequadas para reutilização como água de processo.
Resumo:
Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, Perfil Engenharia Sanitária
Resumo:
Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil de Engenharia Sanitária
Resumo:
Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil de Engenharia Sanitária
Resumo:
This work deals with the biodegradation of blends of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate)/starch and poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate)/starch. The blends were obtained by evaporation of the solvent in the mixture of the polymers in chloroform. Tests were carried out in presence of micro-organisms which acted as biodegradation agents. The blends were consumed as carbon substrate and the production of CO2 was evaluated in the process. In addition, the polyesters' mechanical properties were reduced by the incorporation of starch in its structure. (¹H) NMR and infrared spectroscopy detected some characteristic polyester degradation groups in the polyesters' chemical structure, thus confirming the alteration suffered by it.
Resumo:
From the environmental point of view, the textile sector is outstanding for the generation of large amounts of biorecalcitrant effluents. In this paper the textile effluent biodegradability, both before and after its treatment with Fenton's Reagent, were compared by means of biologic tests. These tests showed that the Fenton treatment lowered the biodegradabilty of practically all tested effluents, except one specific effluent from a scouring bath of polyester fibers, which achieved a 93% COD removal. This removal was due to a significant phase separation (oil/water).
Resumo:
A biodegradabilidade de dejetos da bovinocultura e da suinocultura foi avaliada por meio de metodologia simplificada que permitiu a verificação da aplicabilidade de processos anaeróbios. Os ensaios foram realizados com reatores em batelada, com lodos granulados de três procedências: reator UASB tratando efluente de bovinocultura, reator UASB tratando efluente de suinocultura e reator UASB tratando efluente de abatedouro de aves. Os ensaios (1) - efluente de bovinocultura e lodo de abatedouro de aves não-adaptado; (2) - efluente de suinocultura e lodo de abatedouro de aves não- adaptado; (3) - efluente de bovinocultura e lodo de abatedouro de aves adaptado; (4) - efluente de suinocultura e lodo de abatedouro de aves adaptado; (5) - efluente de bovinocultura e lodo de bovinocultura, e (6) - efluente de suinocultura e lodo de suinocultura realizados em "Shaker", em temperatura de 35 °C, sob agitação a 150 rpm, por 5 minutos a cada 1 hora. Foi utilizada uma relação de substrato:biomassa igual a 0,5. Foram testados modelos cinéticos do tipo Monod, Ordem Zero, Primeira e Segunda Ordens e verificou-se que o modelo de Primeira Ordem foi o que melhor se ajustou para os seis ensaios realizados. A constante de velocidade de Primeira Ordem (k1) foi estimada para os ensaios 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 e 6, resultando 2,51 x 10-2; 2,49 x 10-2; 1,90 x 10-2; 3,09 x 10-2; 2,54 x 10-2, e 4,09 x 10-2 h-1, respectivamente.
Resumo:
The oil activity in the Rio Grande do Norte State (RN) is a permanent threat to coastal ecosystems, particularly mangroves, with the possibility of oil spills. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential resistance of the mangrove environment of a possible spill. Were selected and isolated microorganisms degrading oil by the technique of enrichment cultures and formation of a bacterial consortium. The kinetic study of the consortium was held in rotary incubator shaken at 150 rpm and 30° C. Samples were taken at intervals of 4 hours for analysis of cell concentration and surface tension. The biodegradation was monitored using two methods of respirometry: manometric (OxiTop-C ®) and conductivimetry, where the biodegradation of oil was estimated indirectly by oxygen consumption and CO2 production, respectively. Furthermore, it was used a full 2² factorial design with triplicate at central point to the runs that used the conductivimetric methodology.. The technique of enrichment cultures allowed to obtain thirteen bacterial strains. Kinetic study of the consortium, we can showed the absence of the lag phase, reaching a maximum cell concentration of 2.55 g / L at 16 h of cultivation and a reduction on surface tension. When we adopted the methodology of OxiTop-C was detected a band indicating biodegradability (1% oil v/v), however when we used the conductivimetry methodology did not observe any band that would indicate effective biodegradation. By monitoring a process of biodegradation is necessary to observe the methodology will be adopted to evaluate the biodegradation process, since for the same conditions adopted different methodologies can produce different results. The oil-degrading isolates from soils of the mangrove estuary Potengi / RN are largely to be used in bioremediation strategies of these places, in the case of a possible oil spill, or it can be used in the treatment of waste oil generated in saline environments, since they are optimized the conditions of the tests so that the efficiency of biodegradation reach the minimum level suggested by the standarts
Resumo:
Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) have been widely used for sewage treatment in hot climate regions because they are economic and environmentally sustainable. In the present study a WSP complex comprising a primary facultative pond (PFP) followed by two maturation ponds (MP-1 and MP-2) was studied, in the city of Natal-RN. The main objective was to study the bio-degradability of organic matter through the determination of the kinetic constant k throughout the system. The work was carried out in two phases. In the first, the variability in BOD, COD and TOC concentrations and an analysis of the relations between these parameters, in the influent raw sewage, pond effluents and in specific areas inside the ponds was studied. In the second stage, the decay rate for organic matter (k) was determined throughout the system based on BOD tests on the influent sewage, pond effluents and water column samples taken from fixed locations within the ponds, using the mathematical methods of Least Squares and the Thomas equation. Subsequently k was estimated as a function of a hydrodynamic model determined from the dispersion number (d), using empirical methods and a Partial Hydrodynamic Evaluation (PHE), obtained from tracer studies in a section of the primary facultative pond corresponding to 10% of its total length. The concentrations of biodegradable organic matter, measured as BOD and COD, gradually reduced through the series of ponds, giving overall removal efficiencies of 71.95% for BOD and of 52.45% for COD. Determining the values for k, in the influent and effluent samples of the ponds using the mathematical method of Least Squares, gave the following values respectively: primary facultative pond (0,23 day-1 and 0,09 day-1), maturation 1 (0,04 day-1 and 0,03 day-1) and maturation 2 (0,03 day-1 and 0,08 day-1). When using the Thomas method, the values of k in the influents and effluents of the ponds were: primary facultative pond (0,17 day-1 and 0,07 day-1), maturation 1 (0,02 day-1 and 0,01 day-1) and maturation 2 (0,01 day-1 and 0,02 day-1). From the Partial Hydrodynamic Evaluation, in the first section of the facultative pond corresponding to 10% of its total length, it can be concluded from the dispersion number obtained of d = 0.04, that the hydraulic regime is one of dispersed flow with a kinetic constant value of 0.20 day-1
Resumo:
Avaliaram-se a biocompatibilidade e a biodegradabilidade do sistema de liberação controlada de poli-lactato-co-glicolato (PLGA) no tratamento com ciprofloxacina das ceratites por Staphylococcus aureus em coelhos. Foram utilizados 20 coelhos, distribuídos em quatro grupos (G). Os animais dos G1, G3 e G4 foram inoculados com 2,5µL da bactéria - 108UFC, no estroma corneano. Os do G2 não receberam a aplicação do inóculo. O tratamento foi realizado com solução salina básica para os animais do G1, micropartículas de PLGA contendo ciprofloxacina nos animais dos G2 e G4 e colírio de ciprofloxacina naqueles do G3. Suabe e biópsia da superfície ocular foram coletados para cultura. Apenas um animal do G1 apresentou cultura positiva para S. aureus. Exame histológico revelou a presença bacteriana em todos os animais do G1 e em dois animais do G3. Também foi constatada reação inflamatória no local da aplicação do sistema de liberação controlada. O tratamento com micropartículas de PLGA foi eficiente no tratamento de ceratites bacterianas, ao eliminar por completo a presença do S. aureus, mas entretanto não foi completamente biocompatível e biodegradável após cinco dias.
Resumo:
The increase in the oil price and the current trend of using renewable raw materials for the production of chemicals renew the interest in the production of biobutanol that, produced by fermentation of agricultural raw materials, can be used as a component of gasoline and diesel. With the commercialization of new fuels, environmental damages due to spills can occur. Among other techniques, the clean-up of these contaminated areas can be achieved with bioremediation, a technique based on the action of microorganisms, which has the advantage of turning hazardous contaminants into non toxic substances such as CO2, water and biomass. Thus, bearing in mind the use of biobutanol in the near future as a gasoline extender and due to the lack of knowledge of the effects of butanol on the biodegradation of gasoline, this work aimed to assess the aerobic biodegradation of butanol/gasoline blends and butanol/diesel (20% v/v), being the latter compared to the ethanol/gasoline blend and biodiesel/diesel (20% v/v), respectively. Two experimental techniques were employed, namely the respirometric method and the redox indicator 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) test. In the former, experiments simulating the contamination of natural environments were carried out in biometer flasks, used to measure the microbial CO2 production. The DCPIP test assessed the capability of four inocula to biodegrade the fuel blends. In butanol/gasoline experiments the addition of the alcohols to the gasoline resulted in positive synergic effects on the biodegradation of the fuels in soil and...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Resumo:
The oil activity in the Rio Grande do Norte State (RN) is a permanent threat to coastal ecosystems, particularly mangroves, with the possibility of oil spills. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential resistance of the mangrove environment of a possible spill. Were selected and isolated microorganisms degrading oil by the technique of enrichment cultures and formation of a bacterial consortium. The kinetic study of the consortium was held in rotary incubator shaken at 150 rpm and 30° C. Samples were taken at intervals of 4 hours for analysis of cell concentration and surface tension. The biodegradation was monitored using two methods of respirometry: manometric (OxiTop-C ®) and conductivimetry, where the biodegradation of oil was estimated indirectly by oxygen consumption and CO2 production, respectively. Furthermore, it was used a full 2² factorial design with triplicate at central point to the runs that used the conductivimetric methodology.. The technique of enrichment cultures allowed to obtain thirteen bacterial strains. Kinetic study of the consortium, we can showed the absence of the lag phase, reaching a maximum cell concentration of 2.55 g / L at 16 h of cultivation and a reduction on surface tension. When we adopted the methodology of OxiTop-C was detected a band indicating biodegradability (1% oil v/v), however when we used the conductivimetry methodology did not observe any band that would indicate effective biodegradation. By monitoring a process of biodegradation is necessary to observe the methodology will be adopted to evaluate the biodegradation process, since for the same conditions adopted different methodologies can produce different results. The oil-degrading isolates from soils of the mangrove estuary Potengi / RN are largely to be used in bioremediation strategies of these places, in the case of a possible oil spill, or it can be used in the treatment of waste oil generated in saline environments, since they are optimized the conditions of the tests so that the efficiency of biodegradation reach the minimum level suggested by the standarts
Resumo:
Uma vez que as técnicas cromatográficas permitem a separação, quantificação e identificação dos compostos organicos parentais e dos produtos de degradação e, considerando-se que a maioria dos fungicidas benzimidazois absorvem fortemente a luz ultra-violeta, testou-se o método de Cromatografia Liquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), para quantificar a biodegradabilidade do fungicida carbendazim. Neste experimento foi utilizada uma linhagem de Alternaria alternata isolada de solos agrícolas suplementados com benomil. Os frascos com os microorganismos crescidos foram repicados para frascos contendo meios de cultura batata-dextrose (50%) + carbendazim (100mg/ml). Estes foram incubados sob agitacao a 28oC mais ou menos 1oC por períodos de 2,4,7,15 e 30 dias. Apos extração e purificação das amostras procedeu-se a analise cromatográfica. Para tanto utilizou-se uma coluna de troca cationica nas seguintes condições: temperatura da coluna: 40oC, fase móvel: fosfato de amônio 0,0125M com fluxo de 0,2ml por minuto e detector de absorbância operando a 280nm. Sob estas condições, o tempo de retenção de carbendazim e 2 amino-benzimidazol foi de aproximadamente 4,5 e 6,3 minutos, respectivamente. A quantificação foi feita utilizando-se regressão linear de curvas de calibração obtidas em soluções padrões de carbendazim versus a resposta (altura ou área do pico), obtida no cromatograma. A confirmação da identidade do pico com alto grau de confiança foi possível pela comparação do tempo de retenção e o espectro de absorbância em ultra-violeta do carbendazim. Este espectro, em diferentes condições de cultivo de A alternata, indicou índices de similaridade da molécula variando de 0,99 a 1 entre as diferentes amostras. Por este método foram obtidas recuperações acima de 70% da concentração inicial de carbendazim. A degradação de carbendazim foi de 66,4% aos dois dias de incubação.