O Balanced ScoreCard como instrumento de gestão na Atividade Portuária em Portugal

Mestrado em Controlo da Gestão e dos Negócios

Análise da implementação do Balanced Scorecard no sistema SICREDI.

2011

Serviços de manutenção aeronáutica como unidade de negócios : um modelo de gestão baseado num sistema de indicadores de desempenho

O transporte aéreo vem sofrendo constantes mudanças apontando para uma eficiência operacional cada vez mais solicitada.Com programas de manutenção enxutos e aeronaves padronizadas, as empresas aéreas têm dedicado seus esforços no atendimento das demandas dos clientes através de pacotes de serviços buscando relações quase personalizadas. Dentro deste cenário algumas empresas que já possuíam seus parques de manutenção estabelecidos, estão sendo reavaliadas, no sentido de utilizar os ativos disponíveis em outras oportunidades de negócios. Os serviços realizados em aeronaves seguem um programa de manutenção preestabelecido e lançam mão tanto de recursos tangíveis como de intangíveis através da utilização do conhecimento de técnicos especializados. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido junto a uma empresa recentemente criada para atuar no ramo de manutenção aeronáutica e buscando subsídios teóricos para melhor entender as ferramentas disponíveis e avaliar suas potencialidades no desenvolvimento de um modelo de gestão baseado em um sistema de avaliação de desempenho para a empresa em estudo. Para esta finalidade, várias ferramentas foram avaliadas e comparadas com as necessidades do negócio gerando um modelo considerado adequado para a empresa em estudo. Apesar do modelo ter sido projetado para uma empresa específica, ele foi concebido tão genérico quanto possível para que pudesse ser aplicado em outras empresas similares. O modelo empregou o Balanced Scoredcard (Kaplan, Norton, 1992) como metodologia de medição de desempenho, mapas de relacionamentos (Rummler e Brache, 1994; Harrington, 1991) para identificação dos processos, identificação dos critérios competitivos (Slack, 2002), e matrizes de relação buscando priorizar e identificar as relações dos processos com as funções da empresa. O modelo foi então aplicado, deforma parcial buscando-se a viabilidade de sua implantação.

A influência das mudanças organizacionais nos sistemas de informação

Pouco esforço de pesquisa tem sido realizado no sentido de entender os avanços da tecnologia da informação (TI) como um fenômeno social, influenciado pelas mudanças organizacionais. Conseqüentemente, ainda não há uma resposta clara sobre que variáveis organizacionais e dos sistemas de informação relacionam-se e, o mais importante, porquê estes relacionamentos ocorrem. Esta pesquisa é uma tentativa de preencher parte deste espaço. Ao analisar 519 organizações que implantaram recentemente programas de mudança como Balanced Scoredcard, Reengenharia de Processos de Negócios, ISO 9000, Aprendizagem Organizacional, Gestão do Conhecimento, Gestão da Qualidade Total, entre outros, desenvolvem-se modelos de mensuração para investigar visões estratégicas dos programas de mudança, utilizações organizacionais da TI e características dos sistemas de informação, seguidos de um modelo de equações estruturais que apresenta o impacto das visões estratégias subjacentes aos programas de mudança nas características dos sistemas de informação. Análises fatoriais exploratórias, valendo-se de parte da amostra (N=200), acompanhadas de análises fatoriais confirmatórias usando equações estruturais com as respostas remanescentes, revelaram cinco variáveis latentes para visões estratégicas: desenvolvimento do planejamento, desenvolvimento do capital humano, redução de custos, qualidade dos produtos e serviços e imagem da organização; três variáveis latentes para utilizações organizacionais da TI, apoio à: interação, estruturação e direção da organização e, por fim, quatro variáveis latentes para características dos sistemas de informação, que são: escopo, acessibilidade, integração e foco em apoio à decisão. Resultados da análise do modelo causal usando equações estruturais mostram que (1) desenvolvimento do planejamento, desenvolvimento do capital humano, redução de custo e qualidade apresentam efeitos indiretos, positivos e significantes no escopo; (2) desenvolvimento do capital humano e redução de custos provocam efeitos indiretos, positivos e significantes na acessibilidade; (3) desenvolvimento do planejamento, desenvolvimento do capital humano, redução de custo e imagem da organização causam efeitos indiretos, positivos e significantes na integração e (4) desenvolvimento do planejamento, desenvolvimento do capital humano, imagem da organização e qualidade originam efeitos indiretos, positivos e significantes no foco em apoio à decisão dos sistemas de informação. Explicam-se tais efeitos indiretos demonstrando efeitos das estratégias de negócios nas utilizações organizacionais da TI, seguidos por efeitos diretos destas utilizações nas características dos sistemas de informação. Deste modo, ao examinar as relações estabelecidas com a variável apoio à interação, conclui-se que desenvolvimento de capital humano e redução de custo causam efeitos positivos e significantes nesta, e esta, por sua vez, significante e positivamente influencia escopo, acessibilidade e integração dos sistemas. Ao examinar as relações com apoio à estruturação, percebe-se que desenvolvimento do planejamento e imagem da organização provocam efeitos significantes e positivos em apoio à estruturação, enquanto que desenvolvimento do capital humano tem um significante porém negativo efeito, sendo que apoio à estruturação significante e positivamente influencia integração e foco. Finalmente, observando as relações com apoio à direção, tem-se desenvolvimento do planejamento e qualidade provocando efeitos positivos e significantes no apoio à direção, que por sua vez causa impactos positivos significantes em escopo e foco.

A balanced scorecard approach to enterprise systems performance measurement

A range of influences, both technical and organisational, has encouraged the wide spread adoption of Enterprise Systems (ES). Nevertheless, there is a growing consensus that Enterprise Systems have in many cases failed to provide expected benefits. The increasing role of, and dependency on ES (and IT in general), and the ‘uncertainty’ of these large investments, have created a strong need to monitor and measure ES performance. This paper reports on a research project aimed at deriving an ‘Enterprise Systems benefits measurement instrument’. The research seeks to identify how Enterprise Systems benefits can be usefully measured, with a ‘balance’ between qualitative and quantitative factors.

Regulating roles of the use of the balanced scorecard in shaping corporate identities

The literature on corporate identity management suggests that managing corporate identity is a strategically complex task embracing the shaping of a range of dimensions of organisational life. The performance measurement literature and its applications likewise now also emphasise organisational ability to incorporate various dimensions considering both financial and non-financial performance measures when assessing success. The inclusion of these soft non-financial measures challenges organisations to quantify intangible aspects of performance such as corporate identity, transforming unmeasurables into measurables. This paper explores the regulatory roles of the use of the balanced scorecard in shaping key dimensions of corporate identities in a public sector shared service provider in Australia. This case study employs qualitative interviews of senior managers and employees, secondary data and participant observation. The findings suggest that the use of the balanced scorecard has potential to support identity construction, as an organisational symbol, a communication tool of vision, and as strategy, through creating conversations that self-regulate behaviour. The development of an integrated performance measurement system, the balanced scorecard, becomes an expression of a desired corporate identity, and the performance measures and continuous process provide the resource for interpreting actual corporate identities. Through this process of understanding and mobilising the interaction, it may be possible to create a less obtrusive and more subtle way to control “what an organisation is”. This case study also suggests that the theoretical and practical fusion of the disciplinary knowledge around corporate identities and performance measurement systems could make a contribution to understanding and shaping corporate identities.

Monitoring and regulating corporate identities using the balanced scorecard

Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a parallel review of the role and processes of monitoring and regulation of corporate identities, examining both the communication and the performance measurement literature. Design/methodology/approach – Two questions are posed: Is it possible to effectively monitor and regulate corporate identities as a management control process? and, What is the relationship between corporate identity and performance measurement? Findings – Corporate identity management is positioned as a strategically complex task embracing the shaping of a range of dimensions of organisational life. The performance measurement literature likewise now emphasises organisational ability to incorporate both financial and “soft” non-financial performance measures. Consequently, the balanced scorecard has the potential to play multiple roles in monitoring and regulating the key dimensions of corporate identities. These shifts in direction in both fields suggest that performance measurement systems, as self-producing and self-referencing systems, have the potential to become both organic and powerful as organisational symbols and communication tools. Through this process of understanding and mobilising the interaction of both approaches to management, it may be possible to create a less obtrusive and more subtle way to control the nature of the organisation. Originality/value – This paper attempts the theoretical and practical fusion of disciplinary knowledge around corporate identities and performance measurement systems, potentially making a significant contribution to understanding, shaping and managing organisational identities.

Monitoring and regulatory role of the balanced scorecard in controlling organisational identities

This thesis employs the theoretical fusion of disciplinary knowledge, interlacing an analysis from both functional and interpretive frameworks and applies these paradigms to three concepts—organisational identity, the balanced scorecard performance measurement system, and control. As an applied thesis, this study highlights how particular public sector organisations are using a range of multi-disciplinary forms of knowledge constructed for their needs to achieve practical outcomes. Practical evidence of this study is not bound by a single disciplinary field or the concerns raised by academics about the rigorous application of academic knowledge. The study’s value lies in its ability to explore how current communication and accounting knowledge is being used for practical purposes in organisational life. The main focus of this thesis is on identities in an organisational communication context. In exploring the theoretical and practical challenges, the research questions for this thesis were formulated as: 1. Is it possible to effectively control identities in organisations by the use of an integrated performance measurement system—the balanced scorecard—and if so, how? 2. What is the relationship between identities and an integrated performance measurement system—the balanced scorecard—in the identity construction process? Identities in the organisational context have been extensively discussed in graphic design, corporate communication and marketing, strategic management, organisational behaviour, and social psychology literatures. Corporate identity is the self-presentation of the personality of an organisation (Van Riel, 1995; Van Riel & Balmer, 1997), and organisational identity is the statement of central characteristics described by members (Albert & Whetten, 2003). In this study, identity management is positioned as a strategically complex task, embracing not only logo and name, but also multiple dimensions, levels and facets of organisational life. Responding to the collaborative efforts of researchers and practitioners in identity conceptualisation and methodological approaches, this dissertation argues that analysis can be achieved through the use of an integrated framework of identity products, patternings and processes (Cornelissen, Haslam, & Balmer, 2007), transforming conceptualisations of corporate identity, organisational identity and identification studies. Likewise, the performance measurement literature from the accounting field now emphasises the importance of ‘soft’ non-financial measures in gauging performance—potentially allowing the monitoring and regulation of ‘collective’ identities (Cornelissen et al., 2007). The balanced scorecard (BSC) (Kaplan & Norton, 1996a), as the selected integrated performance measurement system, quantifies organisational performance under the four perspectives of finance, customer, internal process, and learning and growth. Broadening the traditional performance measurement boundary, the BSC transforms how organisations perceived themselves (Vaivio, 2007). The rhetorical and communicative value of the BSC has also been emphasised in organisational self-understanding (Malina, Nørreklit, & Selto, 2007; Malmi, 2001; Norreklit, 2000, 2003). Thus, this study establishes a theoretical connection between the controlling effects of the BSC and organisational identity construction. Common to both literatures, the aspects of control became the focus of this dissertation, as ‘the exercise or act of achieving a goal’ (Tompkins & Cheney, 1985, p. 180). This study explores not only traditional technical and bureaucratic control (Edwards, 1981), but also concertive control (Tompkins & Cheney, 1985), shifting the locus of control to employees who make their own decisions towards desired organisational premises (Simon, 1976). The controlling effects on collective identities are explored through the lens of the rhetorical frames mobilised through the power of organisational enthymemes (Tompkins & Cheney, 1985) and identification processes (Ashforth, Harrison, & Corley, 2008). In operationalising the concept of control, two guiding questions were developed to support the research questions: 1.1 How does the use of the balanced scorecard monitor identities in public sector organisations? 1.2 How does the use of the balanced scorecard regulate identities in public sector organisations? This study adopts qualitative multiple case studies using ethnographic techniques. Data were gathered from interviews of 41 managers, organisational documents, and participant observation from 2003 to 2008, to inform an understanding of organisational practices and members’ perceptions in the five cases of two public sector organisations in Australia. Drawing on the functional and interpretive paradigms, the effective design and use of the systems, as well as the understanding of shared meanings of identities and identifications are simultaneously recognised. The analytical structure guided by the ‘bracketing’ (Lewis & Grimes, 1999) and ‘interplay’ strategies (Schultz & Hatch, 1996) preserved, connected and contrasted the unique findings from the multi-paradigms. The ‘temporal bracketing’ strategy (Langley, 1999) from the process view supports the comparative exploration of the analysis over the periods under study. The findings suggest that the effective use of the BSC can monitor and regulate identity products, patternings and processes. In monitoring identities, the flexible BSC framework allowed the case study organisations to monitor various aspects of finance, customer, improvement and organisational capability that included identity dimensions. Such inclusion legitimises identity management as organisational performance. In regulating identities, the use of the BSC created a mechanism to form collective identities by articulating various perspectives and causal linkages, and through the cascading and alignment of multiple scorecards. The BSC—directly reflecting organisationally valued premises and legitimised symbols—acted as an identity product of communication, visual symbols and behavioural guidance. The selective promotion of the BSC measures filtered organisational focus to shape unique identity multiplicity and characteristics within the cases. Further, the use of the BSC facilitated the assimilation of multiple identities by controlling the direction and strength of identifications, engaging different groups of members. More specifically, the tight authority of the BSC framework and systems are explained both by technical and bureaucratic controls, while subtle communication of organisational premises and information filtering is achieved through concertive control. This study confirms that these macro top-down controls mediated the sensebreaking and sensegiving process of organisational identification, supporting research by Ashforth, Harrison and Corley (2008). This study pays attention to members’ power of self-regulation, filling minor premises of the derived logic of their organisation through the playing out of organisational enthymemes (Tompkins & Cheney, 1985). Members are then encouraged to make their own decisions towards the organisational premises embedded in the BSC, through the micro bottom-up identification processes including: enacting organisationally valued identities; sensemaking; and the construction of identity narratives aligned with those organisationally valued premises. Within the process, the self-referential effect of communication encouraged members to believe the organisational messages embedded in the BSC in transforming collective and individual identities. Therefore, communication through the use of the BSC continued the self-producing of normative performance mechanisms, established meanings of identities, and enabled members’ self-regulation in identity construction. Further, this research establishes the relationship between identity and the use of the BSC in terms of identity multiplicity and attributes. The BSC framework constrained and enabled case study organisations and members to monitor and regulate identity multiplicity across a number of dimensions, levels and facets. The use of the BSC constantly heightened the identity attributes of distinctiveness, relativity, visibility, fluidity and manageability in identity construction over time. Overall, this research explains the reciprocal controlling relationships of multiple structures in organisations to achieve a goal. It bridges the gap among corporate and organisational identity theories by adopting Cornelissen, Haslam and Balmer’s (2007) integrated identity framework, and reduces the gap in understanding between identity and performance measurement studies. Parallel review of the process of monitoring and regulating identities from both literatures synthesised the theoretical strengths of both to conceptualise and operationalise identities. This study extends the discussion on positioning identity, culture, commitment, and image and reputation measures in integrated performance measurement systems as organisational capital. Further, this study applies understanding of the multiple forms of control (Edwards, 1979; Tompkins & Cheney, 1985), emphasising the power of organisational members in identification processes, using the notion of rhetorical organisational enthymemes. This highlights the value of the collaborative theoretical power of identity, communication and performance measurement frameworks. These case studies provide practical insights about the public sector where existing bureaucracy and desired organisational identity directions are competing within a large organisational setting. Further research on personal identity and simple control in organisations that fully cascade the BSC down to individual members would provide enriched data. The extended application of the conceptual framework to other public and private sector organisations with a longitudinal view will also contribute to further theory building.

Balanced skills among nascent entrepreneurs

This paper examines the effects and origins of balanced skills among nascent entrepreneurs. In a first step we extend Lazear’s jack-of-all-trades theory to formally model performance effects of balanced skills. In a second step we investigate potential sources of balanced skills related to the investment hypothesis and the endowment hypothesis. Analyzing data on 100 high-potential nascent projects, we find support for the hypothesis that balanced skills are an important factor for making progress in the venture creation process. Interestingly, none of the traditional human capital indicators such as prior managerial and entrepreneurial experience predict the progress of the project. However, they contribute to a balanced skill set, supporting the investment hypothesis on balanced skill origins. We also find empirical evidence for the endowment hypothesis suggesting that a balanced skill set is deeply rooted in the adolescent development and personality characteristics of the nascent entrepreneurs.

Do balanced skills help nascent entrepreneurs to make progress in the venture creation process?

We apply Lazear’s jack-of-all-trades theory to investigate the effect of nascent entrepreneurs´ balanced skill set across various functional areas on the performance of nascent projects. Analyzing longitudinal data on innovative nascent projects, we find that nascent entrepreneurs with a more balanced skill set are more successful in that they progress faster in the venture creation process.