Indução de brotações epicórmicas por meio de anelamento e decepa em erva-mate.

A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) é uma espécie arbórea, nativa da América do Sul e largamente consumida na forma de chá. Em ervais debilitados, a poda de recuperação é utilizada para a retomada do vigor vegetativo, bem como o anelamento, os quais estimulam a emissão de brotações. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos verificar a influência do anelamento em combinação com a aplicação de diferentes concentrações de benzil-amino-purina (BAP) e da decepa em diferentes alturas na emissão de brotações por matrizes de erva-mate de 17 e mais de 80 anos de idade, no inverno/2006 e verão/2007. O anelamento foi realizado com motosserra a uma altura de 30 cm do solo, seguido do tratamento com BAP, veiculado em pasta de vaselina, nas concentrações de 0, 150 e 300 mg Kg-1. A decepa foi realizada também com motosserra, sendo os tratamentos três alturas de corte: 15, 30 e 60 cm do solo. Após 6 e 12 meses da instalação foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: porcentagem de matrizes brotadas, número de brotações por árvore (ou cepa), comprimento e diâmetro das brotações. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a erva-mate tem boa capacidade de brotação, para as duas técnicas utilizadas. A eficiência na emissão de novos brotos no anelamento é influenciada pela idade da planta matriz e pela estação do ano. Os maiores valores foram obtidos no inverno/2006 e com matrizes de 17 anos de idade, chegando a 95,84% de indução de brotações. Na técnica da decepa, não foi observada influência da época de instalação na porcentagem de brotação, mas a idade da matriz e a altura do corte foram significativos para esta variável. Os maiores valores foram obtidos com matrizes de 17 anos e altura de corte a 60 cm do solo.

Micropropagación de apices caulinares en platano (Musa spp. AAB) cultivar Cuerno Gigante

El estudio se realizó en el laboratorio de cultivo de tejidos de la Universidad Nacional Agraria de diciembre 2008 a enero 2010. En el centro experimental de FAGRO se seleccionaron hijos de plátano (Musa spp AAB) cultivar Cuerno Gigante para el estudio de los diferentes factores en las cuatro fases de la micropropagación. En el establecimiento se evaluó el efecto del Bencil amino purina y Ácido indolacético. En multiplicación se estudió la respuesta de los tejidos a los medios de cultivo, volumen del frasco, número de plantas por frasco y número de subcultivos. En la fase de enraizamiento se evaluó el efecto del AIA y sacarosa en la producción de raíces, y en la fase de aclimatación las correlaciones entre variables morfológicas. Los datos de establecimiento se analizaron en Cuadros porcentuales, en las fases de multiplicación y enraizamiento con el diseño bloques completos al azar, se determinaron los mejores tratamientos mediante el análisis de Duncan y Waller. Todos los ápices establecidos segregaron fenoles y en el medio con 1 mg l-1 BAP la formación de plantas fue del 20%. A partir del segundo subcultivo los medios que contenían 2 mgl-1 de BAP incrementaron los porcentajes de brotación. Con 5 y 7 plantas por frasco de 220 y 430 ml se obtuvieron los mejores promedios de brotación axilar, longitud del pseudotallo y de número de hojas. Con 7 plantas por frasco se disminuyó en 28.93% la cantidad de frascos y de medios de cultivo en comparación con 5 plantas por frasco. La mejor producción de raíces se consiguió en las sales MS con 30 gl-1 de sacarosa consistencia semi-sólida. En fase de aclimatación el número de raíces tuvo correlación significativa y positiva con longitud del pseudotallo y volumen de raíces, también hubo correlación positiva y significativa entre número de hojas y longitud del pseudotallo, resultando de gran importancia en la determinación del crecimiento y comportamiento futuro de las plantas.

Clonal propagation of Phyllanthus amarus: A hepatoprotector

Background: The micropropagation protocol for Phyllanthus amarus, an important medicinal herb used widely for the treatment of hepatitis in ethnomedicinal systems, was standardized with shoot tip and single node explants. Materials and Methods: The micropropagation was carried out for the hyperproducing ecotype (phyllanthin content 463.828 ppm; hypophyllanthin content: 75.469 ppm) collected from Aanaikatti, Coimbatore, and grown in mist chamber, CPMB, TNAU. For micropropagation studies, the leaves were trimmed off and the shoot tips (6 mm long) and nodal segments (single node) were used for initiation. Results: Shoot tips and single node explants gave a maximum of 6.00 and 7.00 multiple shoots per explant with Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) (1.0mg/L mg/L). Upon subculturing, a shoot length of around 7 cm with an average of eight internodes per shoot was observed after 20 days in the elongation medium supplemented with BAP (0.2 mg/Lmg/L) and Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) (2.0 mg/L). Seven to ten adventitious roots developed when the elongated microshoots were cultured in half strength MS medium with Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) (2.0 mg/Lmg/L) and NAA (1.0 mg/L mg/L) in 15-20 days after transfer. The rooted shoots acclimatized successfully to field conditions. Conclusion: A method for successful micropropagation of the valuable medicinal plant was established which will provide a better source for continuous supply of plants for manufacturing drugs.

Mejoramiento de la eficiencia de propagación in vitro de plátano (Musa AAB cv. Enano)

En el período comprendido de noviembre del año 2001 a julio del año 2002, en el Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA) se realizó el estudio de la propagación in vitro en el cultivo de Plátano, (AAB) cv Enano. A las cuatro semanas del establecimiento se evalúo el porcentaje de fenolización de los ápices, en el medio de cultivo que contenía solamente las sales Murashige y Skoog el 100% de los tejidos produjo el más bajo nivel de fenoles. A las ocho semanas se evalúo el efecto de las variantes de medios de cultivo en la formación de plantas. Cuando se agregó al medio de cultivo 0.3 mg/l de Ácido indolacético y 1 mg/l de Bencil amino purina se registró 53.3% de plantas formadas y el 26% de estas emitieron brotes axilares. En la fase de multiplicación los experimentos se evaluaron a las tres semanas determinándose los mejores tratamientos a través del análisis de Varianza y separación de Medias de Tukey (a= 0.05). Los mejores coeficientes de brotación se presentaron en los medios suplidos con 4 y 5 mg/l de Bencil amino purina, con valores respectivos de 4.2 y 4.46 brotes por planta. La consistencia semisólida del medio de cultivo superó al medio líquido en las variables altura de planta y número de brotes. La mejor combinación tipo de frasco y número de planta, fue con la siembra de cinco brotes en frascos de 200 ml con resultados de brotación de 2.08 y 2.05 respectivamente. En el enraizamiento se comprobó que concentraciones de sacarosa entre 30 g/l y 60 g/l combinadas con 1 y 2 mg/l de Ácido Indol Acético favorecen el incremento de las variables evaluadas. La sobrevivencia de las vitroplantas en condiciones ambientales fue del 100% cuando estas provinieron de medios de cultivos con niveles de sacarosa de 50 y 60 g/l combinadas con 1 y 2 mg/l de Ácido Indol Acético.

Embriogenesis somatica en reproduccion in vitro del cultivo de piña (Ananas comosus L. Merr) cultivar MD-2

La piña es reconocida como una de las frutas más finas de las re giones tropicales y se denomina la reina de todas las frutas. En Nicaragua se consume principalmente como frut a fresca, refresco y otros productos derivados de la industrialización de la piña. Para el estudio de embriogénesis somática en piña cultivar MD - 2 se realizaron diferentes variantes de medios de cultivo en las fases de inducción, multiplicación, formación de plantas , enraizamiento y aclimatación de plantas. En la fase de inducción de callo s con el empleo de explante s de hojas no se produjo iniciación de callos, pero con explantes de ápices meristemáticos se obtuvieron los mejores resultados en los medios qu e contenían 1 mg/l de 2,4 - D y 0 y 0.2 mg/l 6 - B encil - amino - purina . La multiplicación de callos fue mejor en los medios de cultivos que se le suministraron 2 mg/l de Ácido Indolacético y 1.8 mg/l de A cido - naftaleno - acético con agua de coco al 1 5% y 400 mg/ l de carbón activado . La formaci ón de pla n tas se favoreció en el medio de cultivo que contenía 0.38 mg/l de Ácido Indolbutírico y dos mg/l de 6 - Bencil - Amino - Purina. En l a fase de enraizamiento de las plantas resultó ser mejor el medio de cultivo que con tenía 0.5 mg/l de Ácido Indolacé tico y 40 g/l de sacarosa . En la fase de aclimat iz ación de plantas los medios que previamente se desarrollaron en las cinco variantes de medios en la fase de en raizamiento presentaron los mejores resultados con respecto al po rcen taje de sobrevivencia.

Antioxidantes y porfirinas de Adesmia boronioides, Larrea divaricata y Atriplex lampa cultivadas in vitro

Los polifenoles están involucrados en la defensa contra la radiación ultravioleta, en la actividad antioxidante, con un significado evolutivo. En la región patagónica existen plantas nativas de interés medicinal muy valoradas por la herbolaria tradicional de la zona. Se estudió actividad antioxidante y pigmentos en Adesmia boronioides, Larrea divaricata y Atriplex lampa (plántulas enteras, 60 días) micropropagados a partir de semillas estériles, cultivadas en MS suplementado con 6-bencil-amino-purina (2219 μM), ácido naftalén-acético (0,053 μM), 45 μmoles fotón.m-2 .s-1, 16h/8h luz/:oscuridad, 22-24°C, subcultivo: 20 días. A.boronioides presentó entre 1,7 y 3,7 veces mayor contenido de porfirinas respecto de los otros cultivos. Se observó una baja cantidad de clorofila total con disminución de clorofila a a expensas de la b (clorofila a/b:2,98). La actividad de catalasa (EC1.11.1.6) fue la menor de los tres cultivos. El mayor contenido de clorofilas fue encontrado en L. divaricata con un alto contenido de clorofila a (clorofila a/b:21,04) y tuvo 2 a 13 veces más antocianinas que los otros cultivos. A. lampa presentó baja cantidad de clorofila (clorofila a/b:8,53); 4 a 6 veces más polifenoles y 5 a 20 veces mayor actividad de catalasa, respecto de los otros cultivos. Los resultados indican la posibilidad de aplicar estos cultivos in vitro como fuente de metabolitos bioactivos.

Reguladores vegetais e bioestimulantes no desenvolvimento de Salvia officinalis L: avaliações fisológicas, bioquímicas e fitoquímicas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

No evidence for association of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene T2119C and C3161G amino acid substitution variants with risk of breast cancer

Background There is evidence that certain mutations in the double-strand break repair pathway ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene act in a dominant-negative manner to increase the risk of breast cancer. There are also some reports to suggest that the amino acid substitution variants T2119C Ser707Pro and C3161G Pro1054Arg may be associated with breast cancer risk. We investigate the breast cancer risk associated with these two nonconservative amino acid substitution variants using a large Australian population-based case–control study. Methods The polymorphisms were genotyped in more than 1300 cases and 600 controls using 5' exonuclease assays. Case–control analyses and genotype distributions were compared by logistic regression. Results The 2119C variant was rare, occurring at frequencies of 1.4 and 1.3% in cases and controls, respectively (P = 0.8). There was no difference in genotype distribution between cases and controls (P = 0.8), and the TC genotype was not associated with increased risk of breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 1.08, 95% confidence interval = 0.59–1.97, P = 0.8). Similarly, the 3161G variant was no more common in cases than in controls (2.9% versus 2.2%, P = 0.2), there was no difference in genotype distribution between cases and controls (P = 0.1), and the CG genotype was not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence interval = 0.85–1.98, P = 0.2). This lack of evidence for an association persisted within groups defined by the family history of breast cancer or by age. Conclusion The 2119C and 3161G amino acid substitution variants are not associated with moderate or high risks of breast cancer in Australian women.

Crystallographic characterization of the first reported crystalline form of the potent hallucinogen (R)-2-amino-1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b;5,4-b']difuran-4-yl)propane or `bromodragonfly': the 1:1 anhydrous proton-transfer compound with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid

The 1:1 proton-transfer compound of the potent substituted amphetamine hallucinogen (R)-1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b; 4,5-b']difuran-4-yl)-2-aminopropane (common trivial name 'bromodragonfly') with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']difuran-4-yl)-2-mmoniopropane 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenolate, C13H13BrNO2+ C7H3N2O7- forms hydrogen-bonded cation-anion chain substructures comprising undulating head-to-tail anion chains formed through C(8) carboxyl O-H...O(nitro) associations and incorporating the aminium groups of the cations. The intra-chain cation-anion hydrogen-bonding associations feature proximal cyclic R33(8) interactions involving both a N+-H...O(phenolate) and the carboxyl O--H...O(nitro)associations. Also present are aromatic pi-pi ring interactions [minimum ring centroid separation, 3.566(2)A; inter-plane dihedral angle, 5.13(1)deg]. A lateral hydrogen-bonding interaction between the third aminium proton and a carboxyl O acceptor link the chain substructures giving a two-dimensional sheet structure. This determination represents the first of any form of this compound and confirms that it has the (R) absolute configuration. The atypical crystal stability is attributed both to the hydrogen-bonded chain substructures provided by the anions, which accommodate the aminium proton-donor groups of the cations and give cross-linking, and to the presence of cation--anion aromatic ring pi-pi interactions.

Contribution of transmembrane domain V amino acids to β1l-adrenoceptor activity and affinity

Introduction. There are two binding sites on the β1-adrenoceptor (AR), β1H and β1L corresponding to high and low affinity binding sites respectively, which can be activated to cause cardiostimulation. Some β-blockers that block β1AR and β2ARs can activate β1LARs at higher concentrations than those required to cause blockade. The β2AR does not form a corresponding low affinity binding site and therefore we postulated that heterologous amino acids are responsible for the formation of β1LAR. Aim. To investigate whether heterologous amino acids of transmembrane domain V (TMDV) of β1AR and β2ARs contribute to β1LAR. Methods. β1ARs, β2ARs and mutant β1ARs containing all (β1(β2TMDV)AR) or single amino acids of TMDV of the β2AR were prepared and stably expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. Concentration-effect curves for cyclicAMP accumulation were carried out for (-)-CGP12177 in the absence or presence of (-)-bupranolol. Results. The potencies (pEC50) of (-)-CGP12177 were β2AR (9.24 ± 0.14, n = 5), β1(V230I)AR (9.07 ± 0.07, n = 10), β1(β2TMDV)AR (8.86 ± 0.10, n = 15), β1(R222Q)AR (8.09 ± 0.29, n = 6), β1AR (8.00 ± 0.11, n = 11). The affinities (pKB) of (-)-bupranolol were β2AR (9.82 ± 0.52, n = 5), β1(V230I)AR (7.64 ± 0.12, n = 8), β1(β2TMV)AR (8.06 ± 0.17, n = 8), β1(R222Q)AR (7.33 ± 0.23, n = 5), β1AR (7.23 ± 0.23, n = 5). Discussion. The potency of (-)-CGP12177 was higher at β2AR than at β1AR consistent with activation through a low affinity site at the β1AR (β1LAR). The presence of V230 in β1AR accounted for the lower potency of (-)-CGP 12177. The affinity of (-)-bupranolol was lower at β1AR compared to β2AR. The presence of V230 in β1AR accounted in part for the lower affinity. In conclusion TMDV of the β1AR contributes in part to the low affinity binding site of β1AR.

Contribution of transmembrane domain V amino acids to β1l-adrenoceptor activity and affinity

There are two binding sites on the β1-adrenoceptor (AR), β1H and β1L corresponding to high and low affinity binding sites respectively, which can be activated to cause cardiostimulation (reviewed Kaumann and Molenaar, 2008). Some β-blockers that block β1AR and β2ARs can activate β1LARs at higher concentrations than those required to cause blockade. The β2AR does not form a corresponding low affinity binding site (Baker et al 2002) and therefore we postulated that heterologous amino acids are responsible for the formation of β1LAR. Our aim was to investigate whether heterologous amino acids of transmembrane domain V (TMDV) of β1AR and β2ARs contribute to β1LAR. β1ARs, β2ARs and mutant β1ARs containing all (β1(β2TMDV)AR) or single amino acids of TMDV of the β2AR were prepared and stably expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. Concentration-effect curves for cyclicAMP accumulation were carried out for (-)-CGP12177 or (-)-isoprenaline in the absence or presence of (-)-bupranolol. _______________________________________________________________________ (-)-CGP 12177 (-)-Bupranolol affinity (pKB) pEC50 vs (-)-CGP 12177 vs (-)-isoprenaline _______________________________________________________________________ β1AR 8.00 ± 0.11 (11) 7.23 ± 0.23 (5) 9.52 ± 0.28 (5) β2AR (high density) 9.24 ± 0.14 (5) 9.82 ± 0.52 (8) xPaulxxxxxxx β2AR (low density) no effect β1(β2TMV)AR 8.86 ± 0.10 (15) 8.06 ± 0.17 (8) 9.08 ± 0.22 (6) β1(V230I)AR 9.07 ± 0.07 (10) 7.64 ± 0.12 (8) 9.36 ± 0.28 (9) β1(R222Q)AR 8.09 ± 0.29 (6) 7.33 ± 0.23 (5) 9.36 ± 0.08 (6) β1(V230A)AR 7.59 ± 0.09 (6) 7.32 ± 0.24 (4) 8.62 ± 0.18 (5) _______________________________________________________________________ The potency of (-)-CGP12177 was higher at β2AR than at β1AR consistent with activation through a low affinity site at the β1AR (β1LAR) but not β2AR. The presence of V230 in β1AR accounted for the lower potency of (-)-CGP 12177. The affinity of (-)-bupranolol at β1AR and mutants was higher when determined with (-)-isoprenaline than with (-)-CGP 12177. The affinity of (-)-bupranolol determined against (-)-CGP 12177 was lower at β1AR compared to β2AR. The presence of V230 in β1AR accounted in part for the lower affinity. In conclusion V230 of the β1AR contributes in part to the low affinity binding site of β1AR. Baker JG, Hall IP, Hill SJ (2002). Pharmacological characterization of CGP12177 at the human β2-adrenoceptor. Br J Pharmacol 137, 400−408 Kaumann AJ, Molenaar P (2008) The low-affinity site of the β1-adrenoceptor and its relevance to cardiovascular pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 118, 303-336

Poly[di-mu-aqua-bis(mu-2-amino-4-nitrobenzoato)dicaesium]

In the structure of title compound [Cs2(C7H5N2O4)2(H2O)2]n the asymmetric unit comprises two independent and different Cs centres, one nine-coordinate, the other seven coordinate, with both having irregular stereochemistry. The CsO9 coordination comprises oxygen donors from three bridging water molecules, one of which is doubly bridging, three from carboxylate groups, and three from nitro groups, of which two are bidentate chelate bridging. The CsO6N coordination comprises the two bridging water molecules, one amine N donor, one carboxyl O donor and four O donors from nitro groups (two from the chelate bridges). The extension of the dimeric unit gives a two-dimensional polymeric structure which is stabilized by both intra- and intermolecular amine N-H...O and water O-H...O hydrogen bonds to carboxyl O acceptors, as well as inter-ring pi-pi interactions [minimum ring centroid separation, 3.4172(15)A].

4-Amino-N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide-4-nitrobenzoic acid

In the asymmetric unit of the title co-crystal, C12H14N4O2S . C7H5NO4 there are two independent but conformationally similar heterodimers, which are formed through intermolecular N-H...O(carboxy) and carboxyl O-H...N hydrogen-bond pairs, giving a cyclic motif [graph set R2/2(8)]. The dihedral angles between the rings in the sulfonamide molecules are 78.77(8) and 82.33(9)deg. while the dihedral angles between the ring and the CO2H group in the acids are 2.19(9) and 7.02(10)deg. A two-dimensional structure parallel to the ab plane is generated from the heterodimer units through hydrogen-bonding associations between NH2 and sulfone groups. Between neighbouring two-dimensional arrays there are two types of aromatic pi-pi stacking interactions involving either one of the pyrimidine rings and a 4-nitrobenzoic acid molecule [minimum ring centroid separation = 3.5886(9)A] or two acid molecules [minimum ring centroid separation = 3.7236(10)A].