O fenómeno da morte: leituras em torno de Heidegger

Esta dissertação propõe um estudo do significado da morte enquanto condição da existência humana, acompanhando, para este fim, a análise do fenómeno desenvolvida por Martin Heidegger em Ser e Tempo. Para tal, faz-se uma exposição das principais estruturas existenciais que constituem o ser do Dasein, entre elas o serno- mundo e a estrutura tripartida do cuidado. Mediante a constatação da essencial incompletude da investigação até então desenvolvida, propõe-se uma análise do fenómeno da morte enquanto chave para a consideração teórica do Dasein como um todo, bem como para o acesso ao conceito de autenticidade. Neste sentido, examinamse as instâncias de compreensão pré-ontológica do fenómeno da morte por parte do Dasein e analisa-se a disposição da ansiedade. Conclui-se que a ansiedade dá a ver ao Dasein a possibilidade de conduzir uma existência autêntica, que consiste na apropriação do seu ser através da antecipação da morte, mediante a qual lhe são reveladas quais as suas possibilidades mais próprias. Explicita-se de que modo uma concepção de temporalidade originária tem a sua origem na antecipação da morte, sublinhando o facto de esta temporalidade estar implícita nos elementos que constituem a estrutura do cuidado. Por último, atenta-se sobre os comentários tecidos por Emmanuel Levinas a propósito do pensamento de Heidegger, dando especial atenção à sua crítica da primazia da morte própria face à morte de outrem no seio da analítica existencial. Em contraste com esta concepção, apresenta-se a proposta ética de Levinas, pondo em evidência a análise distinta do fenómeno da morte que a ela subjaz.

Cuidados paliativos e ser-para-morte: reflexões sobre um atendimento psicológico

Death is a theme that fascinates, though at the same time, frightens and uneasy the human being, despite the finitude being present at our daily lives. In each historical time, death has been represented in a peculiar way, from familiar death (at Middle Ages), to interdicted death (at contemporary times). Through this path it‟s possible to recognize several attitudes and stages front of death and the process of dying as possibilities of coping and the understanding of these occurrences. In other hand, the palliative care proposal came as a humanized attention, front of the human finitude, recognizing death as a part of the vital cycle. The Brazilian reality, in this context, still faces a lot of political, economic and social barriers that makes difficult the consolidation of palliative care at the death process in the Brazilian Health Care policies. Currently, according to the Brazilian Palliative Care Association, Brazil presents an average of 40 services with this proposal. Such data portray our inexpressive condition in relation to these cares when considering the territorial extension and population of our country. Considering this scenario is relevant think about death and the process of dying at contemporary times, at a health context in which palliative care, when trying to humanize the process of dying, bring to light the issue of human finitude and the beingtowards- death, as thought by the philosopher Martin Heidegger. According to him, the human being (Dasein) is constituted as a being-towards-death, once death is its most own potentiality-for-bein and its last possibility to be lived. In view of the ideas presented, the proposed study appears as a qualitative research of existential-phenomenological inspiration and aims to understand the experience of being-toward-death from the psychological care to a person out of possibilities of cure living on palliative cares. The psychological care happened at the patient‟s home, understanding the clinical process of being-with-the-other from the written reports of the psychology/researcher, by the accompanying sessions, configured as an experience report. These reports are focused on the experiences lived by the patient, as well as apprehended by the psychologist at the intersubjectivity relation and its own experience with Dasein and, therefore, being-toward-death. The reports were hermeneutically interpreted, from the senses that emerged in this process, considering the notion of being-toward-death proposed by Heidegger. Furthermore, it was important to dialogue with other authors that approached the studied theme. It is perceived, through brief and meaningful reflections about the clinical treatments started, that the experience of illness with no possibilities of cure makes the Dasein revises feelings and experiences that were marked at the temporality and historicity of existence. It is a stage of life in which the cultural dimension and the common sense of finitude, often gains ground in the human condition, taken in its ordinary sense, unlike the way it has been thought from an ontological and existential perspective of death. Thus, there are singulars and revealing paths in the palliative care scenery as possible ways for authenticity of being-toward-death

Ensaio sobre a cegueira, de José Saramago, e a experiência pós-moderna da verdade

Pós-graduação em Estudos Literários - FCLAR

Assessing the wish to die in elderly people.

Background: The wish to die has mainly been studied in terminally- ill young adults. In elderly persons, factors associated with the wish to die are likely to differ from those observed in younger people. Since the most frequently used scale -"The Schedule ofAttitudes Toward Hastened Death" (SAHD, Rosenfeld et al., 2000)- was previously used in terminally ill cancer or AIDS patients, its use in elderly people suffering from multiple comorbidities is problematic. The objectives of this study were 1) to adapt the SAHD for use in elderly people, 2) to develop a new instrument to assess patients' attitudes towards death 3) to test the relevance/acceptability of these instruments. Methods:An adapted version of the SAHD to the elderly population (SAHD-OLD) was obtained by analyzing all items of the instrument instrument in an interdisciplinary group of experts in geriatric care. Items were modified according to their relevance in elderly population. An instrument to assess patients' attitudes towards death was built on previous qualitative work performed by Schroepfer. These 2 instruments were subjected to cognitive testing in a convenience sample of 11 community-dwelling people (median age = 82 years; range 76-91). Results: The SAHD-OLD was obtained by modifying those items addressing palliative care issues (eg. irreversible consequences of stopping treatment) and systematically replacing "illness/disease" by "health problems". We expressed in statements the 6 categories identified by Schroepfer, and created instructions asking respondents to describe their current attitude towards death (Adapted Schroepfer). During cognitive testing, our sample assessed the SAHD-OLD and the Adapted Schroepfer as relevant for elderly people. Respondents judged these 2 instruments acceptable and appreciated the direct manner in which they addressed end of life issues. The opportunity to speak openly on this topic was welcomed. Conclusions: The SAHD-OLD and the Adapted Schroepfer seem promising instruments to assess the wish to die in elderly people suffering from multiple comorbidities. Preliminary results show good comprehension, high relevance and acceptability. Psychometric properties of the SAHD-OLD are currently being tested in a large sample of patients.

La muerte en la psicoterapia fenomenológico-existencial

El siguiente trabajo pretende, mediante la revisión de diferentes fuentes bibliográficas, mostrar las distintas categorías en las que la muerte se trabaja dentro de la psicoterapia fenomenológico existencial. Es así como se hace un recorrido por los antecedentes filosóficos de este enfoque psicoterapéutico, las diferentes escuelas que dentro de él se desarrollan y sus planteamientos frente a la muerte, las maneras de morir, la muerte y el ciclo vital, y los avances actuales como la Teoría del Manejo del Terror (TMT) . Todos estos elementos se revisan para después ser relacionados y así proponer una serie de acciones prácticas a llevar a cabo dentro del encuentro psicoterapéutico con miras a un trabajo adecuado y productivo con la muerte desde una perspectiva existencial.

Między językiem a światem. O poezji Krystyny Miłobędzkiej

Wydział Filologii Polskiej i Klasycznej: Instytut Filologii Polskiej

American visceral leishmaniasis: Factors associated with lethality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Objectives. To identify factors associated with death in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases. Patients and Methodology. We evaluated prognostic factors for death from VL in São Paulo state, Brazil, from 1999 to 2005. A prognostic study nested in a clinical cohort was carried out by data analysis of 376 medical files. A comparison between VL fatal cases and survivors was performed for clinical, laboratory, and biological features. Association between variables and death was assessed by univariate analysis, and the multiple logistic regression model was used to determine adjusted odds ratio for death, controlling confounding factors. Results. Data analysis identified 53 fatal cases out of 376 patients, between 1999 and 2005 in São Paulo state. Lethality was 14.1 (53/376), being higher in patients older than fifty years. The main causes of death were sepsis, bleeding, liver failure, and cardiotoxicity due to treatment. Variables significantly associated with death were severe anemia, bleeding, heart failure, jaundice, diarrhea, fever for more than sixty days, age older than fifty years, and antibiotic use. Conclusion. Educational health measures are needed for the general population and continuing education programs for health professionals working in the affected areas with the purpose of identifying and treating early cases, thus preventing the disease evolution towards death. © 2012 Geraldine Madalosso et al.

'A Distortion in the mirror of being': verso un modello liquido di personaggio. Da Nabokov alle sperimentazioni contemporanee in ambito slavo

La tesi mira a ridefinire lo statuto del personaggio nell’ambito del self-conscious novel postmoderno, alla luce delle più recenti tendenze narratologiche, con particolare riferimento all’unnatural narratology. Per poter presentare un modello scientificamente valido si è fatto ricorso alla comparazione della produzione letteraria di due macro-aree: quella britannica e quella slava (Russia - Unione Sovietica - e Polonia). Come figura di mediazione tra queste due culture si pone senza dubbio Vladimir V. Nabokov, cardine e personalità di spicco della ricerca. Tra le analisi testuali proposte sono stati presi in considerazione i seguenti autori: Julian Barnes, Vladimir Nabokov, Daniil Charms, Konstantin Vaginov, Andrej Bitov, Saša Sokolov, Bruno Schulz e Tadeusz Kantor.

As últimas vontades dos paroquianos de Cervães: a análise dos testamentos do século XVIII

Dissertação de mestrado em História

Predicting the evolution of Kaposi sarcoma, in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era.

BACKGROUND: The outcome of Kaposi sarcoma varies. While many patients do well on highly active antiretroviral therapy, others have progressive disease and need chemotherapy. In order to predict which patients are at risk of unfavorable evolution, we established a prognostic score. METHOD: The survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier method; Cox proportional hazards models) of 144 patients with Kaposi sarcoma prospectively included in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, from January 1996 to December 2004, was conducted. OUTCOME ANALYZED: use of chemotherapy or death. VARIABLES ANALYZED: demographics, tumor staging [T0 or T1 (16)], CD4 cell counts and HIV-1 RNA concentration, human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) DNA in plasma and serological titers to latent and lytic antigens. RESULTS: Of 144 patients, 54 needed chemotherapy or died. In the univariate analysis, tumor stage T1, CD4 cell count below 200 cells/microl, positive HHV8 DNA and absence of antibodies against the HHV8 lytic antigen at the time of diagnosis were significantly associated with a bad outcome.Using multivariate analysis, the following variables were associated with an increased risk of unfavorable outcome: T1 [hazard ratio (HR) 5.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.97-9.18], CD4 cell count below 200 cells/microl (HR 2.33; 95% CI 1.22-4.45) and positive HHV8 DNA (HR 2.14; 95% CI 1.79-2.85).We created a score with these variables ranging from 0 to 4: T1 stage counted for two points, CD4 cell count below 200 cells/microl for one point, and positive HHV8 viral load for one point. Each point increase was associated with a HR of 2.26 (95% CI 1.79-2.85). CONCLUSION: In the multivariate analysis, staging (T1), CD4 cell count (<200 cells/microl), positive HHV8 DNA in plasma, at the time of diagnosis, predict evolution towards death or the need of chemotherapy.

Medical students' knowledge about end-of-life decision-making

The influence of medical students' knowledge concerning end-of-life care, considering ethical theories and clinical practice, remains controversial. We aimed to investigate medical students' knowledge of bioethical concepts related to moral kinds of death (euthanasia, disthanasia, and orthothanasia) and to analyze the influence of their clinical experience on practicing such approaches in a tertiary hospital in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We interviewed 180 medical students [distributed in Group 1 (G1) - first to third- year students, and Group 2 (G2) - fourth to sixth-year students] to evaluate the influence of the course on "medical ethics" on ethical theories and clinical practice, using a closed questionnaire. The course on "medical ethics" did not distinguish the groups (P=0.704) in relation to bioethical concepts. Neologisms such as "cacothanasia" and "idiothanasia" were incorrectly viewed as bioethical concepts by 28% of the interviewees. Moreover, 45.3% of the sample considered health care professionals incapable of managing terminally ill patients, especially G2 (29%) as compared to G1 (16.5%, P=0.031). The concept of euthanasia was accepted by 41% of sample, as compared to 98.2% for orthothanasia. Among medical students that accepted ways to abbreviate life (22.9%), 30.1% belonged to G1, and only 16.1% to G2 (P=0.049). These medical students were unfamiliar with common bioethical concepts. Moreover, they considered healthcare professionals incapable of managing terminally ill patients. The ethical ideal of the "good death" reflects better acceptance of orthothanasia by medical students, suggesting a tendency to apply it in their future clinical practice.

Tracés de Proust, itinéraires maternels : la grand-mère dans « À la recherche du temps perdu ».

Le seul vrai livre, pour Proust, est la traduction des impressions perdues dont la trace subsiste dans notre mémoire sensible. Les personnages entrent dans le texte de la Recherche en frappant la sensibilité du héros. Or, « toujours déjà là, » la grand-mère, comme la mère, relève d'une réalité qui ne s'est jamais imprimée, une réalité antérieure à la conscience du narrateur et de ce fait, antérieure au texte. Néanmoins, la grand-mère est une mère qui vieillit et qui meurt. Alors, elle apparaît au narrateur, suivant ainsi le chemin inverse de l'altérité. De présence immédiate pour le héros, il lui faudra devenir autre, une vieille femme étrangère, indéfinie dans son geste vers la mort, afin que le texte lui restitue une première impression. C'est précisément dans cette distance à parcourir, cet itinéraire entre l'immédiateté du départ et la première impression, que la spécificité du personnage de la grand-mère touche à ce que Proust qualifierait lui-même de « névralgie » de son texte. La réalité maternelle, pour devenir objet du style littéraire, doit se plier au trait de l'écrivain. Or, le personnage de mère, telle qu'il est élaboré dans la Recherche, résiste à ce « fléchissement ». Le personnage de grand-mère permet à Proust d'exprimer la réalité de la mère qui se dégrade et qui meurt, une mère que la main du fils devenant écrivain rend malléable.

La dialectique paradoxale chez Kierkegaard : étude du paradoxe dans les sphères existentielles

L’œuvre philosophique de Kierkegaard s’apparente à une dialectique du paradoxe. De fait, dans son cheminement existentiel, l’individu parcourt trois sphères d’existence – l’esthétique, l’éthique et le religieux –, chacune d’elle étant une modalité de l’activité humaine qui comporte un paradoxe particulier. Il s’agit d’un itinéraire de l’intériorité qui vise, dans l’existence, le télos qu’est le devenir soi-même. Ainsi l’esthéticien est-il déchiré entre les idées et la réalité dans la réalité immédiate, tandis que l’éthicien, par la médiation du langage, préfère s’affirmer comme individu dans l’immanence concrète, ignorant toutefois qu’il intériorise des règles sociales qui lui sont impersonnelles. Quant au religieux, non seulement découvre-t-il que la vérité vers laquelle il tend ne se trouve pas en son sein, mais il fait face au plus élevé des paradoxes, fondé sur la transcendance – à savoir le paradoxe absolu, où l’éternité se temporalise sous la forme de l’Homme-Dieu. Du reste, le présent mémoire se penche spécifiquement sur le concept du paradoxe, mis de l’avant par Kierkegaard afin de brosser un portrait du devenir individuel de chaque existant.

Symbolisation et vie spirituelle. Analyse de l'humain comme être de symbolisation en devenir, entre psychanalyse (Winnicott) et vie spirituelle (Légaut)

Questionnant avec J.-C. Breton les situations anthropologiques nouvelles qui interpellent la vie spirituelle, cette étude en propose une approche sous l’angle de la symbolisation. Une lecture de la symbolisation à partir de la structure même du symbole précède l’analyse de son usage psychanalytique selon Winnicott, avec ses notions d’espace potentiel et de phénomènes transitionnels. Suit l’exposé de points clés du témoignage de Marcel Légaut sur la vie spirituelle. La partie synthèse détaille trois éléments clés de la symbolisation : la brisure-faille, la créativité-accueil et le passage à un autre niveau. Deux niveaux de symbolisation, primaire et secondaire, complètent la trame partagée par la lecture de la psychanalyse et de la vie spirituelle. L’étude démontre que la symbolisation permet un passage en l’humain vers son propre mystère et celui de Dieu en lui. L’humain se présente alors comme être de symbolisation en devenir.