Parent psychopathology and offspring mental disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

Background Associations between specific parent and offspring mental disorders are likely to have been overestimated in studies that have failed to control for parent comorbidity. Aims To examine the associations of parent with respondent disorders. Method Data come from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys (n = 51 507). Respondent disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and parent disorders with informant-based Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria interviews. Results Although virtually all parent disorders examined (major depressive, generalised anxiety, panic, substance and antisocial behaviour disorders and suicidality) were significantly associated with offspring disorders in multivariate analyses, little specificity was found. Comorbid parent disorders had significant sub-additive associations with offspring disorders. Population-attributable risk proportions for parent disorders were 12.4% across all offspring disorders, generally higher in high- and upper-middle-than low-/lower-middle-income countries, and consistently higher for behaviour (11.0-19.9%) than other (7.1-14.0%) disorders. Conclusions Parent psychopathology is a robust non-specific predictor associated with a substantial proportion of offspring disorders.

Estudi comparatiu de la qualitat de vida dels discapacitats intel·lectuals i del desenvolupament en els centres penitenciaris de Catalunya

El present estudi té com a objectiu principal conèixer la qualitat de vida que presenten les persones amb discapacitat intel·lectual i del desenvolupament (DID) que es troben complint condemna en els centres penitenciaris de Catalunya. També pretén explorar i descriure les característiques sociodemogràfiques i criminològiques dels interns amb DID que es troben ubicats als diferents centres penitenciaris, i a diferents unitats o mòduls residencials, així com comparar la qualitat de vida dels interns que estan en el Departament d’Atenció Especialitzada per la DID (DAE-DID) del Centre Penitenciari de Quatre Camins, en funcionament des de juny del 2013, amb la d’altres interns amb DID que es troben complint condemna a d’altres centres penitenciaris de Catalunya, i amb els quals s’intervé de forma menys intensiva. També s’analitzaran les diferències en la qualitat de vida dels DID que estan a presó i els DID amb trastorns de conducta que estan ingressats en centres residencials del medi comunitari. La mostra es va composar de 185 subjectes. Els professionals que tenen contacte amb ells van respondre l’Escala GENCAT (Verdugo, Arias, Gómez, Schalock, 2009). Les diferències trobades en aquest estudi indiquen que els interns amb DID que resideixen al DAE i aquells interns dels quals es té sospita de presència de discapacitat i que no es troben atesos pel programa Accepta presenten un nivells de qualitat de vida similars i significativament superiors als d’aquells interns amb DID atesos pel programa Accepta, apuntant en la línia que els interns ja diagnosticats amb DID estan millor si s’ubiquen en mòduls específics, al marge del funcionament ordinari del centre. Malgrat això, el nivell de qualitat de vida que presenten aquests dos grups no és superior a aquell que presenten els interns sense discapacitat. Tanmateix, el nivell de qualitat de vida dels discapacitats a presons és superior al d’aquelles persones discapacitades que es troben ingressades a centres de la xarxa comunitària. En l’estudi s’apunten alguns possibles factors que poden estar influenciant aquest resultat.

Estudio comparativo de la calidad de vida de los discapacitados intelectuales y del desarrollo en los centros penitenciarios de Cataluña

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal conocer la calidad de vida que presentan las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo (DID) que están cumpliendo condena en los centros penitenciarios de Cataluña. También se han explorado y descrito las características socio demográficas y criminológicas de los internos con DID que se hallan ubicados en los diferentes centros penitenciarios y en diferentes unidades o módulos residenciales, así como comparado la calidad de vida de los internos que están en el Departamento de Atención Especializada para la DID (DAE-DID) del Centro Penitenciario de Quatre Camins, en funcionamiento desde junio de 2013, con la de otros internos con DID que están cumpliendo condena en otros centros penitenciarios de Cataluña, y con los que se interviene de forma menos intensiva. También se han analizado las diferencias en la calidad de vida de los DID que están en prisión y los DID con trastornos de conducta que se hallan ingresados en centros residenciales del medio comunitario. La muestra se compuso de 185 sujetos. Los profesionales que tienen contacto con ellos respondieron la Escala GENCAT (Verdugo, Arias, Gómez, Schalock, 2009). Las diferencias halladas en este estudio indican que los internos con DID que residen en el DAE y aquellos internos de los que se sospecha presencia de discapacidad y que no son atendidos por el programa Accepta presentan unos niveles de calidad de vida similares y significativamente superiores a los internos con DID atendidos por el programa Accepta, apuntando en la línea de que los internos ya diagnosticados con DID están mejor si se ubican en módulos específicos, al margen del funcionamiento ordinario del centro. Sin embargo, el nivel de calidad de vida que presentan estos dos grupos no es superior a aquellos que presentan los internos sin discapacidad. A pesar de ello, el nivel de calidad de vida de los discapacitados en prisiones es superior al de aquellas personas discapacitadas que se hallan ingresadas en centros de la red comunitaria. En el estudio se apuntan algunos posibles factores que pueden estar influenciando este resultado.

Délinquance des filles et délinquance des garçons : différence dans les comportements ou différence dans la gestion des comportements? Une étude du point de vue des intervenants

La délinquance juvénile a été souvent dépeinte de façon globale sans distinction de genre, ou encore, elle fut décrite principalement chez les garçons. Constater la faible représentation des adolescentes prises en charge en vertu de la Loi sur le système de justice pénale pour adolescents, comparativement aux garçons, conduit vers diverses explications. Certaines mettent l’accent sur la personne, arguant que la délinquance des filles est différente de celle des garçons, moins fréquente et surtout moins violente. D’autres mettent l’accent sur le traitement des instances judiciaires qu’on dit protectionniste vis-à-vis des filles, ce qui fait qu’on les dirige plutôt vers le système de Protection de la jeunesse pour troubles de comportement. Devant cette divergence d’explication, nous avons cherché à comprendre si la faible représentation des filles dans le système de justice pénale pour adolescent est due aux comportements des adolescents en tant que tels, ou à la manière dont leurs comportements sont perçus et gérés par les intervenants oeuvrant auprès de ces jeunes impliqués dans des situations-problèmes, lesquelles sont susceptibles ou non, d’être judiciarisées. Notre étude pose un regard sur l’enclenchement du processus judiciaire auquel des adolescents se trouvent confrontés, c’est-à-dire leur arrestation ou leur signalement à une instance officielle, sous l’angle de la représentation sociale des jeunes par les intervenants. Pour ce faire, nous avons rencontré des intervenants du milieu scolaire, puisque l’école se situe au deuxième rang des signalants vers le système de prise en charge des adolescents en difficulté, après les parents. Nous leur avons présenté des cas-types, sous forme de vignettes, visant à saisir leurs perceptions et réactions vis-à-vis des situations-problèmes impliquant des adolescentes et des adolescents, en souhaitant déterminer si celles-ci varient en fonction du genre. Bien qu’en théorie la vision des interviewés quant à la délinquance juvénile soit assez uniforme, et ce, peu importe le sexe du délinquant, nos résultats montrent qu’en pratique, il y a un double standard. Ainsi, si les règles sont conçues pour tous et les conséquences de leur non-respect doivent en principe s’appliquer également sans distinction, lorsqu’il s’agit d’intervenir, les interviewés conviennent que leur approche diffère selon qu’ils aient affaire à une fille ou à un garçon. Par ailleurs, ils déplorent le manque criant de ressources et questionnent la volonté de certains parents de contribuer à la réussite scolaire de leur enfant. Ultimement, ils remettent en cause, dans une large mesure, le système éducatif québécois. En tant qu’acteurs sociaux, les intervenants ont le pouvoir de faire valoir leur point de vue. L’analyse de ce point de vue, dans le cadre de notre mémoire, montre l’importance de leur rôle dans le parcours des adolescents, garçons et filles, plus spécialement lorsque ceux-ci se trouvent impliqués dans des situations-problèmes.

La situation et la prise en charge des adolescents suivis parallèlement en vertu de la LPJ et la LSJPA.

Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) en criminologie

Divided attention, selective attention and drawing: processing preferences in Williams syndrome are dependent on the task administered

The visuo-spatial abilities of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) have consistently been shown to be generally weak. These poor visuo-spatial abilities have been ascribed to a local processing bias by some [R. Rossen, E.S. Klima, U. Bellugi, A. Bihrle, W. Jones, Interaction between language and cognition: evidence from Williams syndrome, in: J. Beitchman, N. Cohen, M. Konstantareas, R. Tannock (Eds.), Language, Learning and Behaviour disorders: Developmental, Behavioural and Clinical Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1996, pp. 367-392] and conversely, to a global processing bias by others [Psychol. Sci. 10 (1999) 453]. In this study, two identification versions and one drawing version of the Navon hierarchical processing task, a non-verbal task, were employed to investigate this apparent contradiction. The two identification tasks were administered to 21 individuals with WS, 21 typically developing individuals, matched by non-verbal ability, and 21 adult participants matched to the WS group by mean chronological age (CA). The third, drawing task was administered to the WS group and the typically developing (TD) controls only. It was hypothesised that the WS group would show differential processing biases depending on the type of processing the task was measuring. Results from two identification versions of the Navon task measuring divided and selective attention showed that the WS group experienced equal interference from global to local as from local to global levels, and did not show an advantage of one level over another. This pattern of performance was broadly comparable to that of the control groups. The third task, a drawing version of the Navon task, revealed that individuals with WS were significantly better at drawing the local form in comparison to the global figure, whereas the typically developing control group did not show a bias towards either level. In summary, this study demonstrates that individuals with WS do not have a local or a global processing bias when asked to identify stimuli, but do show a local bias in their drawing abilities. This contrast may explain the apparently contrasting findings from previous studies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evidence for interplay between genes and maternal stress in utero: monoamine oxidase A polymorphism moderates effects of life events during pregnancy on infant negative emotionality at 5 weeks

The low activity variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) functional promoter polymorphism, MAOA-LPR, in interaction with adverse environments (G × E) is associated with child and adult antisocial behaviour disorders. MAOA is expressed during foetal development so in utero G × E may influence early neurodevelopment. We tested the hypothesis that MAOA G × E during pregnancy predicts infant negative emotionality soon after birth. In an epidemiological longitudinal study starting in pregnancy, using a two stage stratified design, we ascertained MAOA-LPR status (low vs. high activity variants) from the saliva of 209 infants (104 boys and 105 girls), and examined predictions to observed infant negative emotionality at 5 weeks post-partum from life events during pregnancy. In analyses weighted to provide estimates for the general population, and including possible confounders for life events, there was an MAOA status by life events interaction (P = 0.017). There was also an interaction between MAOA status and neighbourhood deprivation (P = 0.028). Both interactions arose from a greater effect of increasing life events on negative emotionality in the MAOA-LPR low activity, compared with MAOA-LPR high activity infants. The study provides the first evidence of moderation by MAOA-LPR of the effect of the social environment in pregnancy on negative emotionality in infancy, an early risk for the development of child and adult antisocial behaviour disorders.

Evidence for interplay between genes and parenting on infant temperament in the first year of life: monoamine oxidase A polymorphism moderates effects of maternal sensitivity on infant anger proneness

Background The low expression polymorphism of the MAOA gene in interaction with adverse environments (G × E) is associated with antisocial behaviour disorders. These have their origins in early life, but it is not known whether MAOA G × E occurs in infants. We therefore examined whether MAOA G × E predicts infant anger proneness, a temperamental dimension associated with later antisocial behaviour disorders. In contrast to previous studies, we examined MAOA G × E prospectively using an observational measure of a key aspect of the infant environment, maternal sensitivity, at a specified developmental time point. Methods In a stratified epidemiological cohort recruited during pregnancy, we ascertained MAOA status (low vs. high expression alleles) from the saliva of 193 infants, and examined specific predictions to maternal report of infant temperament at 14 months from maternal sensitivity assessed at 29 weeks of age. Results Analyses, weighted to provide general population estimates, indicated a robust interaction between MAOA status and maternal sensitivity in the prediction of infant anger proneness (p = .003) which became stronger once possible confounders for maternal sensitivity were included in the model (p = .0001). The interaction terms were similar in males (p = .010) and females (p = .016), but the effects were different as a consequence of an additional sex of infant by maternal sensitivity interaction. Conclusions This prospective study provides the first evidence of moderation by the MAOA gene of effects of parenting on infant anger proneness, an important early risk for the development of disruptive and aggressive behaviour disorders.

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire overseas: Evaluations and applications of the SDQ beyond Europe

Background During the few years that have passed since it became available, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) has been extensively evaluated and widely applied to assess behaviour disorders of children and adolescents in European countries. In contrast, relatively few reports have published SDQ results obtained in other parts of the world, although its briefness and availability in over 40 languages make this instrument particularly attractive for international collaborations and cross-cultural comparisons concerning clinical and epidemiological issues. Objectives This initial overview summarises some of these non-European experiences with the SDQ by presenting a selection of projects that have either psychometrically evaluated this novel questionnaire, applied it to screen for behaviour disorders, or employed its parent-, teacher- or self-rated versions as research tools. Since a large part of the mentioned studies are ongoing or have only recently been completed, much of the work reported here is still unpublished. Conclusions Across a huge variety of cultures and languages, experience gained with the SDQ in other continents has supported European evidence of good psychometric properties and clinical utility of this questionnaire. Since worldwide usage of the SDQ can be expected to increase in the future, more international coordination is encouraged, in order to fully exploit the promising potentials of this versatile assessment tool and systematically investigate cross-cultural differences and similarities in child and adolescent behaviour.

General distress, hopelessness—suicidal ideation and worrying in adolescence: Concurrent and predictive validity of a symptom-level bifactor model for clinical diagnoses

BACKGROUND: Clinical disorders often share common symptoms and aetiological factors. Bifactor models acknowledge the role of an underlying general distress component and more specific sub-domains of psychopathology which specify the unique components of disorders over and above a general factor. METHODS: A bifactor model jointly calibrated data on subjective distress from The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. The bifactor model encompassed a general distress factor, and specific factors for (a) hopelessness-suicidal ideation, (b) generalised worrying and (c) restlessness-fatigue at age 14 which were related to lifetime clinical diagnoses established by interviews at ages 14 (concurrent validity) and current diagnoses at 17 years (predictive validity) in a British population sample of 1159 adolescents. RESULTS: Diagnostic interviews confirmed the validity of a symptom-level bifactor model. The underlying general distress factor was a powerful but non-specific predictor of affective, anxiety and behaviour disorders. The specific factors for hopelessness-suicidal ideation and generalised worrying contributed to predictive specificity. Hopelessness-suicidal ideation predicted concurrent and future affective disorder; generalised worrying predicted concurrent and future anxiety, specifically concurrent generalised anxiety disorders. Generalised worrying was negatively associated with behaviour disorders. LIMITATIONS: The analyses of gender differences and the prediction of specific disorders was limited due to a low frequency of disorders other than depression. CONCLUSIONS: The bifactor model was able to differentiate concurrent and predict future clinical diagnoses. This can inform the development of targeted as well as non-specific interventions for prevention and treatment of different disorders.

Communicative repair strategies and problem behaviours of children with autism

The use of strategies by children with developmental disabilities to repair communicative breakdowns has received little attention in the research literature to date. The research that is available suggests that children with severe communication impairments may be more likely to experience communicative breakdowns than their typically developing peers. These children may also have fewer strategies available to them to repair these breakdowns. The present article reviews some of the research in this area and discusses the possible links between communicative breakdowns and the emergence of problem behaviour in children with autism. Theoretical and practical implications are considered and areas for future research are highlighted.

A naturalistic observation of the play behaviour of children with autism spectrum disorders /

Cognitive and social levels of play engaged in by four-to-eight-year-old children with autism spectrum disorders were examined in naturalistic classroom settings. In addition, play at home was compared with play at school via parent and educator interviews. Seventeen school-age children, their educators and caregivers participated in the study. The most frequently observed play behaviours included parallel-functional play, adult interactions and solitary-functional play. The play of the children in the current study was consistent with that of typically-developing preschoolers. Mothers and educators did not differ significantly in their perspectives of the participants' play behaviours. In general, educators' and caregivers' reports were positively related to researcher observations of participants' play behaviours. Methodological considerations and practical implications for the findings are discussed.

A comparison of functional behaviour assessment rating scales in a sample of children and youth with autism spectrum disorders

This study sought to compare the results of the Motivation Assessment Scale (MAS; Durand & Crimmins, 1988), Questions About Behavior Function Scale (QABF; Matson & Vollmer, 1996) and Functional Analysis Screening Tool (FAST; Iwata & Deleon, 1996), when completed by parent informants in a sample of children and youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who display challenging behaviour. Results indicated that there was low agreement between the functional hypotheses derived from each of three measures. In addition, correlations between functionally analogous scales were substantially lower than expected, while correlations between non-analogous subscales were stronger than anticipated. As indicated by this study, clinicians choosing to use FBA questionnaires to assess behavioural function, may not obtain accurate functional hypotheses, potentially resulting in ineffective intervention plans. The current study underscores the caution that must be taken when asking parents to complete these questionnaires to determine the function(s) of challenging behaviour for children/youth with ASD.

Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders

The eating disorders provide one of the strongest indications for cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). This bold claim arises from two sources: first, the fact that eating disorders are essentially cognitive disorders and second, the demonstrated effectiveness of CBT in the treatment of bulimia nervosa, which has led to the widespread acceptance that CBT is the treatment of choice. In this paper the cognitive behavioural approach to the understanding and treatment of eating disorders will be described. A brief summary of the evidence for this account and of the data supporting the efficacy and effectiveness of this form of treatment will be provided. Challenges for the future development and dissemination of the treatment will be identified.

Serotonin transporter [corrected] methylation and response to cognitive behaviour therapy in children with anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders that are the most commonly occurring psychiatric disorders in childhood, are associated with a range of social and educational impairments and often continue into adulthood. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment option for the majority of cases, although up to 35-45% of children do not achieve remission. Recent research suggests that some genetic variants may be associated with a more beneficial response to psychological therapy. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation work at the interface between genetic and environmental influences. Furthermore, epigenetic alterations at the serotonin transporter (SERT) promoter region have been associated with environmental influences such as stressful life experiences. In this study, we measured DNA methylation upstream of SERT in 116 children with an anxiety disorder, before and after receiving CBT. Change during treatment in percentage DNA methylation was significantly different in treatment responders vs nonresponders. This effect was driven by one CpG site in particular, at which responders increased in methylation, whereas nonresponders showed a decrease in DNA methylation. This is the first study to demonstrate differences in SERT methylation change in association with response to a purely psychological therapy. These findings confirm that biological changes occur alongside changes in symptomatology following a psychological therapy such as CBT.