Effects of the administration of pentoxifylline and prednisolone on the evolution of portal fibrogenesis secondary to biliary obstruction-an experimental study in growing animals

Background: Many chronic liver diseases lead to progressive hepatic fibrosis, a condition that can ultimately result in loss of organ function and severe portal hypertension necessitating hepatic transplantation. Within the last few decades, studies have been conducted to demonstrate the possibility of drug modulation of hepatic fibrogenesis. Regarding biliary obstruction, it has been suggested that administration of corticosteroids could promote better late outcomes for children with biliary atresia submitted to Kasai`s portoenterostomy. Models used to test potential antifibrogenic drugs such as pentoxifylline (PTX) have not included growing animals. Methods: In this experimental study, 119 young rats (21st or 22nd days) were submitted to laparotomy and common bile duct ligation (CBDL) or to sham surgery (SHAM). Animals were allocated into 5 groups, according to surgical procedure, and administered the following solutions: (1) CBDL + distilled water, (2) SHAM + distilled water, (3) CBDL + PTX, (4) CBDL + prednisolone (PRED), and (5) CBDL + PTX + PRED (PTX + PRED). Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups according to the length of the experiment (15 or 30 days). At the end of the defined period, animals were weighed, and a hepatic fragment was collected from each one for analyses. Results: The PTX animals exhibited increased weight gain compared to animals in the PRED or PTX + PRED groups. Animals from the 3 therapeutic groups (PTX, PRED, and PTX + PRED) showed diminished collagen-filled area in portal spaces. Total portal space area was increased in the PTX group. Conclusions: Hepatic fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in young rats could be modulated by pharmacologic interventions. Administration of PTX or PRED, or the combination of both, resulted in diminished collagen-filled areas in portal spaces. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Occurrence of congenital disorders in Swiss sheep.

BACKGROUND The rates of congenital disorders in Swiss sheep were determined by a questionnaire which was sent to 3,183 members of the Swiss Sheep Breeders' Association. FINDINGS A total of 993 questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 31.2%. Of these, 862 questionnaires originated from farms keeping one of the predominant Swiss sheep breeds: Swiss White Alpine sheep, Brown-Headed Meat sheep, Swiss Black Brown Mountain sheep and Valais Blacknose sheep. During a 10-year-period, entropion was reported in 33.6% of the farms, brachygnathia inferior in 29.5%, abdominal/umbilical hernia in 15.9%, cryptorchidism in 10.5% and torticollis in 10.5%. The most significant difference between the four breeds (P<0.001) occurred for entropion in Swiss White Alpine sheep and Brown-Headed Meat sheep, brachygnathia inferior in Swiss Black Brown Mountain sheep, and scrotal/inguinal hernia in Valais Blacknose sheep. The Swiss White Alpine breed showed a significantly higher animal prevalence of entropion (6.2% in 2011 and 5.5% in 2012) than other breeds (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a breed-specific necessity for action, particularly regarding Swiss animal welfare legislation, especially entropion in Swiss White Alpine sheep is concerned. In general, careful selection of breeding stock is to be recommended.

Congenital disorder of glycosylation type Id (CDG Id) : phenotypic, biochemical and molecular characterization of a new patient

Rapport de synthèseLes troubles de la glycosylation (Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation, CDG) regroupent une famille de maladies multi-systémiques héréditaires causées par des défauts dans la synthèse de glycoconjugés. La glycosylation est une réaction enzymatique consistant à lier de façon covalente un glucide à une chaîne peptidique ou une protéine. Il existe deux types de glycosylation. La N-gjycosylation est l'addition de glucides aux chaînes peptidiques en croissance dès leur entrée dans la lumière du réticulum endoplasmique. Elle s'effectue sur les futures glycoprotéines membranaires et conduit à des chaînes de sucres courtes et ramifiées. La O-glycosylation est l'addition de glucides au niveau des résidus hydroxylés des acides aminés sérine et thréonine des chaînes peptidiques déjà présentes dans la lumière de l'appareil de Golgi. Elle est, dans la plupart des cas, effectuée sur îes protéoglycanes et conduit à des chaînes de sucres longues et non ramifiées. La classification des CDG repose sur le niveau de l'étape limitante de la glycosylation. Les CDG de type 1, plus fréquents, regroupent les déficits enzymatiques se situant en amont du transfert de Poligosaccharide sur la chaîne peptidique. Les CDG de type 2 regroupent ceux ayant lieu en aval de ce transfert. Parmi les nombreux différents sous-types de CDG, le CDG de type ld est causé par une anomalie de la mannosyltransferase, enzyme codée par le gène ALG3 (chromosome 3q27). Jusqu'à ce jour, six patients atteints de CDG ld ont été reportés dans la littérature. Notre travail a permis de décrire un septième patient et d'affiner les caractéristiques cliniques, biologiques, neuroradiologiques et moléculaires du CDG ld. Notre patient est notamment porteur d'une nouvelle mutation de type missense sur le gène ALG3. Tous les patients atteints de CDG ld présentent une encéphalopathie progressive avec microcéphalie, retard psychomoteur sévère et épilepsie. Une ostéopénie marquée est présente chez certains patients. Elle est parfois sous diagnostiquée et révélée uniquement lors de fracture pathologique. Les patients atteints de CDG ld présentent également des traits dysmorphiques typiques, mais aucune atteinte multi-systémique ou anomalie biologique spécifique n'est retrouvée telle que dans les autres types de CDG. Le dépistage biochimique des troubles de la glycosylation se fait par une analyse simple et peu coûteuse qui est l'analyse de la transferrine sérique par isoelectrofocusing ou par électrophorèse capillaire. Un tel dépistage devrait être effectué chez tout patient présentant une encéphalopathie d'origine indéterminée, et cela même en l'absence d'atteinte multi- systémique. Notre travail a été publié sous forme d'article de type « short report », peer-reviewed, dans le Journal of Inherited Metabolic Diseases. Le Journal est une révue spécialisée du domaine des erreirs innées du métabolisme. S'agissant d'un seul patient rapporté, l'article ne montre que très synthétiquement le travail effectué, Pour cette raison un complément à l'article avec matériel, méthodes et résultats figure ci-après et concerne la partie de recherche moléculaire de notre travail. La doctorante a non seulement encadré personnellement le patient au niveau clinique et biochimique, mais a plus particulièrement mis au point l'analyse moléculaire du gène ALG3 dans le laboratoire de Pédiatrie Moléculaire pour la première fois ; cela a impliqué l'étude du gène, le choix des oligonucleotides et l'optimisation des réactions d'amplification et séquençage.

Congenital disorder of glycosylation type Id (CDG Id): phenotypic, biochemical and molecular characterization of a new patient.

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a family of multisystem inherited disorders caused by defects in the biosynthesis of N- or O-glycans. Among the many different subtypes of CDG, the defect of a mannosyltransferase encoded by the human ALG3 gene (chromosome 3q27) is known to cause CDG Id. Six patients with CDG Id have been described in the literature so far. We further delineate the clinical, biochemical, neuroradiological and molecular features of CDG Id by reporting an additional patient bearing a novel missense mutation in the ALG3 gene. All patients with CDG Id display a slowly progressive encephalopathy with microcephaly, severe psychomotor retardation and epileptic seizures. They also share some typical dysmorphic features but they do not present the multisystem involvement observed in other CDG syndromes or any biological marker abnormalities. Unusually marked osteopenia is a feature in some patients and may remain undiagnosed until revealed by pathological fractures. Serum transferrin screening for CDG should be extended to all patients with encephalopathy of unknown origin, even in the absence of multisystem involvement.

Congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia presenting as early-onset cerebellar ataxia in an adult

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a recently described, underrecognized group of syndromes characterized biochemically by abnormal glycosylation of serum and cellular glycoproteins. We report a previously undiagnosed adult male who presented with early-onset cerebellar ataxia in the context of mental impairment, peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, body dysmorphism, cardiomyopathy, and hypogonadism. Newly available screening and genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis as CDG type Ia. This case emphasizes that CDG should be considered as a differential diagnosis for adults with early-onset cerebellar ataxia, particularly in those persons with the aforementioned features, and that undiagnosed cases of childhood ataxia may require reassessment now that testing is available. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society

Dry eye in childhood: Epidemiological and clinical aspects

Because dry eye disease is rare in children and its pathogenesis is less well known than in adults, its diagnosis is often overlooked. It can occur in association with a number of congenital, autoimmune, endocrine, and inflammatory disorders, or under certain environmental and nutritional conditions. In some cases, early detection allows the underlying cause of the dry eye to be successfully treated and eliminated. In other cases, the disease may represent a lifelong problem, whose proper management can prevent ulceration and scarring of the ocular surface. Because of the association of pediatric dry eye with other conditions, a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment is usually required. The purpose of this review is to enhance physician awareness of dry eye in children, to describe the most frequently associated conditions, and to discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic options available.

The role of arl13b in cilia length regulation and in zebrafish development

RESUMO: Arl13b é uma importante proteína ciliar, presente em cílios primários e cílios móveis. Ratinhos mutantes para Arl13b têm comprimento dos cílios reduzido e defeitos nos B-túbulos dos cílios. Como consequência destes fenótipos, deficiências na Arl13b originam, em modelos animais, várias doenças congénitas, incluindo problemas no estabelecimento do eixo esquerda-direita, malformações cerebrais e deformações corporais. Nos seres humanos, deficiências na Arl13b levam a uma doença crónica congénita chamada Síndrome de Joubert. Por outro lado, a sobreexpressão de Arl13b origina cílios mais longos, no entanto existe uma ausência da caracterização dos fenótipos celulares e durante o desenvolvimento embrionário. Neste trabalho, quisemos explorar o efeito da sobre-expressão de Arl13b em embriões de peixezebra. Descobrimos que, ao nível ciliar, a sobre-expressão de Arl13b nas células aumenta o comprimento ciliar em cílios primários e móveis, no entanto, a esses cílios falta adequada acetilação da alfa-tubulina no citoesqueleto feito por microtúbulos. Os nossos resultados mostraram que esse efeito é específico de Arl13b sobre-expressão e quando se manipularam as enzimas responsáveis pela acetilação (Mec17) e pela de-acetilação (HDAC6) encontrámos uma sinergia potencial com ambas. Testámos ainda, que o aumento no comprimento ciliar não estava causalmente relacionado com a falta de acetilação, ou seja, os cílios com menos acetilação não eram necessariamente os mais longos. Também mostrámos que a sobre-expressão de Arl13b é capaz de restaurar o comprimento dos cílios em mutantes com cílios curtos e como isso pode ser explorado para um futuro potencial papel terapêutico para Arl13b. Em seguida, foi avaliado o impacto do aumento da quantidade de Arl13b no desenvolvimento embrionário do peixe-zebra. Observou-se que a sobre-expressão de Arl13b apresentava fenótipos muito fracos, quando comparados com a perda de função dos mutantes de Arl13b. Focados no inesperado fenótipo leve no estabelecimento do eixo esquerda-direita abordámos a questão através do estabelecimento de uma colaboração com matemáticos, descobrimos que os cílios mais longos que potencialmente têm a capacidade de movimentar mais fluido são atenuados por amplitudes de batimento menores, e, como resultado, estes longos cílios não prejudicam o movimento do fluido e consequentemente não afetam o estabelecimento dos padrões de esquerda-direita. Sugerimos assim que a Arl13b é um regulador chave, do comprimento ciliar. Descobrimos uma nova interação com as enzimas de acetilação/de-acetilação e levantamos novas hipóteses quanto aos mecanismos moleculares da função da Arl13b. Propomos um novo modelo para o mecanismo molecular da Arl13b na regulação do comprimento dos cílios onde podemos integrar os nossos resultados com os relatados na literatura. Este trabalho adiciona mais conhecimento para o mecanismo de ação da Arl13b e, portanto, fornece uma importante contribuição para o campo da investigação em cílios.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT: Arl13b is an important ciliary protein, present in primary and motile cilia. arl13b-/- mouse mutants have reduced cilia length and cilia B-tubule defects. As a consequence of these phenotypes, Arl13b loss of function animal models suffer from several congenital disorders including left-right problems, brain malformations and body deformations. In humans Arl13b depletion leads to a congenital chronic disease called Joubert Syndrome. On the other hand, overexpressing Arl13b leads to longer cilia but the characterization of the cellular and developmental phenotypes was missing. In this work we explore the effect of Arl13b overexpression in zebrafish embryos. We found that, at the ciliary level, Arl13b overexpression from 1 cell stage produces longer primary and motile cilia, but these cilia lack proper alpha tubulin acetylation of their microtubule cytoskeleton. Our results showed that this effect is specific from Arl13b overexpression and when we manipulated the enzymes responsible for acetylation, Mec17, and de-acetylation, HDAC6, we found a potential synergy of both mec17 knockdown and HDAC6 activity with Arl13b overexpression. We tested that the ciliary increase in length was not causally related to the lack of acetylation, meaning the more de-acetylated cilia were not necessarily the longer ones. We also showed that Arl13b overexpression is able to restore cilia length in short cilia mutants and how that may be explored to a potential future therapeutic role for Arl13b. Next, we evaluated the impact of increasing the amount of Arl13b in zebrafish embryonic development. We observed that Arl13b overexpression presented very mild phenotypes when compared to the loss of function mutants. We focused on the unexpected left-right mild phenotype and by establishing a mathematical modeling collaboration, we found out that the longer cilia generated force was attenuated by smaller beating amplitudes, and as a result, these long cilia were not impairing the cilia generated flow and the establishment of left-right patterning. We suggest that Arl13b is one key cilia length regulator. We disclosed a novel interaction with the acetylation / de-acetylation enzymes and raised new hypothesis as to the mechanisms of Arl13b function. We propose a new model for the Arl13b molecular mechanism of cilia length regulation where we integrate our findings with those reported in the literature. This work adds more knowledge to the Arl13b mechanism of action and therefore provides an important contribution to the cilia research field.

Desórdenes Congénitos de la Glicosilación (CDG). Primera investigación Argentina de patologías genéticas causadas por defectos en la biosíntesis de las glicoproteínas: estudios clínicos, bioquímicos y moleculares para la identificación y caracterización de las distintas variantes

La caracterización de nuevas patologías causadas por defectos en la glicosilación de proteínas se ha incrementado exponencialmente en los últimos cinco años. Los Desórdenes Congénitos de la Glicosilación ó Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation, sigla en inglés, CDG, comprenden defectos en la biosíntesis de las glicoproteínas, ya sea en la vía de la N-glicosilación, como así también de la O-glicosilación proteica. La presentación fenotípica es multisistémica, existen más de 500 genes que codifican para proteínas implicadas en procesos de glicosilación, poniendo de manifiesto la importancia crucial de la glicobiología en los procesos celulares. La mayoría de los CDG conocidos hasta el momento son defectos de N-glicosilación (clasificadas CDG-Ia hasta CDG-Im y CDG-IIa hasta CDG-IIf), aunque están siendo descritas alteraciones de O-glicosilación, como causa primaria de diferentes distrofias musculares, condrodisplasias, mucolipidosis I y II; Síndrome de Exostosis Múltiple Hereditario (EMH), trastornos de la migración neuronal e incluso existen defectos combinados de N- y O-glicosilación. Presentan una mortalidad infantil elevada, de aproximadamente un 25% por infecciones graves o fallos orgánicos. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas son: retraso psicomotor, convulsiones, hipotonía axial, estrabismo e hipoplasia cerebelosa, entre las características más frecuentes, acompañadas en algunos casos por dismorfias, hepatopatía, coagulopatía, enteropatía, entre otras manifestaciones, sin existir un patrón único de expresión clínica y pudiendo observarse manifestaciones inusuales de la enfermedad. Existe en nuestro medio un sub-diagnóstico de estas patologías, atribuible al desconocimiento de la gran variabilidad fenotípica y a la falta de metodologías para su diagnóstico. El estudio de alteraciones de la glicosilación proteica permitirá la identificación de diferentes clases de CDG como responsables de síndromes clínicos no explicados e incluso el hallazgo de nuevas variantes de estas patologías en nuestro medio. Como Objetivo General, se desea contribuir al desarrollo de un capítulo inédito en Latinoamérica, en el área de las Enfermedades Metabólicas Hereditarias, desde los diferentes aspectos: clínico, bioquímico y molecular, conjuntamente con la aplicación de criterios cada vez más amplios para la detección de CDG en nuestro medio y el conocimiento de los aspectos fisiopatogénicos propios de estas enfermedades.

Pancreatite aguda biliar na infância

Acute pancreatitis is an uncommon condition in childhood. Gallstones rarely cause pancreatitis in children. Instead, the leading causes of pancreatitis tend to be trauma, infecctions, drugs, congenital disorders. One rare case of acute gallstone pancreatitis in children is described, showing the diagnosis clinical/radiologic and surgery treatment (videocolecistectomy).

Functional role of a specific ganglioside in neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth

Cell migration occurs extensively during mammalian brain development and persists in a few regions in the adult brain. Defective migratory behavior of neurons is thought to be the underlying cause of several congenital disorders. Knowledge of the dynamics and molecular mechanisms of neuronal movement could expand our understanding of the normal development of the nervous system as well as help decipher the pathogenesis of neurological developmental disorders. In our studies we have identified and characterized a specific ganglioside (9-O-acetyl GD3) localized to the membrane of neurons and glial cells that is expressed in regions of cell migration and neurite outgrowth in the developing and adult rat nervous system. In the present article we review our findings that demonstrate the functional role of this molecule in neuronal motility.

Anoftalmia clínica bilateral associada à hidrocefalia congênita em cão

A ausência completa do bulbo ocular é muito rara em cães e gatos, enquanto a hidrocefalia é comumente observada como distúrbio congênito em cães de raças miniatura ou braquicefálicas, com menos de um ano de idade. O presente trabalho relata a ocorrência de anoftalmia clínica bilateral associada à hidrocefalia congênita em um cão da raça poodle, sendo este o primeiro relato de caso da associação dessas alterações no Brasil.

Achados endoscópicos em crianças com estridor

Doenças congênitas e adquiridas das vias aéreas podem causar dispnéia e estridor em crianças. Nas UTIs tem-se registrado maior sobrevida de prematuros, porém também elevada incidência de complicações relacionadas à intubação. OBJETIVO: Analisar retrospectivamente os achados endoscópicos em crianças com estridor. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Corte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram revisados 55 prontuários de crianças com estridor, submetidas aos exames endoscópicos de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2003. Endoscopias foram: estridor pós-extubação (63,63%) e avaliação de estridor neonatal (21,82%). Observou-se alto índice de doenças associadas, como pulmonares (60%), neurológicas (45,4%) e DRGE (40%). Os principais achados endoscópicos e as indicações de traqueotomia foram: estenose subglótica (27,27%) e processos inflamatórios das vias aéreas (21,82%), principalmente em crianças com menos de cinco anos. Lesões congênitas foram mais freqüentes em crianças com menos de um ano. CONCLUSÕES: O estridor na infância possui múltiplas etiologias, sendo as relacionadas à intubação traqueal as mais freqüentes em hospitais com atendimento de doenças complexas. Pediatras e otorrinolaringologistas devem conhecer as causas de estridor, realizando avaliação clínica detalhada para determinar a gravidade do caso. O exame endoscópico deverá ser minucioso e detalhado.

In vitro characterisation and expansion of human regulatory T cells for their in vivo application in the induction of tolerance in haematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation

Solid organ transplantation (SOT) is considered the treatment of choice for many end-stage organ diseases. Thus far, short term results are excellent, with patient survival rates greater than 90% one year post-surgery, but there are several problems with the long term acceptance and use of immunosuppressive drugs. Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation (HSCT) concerns the infusion of haematopoietic stem cells to re-establish acquired and congenital disorders of the hematopoietic system. The main side effect is the Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD) where donor T cells can cause pathology involving the damage of host tissues. Patients undergoing acute or chronic GvHD receive immunosuppressive regimen that is responsible for several side effects. The use of immunosuppressive drugs in the setting of SOT and GvHD has markedly reduced the incidence of acute rejection and the tissue damage in GvHD however, the numerous adverse side effects observed boost the development of alternative strategies to improve the long-term outcome. To this effect, the use of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) as a cellular therapy is an attractive approach for autoimmunity disease, GvHD and limiting immune responses to allograft after transplantation. Treg have a pivotal role in maintaining peripheral immunological tolerance, by preventing autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. Results of my thesis provide the characterization and cell processing of Tregs from healthy controls and patients in waiting list for liver transplantation, followed by the development of an efficient expansion-protocol and the investigation of the impact of the main immunosuppressive drugs on viability, proliferative capacity and function of expanded cells after expansion. The conclusion is that ex vivo expansion is necessary to infuse a high Treg dose and although many other factors in vivo can contribute to the success of Treg therapy, the infusion of Tregs during the administration of the highest dose of immunosuppressants should be carefully considered.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Wharton's Jelly and Amniotic Fluid

The discovery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in perinatal sources, such as the amniotic fluid (AF) and the umbilical connective tissue, the so-called Wharton's jelly (WJ), has transformed them into promising stem cell grafts for the application in regenerative medicine. The advantages of AF-MSCs and WJ-MSCs over adult MSCs, such as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), include their minimally invasive isolation procedure, their more primitive cell character without being tumourigenic, their low immunogenicity and their potential autologous application in congenital disorders and when cryopreserved in adulthood. This chapter gives an overview of the biology of AF-MSCs and WJMSCs, and their regenerative potential based on the results of recent preclinical and clinical studies. In the end, open questions concerning the use of WJ-MSCs and AF-MSCs in regenerative medicine will be emphasized.

Investigação da atividade apoptótica na abertura luminal dos ductos das glândulas salivares: análise comparativa entre modelo animal e humano

As glândulas salivares são estruturas essenciais para a manutenção da homeostase da cavidade oral pela síntese e secreção do fluido salivar. A disfunção ou perda permanente das glândulas salivares causadas por radioterapia, doenças inflamatórias ou desordens congênitas elevam principalmente o risco de infecções da mucosa oral e de estruturas dentárias, além de potencialmente prejudicar funções fisiológicas como fala, mastigação e paladar, diretamente interferindo na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos afetados. Os tratamentos atualmente disponíveis são apenas paliativos, ressaltando a necessidade de se compreender melhor os processos embriogênicos a fim de desenvolver novas estratégias terapêuticas capazes de regenerar as glândulas salivares. O princípio da formação das glândulas salivares baseia-se na coordenação de diversos processos morfogenéticos, e este trabalho foca particularmente em investigar a formação do espaço luminal do sistema de ductos, uma vez que a adequada abertura dos lumens é um processo essencial para a secreção salivar. Relata-se que a remoção das células centrais dos cordões sólidos epiteliais por morte celular apoptótica é o principal mecanismo de abertura do espaço luminal dos futuros ductos glandulares em camundongos. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre o controle temporal da apoptose durante o desenvolvimento glandular e sobre seu comportamento em glândulas salivares humanas. Neste trabalho, o perfil de expressão de diversas proteínas envolvidas na cascata apoptótica em glândulas salivares fetais humanas foi analisado de acordo com cada estágio morfogenético por imunoistoquímica (Bax, Bak, Bad, Bid, Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bcl-xL, caspase-3 clivada, caspases-6, -7 e -9, apaf-1, survivina e citocromo c). As análises semi-qualitativas resultaram em negatividade apenas para as proteínas Bcl-2, Bad, Bid e caspase-3 clivada em todas as fases de desenvolvimento. A expressão nuclear de Bax e Bak foi identificada em presumidos espaços luminais em estágios precoces, enquanto Bcl-xL foi o fator antiapoptótico da família Bcl-2 que exibiu expressão nuclear mais importante. Caspases-6, -7 e -9 foram positivas em todas as fases, e a ausência de caspase-3 clivada sugere caspase-7 como principal caspase efetora da apoptose em desenvolvimento de glândulas salivares humanas. Ambos os componentes do complexo apoptossomo foram positivos durante o desenvolvimento glandular, e o inibidor survivina demonstrou mais positividade nuclear em estágios mais avançados. Ao observar a expressão de reguladores apoptóticos durante o desenvolvimento glandular humano, foram realizados experimentos funcionais com culturas de tecido glandular de camundongos para avaliar o papel das caspases durante a formação desta estrutura. Inicialmente detectou-se a atividade apoptótica em glândulas salivares de camundongos albinos no centro dos cordões epiteliais primários a partir de estágios precoces de desenvolvimento através de TUNEL e caspase-3 clivada. A partir disso, foi realizada a inibição apoptótica funcional in vitro durante o mesmo período, que resultou em ductos significativamente mais amplos e em defeitos morfológicos importantes nas estruturas luminal e acinar. Este trabalho evidenciou portanto atividade apoptótica durante a formação de glândulas salivares humanas e de camundongo, expressando-se em fases mais precoces do que reportadas anteriormente. Além disso, a ausência de Bad e Bid indica que a via intrínseca está mais ativa que a extrínseca, e distintos perfis de expressão da maioria das moléculas sugere adicionais funções não-apoptóticas durante a morfogênese glandular.