63 resultados para BROMUS


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Although monocotyledonous-plant-infecting mastreviruses (in the family Geminiviridae) are known to cause economically significant crop losses in certain areas of the world, in Australia, they pose no obvious threat to agriculture. Consequently, only a few Australian monocot-infecting mastreviruses have been described, and only two have had their genomes fully sequenced. Here, we present the third full-genome sequence of an Australian monocot-infecting mastrevirus from Bromus catharticus belonging to a distinct species, which we have tentatively named Bromus catharticus striate mosaic virus (BCSMV). Although the genome of this new virus shares only 57.7% sequence similarity with that of its nearest known relative, Digitaria didactyla striate mosaic virus (DDSMV; also from Australia), it has features typical of all other known mastrevirus genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both the full genome and each of its probable expressed proteins group with the two other characterised Australian monocot-infecting mastreviruses. Besides the BCSMV genome sequence revealing that Australian monocot-infecting mastrevirus diversity rivals that seen in Africa, it has enabled us, for the first, to time detect evidence of recombination amongst the Australian viruses. Specifically, it appears that DDSMV possesses a short intergenic region sequence that has been recombinationally derived from either BCSMV or a close relative that has not yet been identified.

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1. Resilience-based approaches are increasingly being called upon to inform ecosystem management, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This requires management frameworks that can assess ecosystem dynamics, both within and between alternative states, at relevant time scales. 2. We analysed long-term vegetation records from two representative sites in the North American sagebrush-steppe ecosystem, spanning nine decades, to determine if empirical patterns were consistent with resilience theory, and to determine if cheatgrass Bromus tectorum invasion led to thresholds as currently envisioned by expert-based state-and-transition models (STM). These data span the entire history of cheatgrass invasion at these sites and provide a unique opportunity to assess the impacts of biotic invasion on ecosystem resilience. 3. We used univariate and multivariate statistical tools to identify unique plant communities and document the magnitude, frequency and directionality of community transitions through time. Community transitions were characterized by 37-47% dissimilarity in species composition, they were not evenly distributed through time, their frequency was not correlated with precipitation, and they could not be readily attributed to fire or grazing. Instead, at both sites, the majority of community transitions occurred within an 8-10year period of increasing cheatgrass density, became infrequent after cheatgrass density peaked, and thereafter transition frequency declined. 4. Greater cheatgrass density, replacement of native species and indication of asymmetry in community transitions suggest that thresholds may have been exceeded in response to cheatgrass invasion at one site (more arid), but not at the other site (less arid). Asymmetry in the direction of community transitions also identified communities that were at-risk' of cheatgrass invasion, as well as potential restoration pathways for recovery of pre-invasion states. 5. Synthesis and applications. These results illustrate the complexities associated with threshold identification, and indicate that criteria describing the frequency, magnitude, directionality and temporal scale of community transitions may provide greater insight into resilience theory and its application for ecosystem management. These criteria are likely to vary across biogeographic regions that are susceptible to cheatgrass invasion, and necessitate more in-depth assessments of thresholds and alternative states, than currently available.

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There is increasing evidence that species can evolve rapidly in response to environmental change. However, although land use is one of the key drivers of current environmental change, studies of its evolutionary consequences are still fairly scarce, in particular studies that examine land-use effects across large numbers of populations, and discriminate between different aspects of land use. Here, we investigated genetic differentiation in relation to land use in the annual grass Bromus hordeaceus. A common garden study with offspring from 51 populations from three regions and a broad range of land-use types and intensities showed that there was indeed systematic population differentiation of ecologically important plant traits in relation to land use, in particular due to increasing mowing and grazing intensities. We also found strong land-use-related genetic differentiation in plant phenology, where the onset of flowering consistently shifted away from the typical time of management. In addition, increased grazing intensity significantly increased the genetic variability within populations. Our study suggests that land use can cause considerable genetic differentiation among plant populations, and that the timing of land use may select for phenological escape strategies, particularly in monocarpic plant species.

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Temperate species and tropical crop silage are the basis for forage production for the dairy industry in the Australian subtropics. Irrigation is the key resource needed for production, with little survival of temperate species under rain-grown conditions except for lucerne. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), fertilised with either inorganic nitrogen or grown with clovers, is the main cool season forage for the dairy industry. It is sown into fully prepared seedbeds, oversown into tropical grasses, especially kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) or sown after mulching. There has been a continual improvement in the performance of annual and hybrid ryegrass cultivars over the last 25 years. In small plot, cutting experiments, yields of annual ryegrass typically range from 15 to 21 t DM/ha, with equivalent on-farm yields of 7 to 14 t DM/ha of utilised material. Rust (Puccinia coronata) remains the major concern although resistance is more stable than in oats. There have also been major improvements in the performance of perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) cultivars although their persistence under grazing is insufficient to make them a reliable forage source for the subtropics. On the other hand, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii) cultivars perform well under cutting and grazing, although farmer resistance to the use of tall fescue is strong. White clover (Trifolium repens) is a reliable and persistent performer although disease usually reduces its performance in the third year after sowing. Persian (Shaftal) annual clover (T. resupinatum) gives good winter production but the performance of berseem clover (T. alexandrinum) is less reliable and the sub clovers (T. subterraneum) are generally not suited to clay soils of neutral to alkaline pH. Lucerne (Medicago sativa), either as a pure stand or in mixtures, is a high producing legume under both irrigation and natural rainfall. Understanding the importance of leaf and crown diseases, and the development of resistant cultivars, have been the reasons for its reliability. Insects on temperate species are not as serious a problem in the subtropics as in New Zealand (NZ). Fungal and viral diseases, on the other hand, cause many problems and forage performance would benefit from more research into resistance.

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本论文为国家自然科学基金重大项目“中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的反应模式研究”的部分研究内容。 本文对C02正常浓度(350ppm)和C02倍增(700ppm)条件下,小麦(Triticum, aestivum)、半野生小麦(Triticum aestivum spp.tibeticumShao)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)、野大麦(Hordeum brevisubulalum)、水稻(Oryza sativa,)、野生稻(Or7za sativa ssp.)、谷子(Setaria italica)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、高粱(Sorghum vulgare)、玉米(Zea mays)、旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum)、旱麦草(Eremopyrum triticeum)等12种禾本科植物幼苗的叶片厚度、叶肉细胞密度、维管束鞘细胞中的叶绿体数、叶肉细胞中的叶绿体数、表皮细胞密度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔长度、气孔阻抗及平均株高、鲜重、茎秆直径、根的直径、种子的萌发率及叶绿体超微结构等进行了比较研究。 结果表明,C02倍增使不同种类、不同测试项目反应不一。总体上看,CO2浓度倍增,使10种禾本科植物(野大麦、玉米外)的吐片厚度普遍增加。除个别种类外,C4种类的平均株高、鲜重、根直径倍增组比对照组减小;气孔平均密度增加,而C3种类则呈相反趋势o C4种类比C3种类的叶片气孔开度对C02倍增反应更为敏感。在高浓度C02条件下,C4种类的叶绿体超微结构变化较明显,淀粉粒显著增加。野生种类的表皮细胞密度,叶肉细胞密度,维管束鞘细胞中的叶绿体数及茎秆直径,C02倍增组比对照组减少,栽培种类则显著增加。气孔密度与气孔指数基本呈正相关;而气孔长度与气孔密度则大体上呈负相关。 文中对高浓度C02条件下,供试植物形态结构的变化和规律,及全球大气变化对未来农业可能产生的影响进行了讨论。

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羊草(Leymus chinensis(Trin.)Tzvel.或Aneurolepidium chinense Trin.),隶属禾本科(Gramineae),大麦族(Hordeae),小麦亚族(Triticieae),赖草属(Leymus),兼具重要的生态价值和经济价值。面向国家重大需求,本论文选择羊草作为主要研究对象,开展了两方面的研究工作,即我国羊草种质资源的遗传多样性评价和赖草属物种的系统发育分析。 羊草是一种多年生根茎型禾草,根据叶色可以划分为黄绿型和灰绿型两种生态型。其分布范围横穿亚欧草原的东部,包括朝鲜和蒙古的西部,以及西伯利亚的西北部,集中分布于我国的东北部。羊草是我国典型草原植物群落中的优势种。它可以在多种土壤和气候条件下正常生长,如松嫩平原、内蒙古草原和黄土高原。从另一个角度讲,不同类型的生境也造就了羊草丰富的遗传多样性。 自上世纪90年代中期开始,我们陆续从我国东北部6个省市收集了293份羊草种质,包括205份灰绿型羊草和88份黄绿型羊草。经过连续3年的观测记录,通过37个重要农艺性状,对293份羊草的遗传多样性进行了评估。依据10个质量性状和27个数量性状,统计了羊草不同性状和不同地域羊草的Shannon遗传多样性指数,同时还使用了主成分分析和通径分析做了相关统计。结果显示:(1)与黄绿型羊草相比,灰绿型羊草具有更高的遗传变异(P<0.05)。结合这两个趋异型羊草的分布范围,可以得出两种类型羊草之间存在稳定的遗传差异;(2)通径分析显示,羊草营养生长性状和遗传多样性两者的组合效应可以解释羊草生殖特性中20.6%的遗传变异;(3)在124-128ºE这一区域,羊草的遗传多样性指数最高(H=2.252),表明这一地区具有最丰富的羊草种质资源。 赖草属(Leymus Hochst.)是一个异源多倍体属,约有34个物种,该属未知基因组的起源一直争论不休。其倍性范围从四倍体(2n=4x=28)、八倍体(2n=8x=56)一直到十二倍体(2n=12x=84)。新麦草属(Psathyrostachys Nevski)只含有Ns一个基因组,约有9个物种。这两个属都是多年生牧草,具有抗旱、抗病和耐盐碱等生物学特性。 应用核糖体ITS(Internal Transcribed Spacer)序列和叶绿体trnL-F序列,我们对13个赖草属物种、小麦族18个属(40份二倍体材料)、以及Elymus californicus和Bromus catharticus,共计57份材料进行了系统发生分析。ITS序列分析表明,赖草属分别与新麦草属和小麦族中一个未知属在进化上具有紧密的关系。ITS谱系树表明赖草属内部存在大量的分化,以及赖草属物种具有多次起源的特征。trnL-F序列分析表明,赖草属物种的母本,部分来自Ns基因组,部分来自Xm基因组,这可能与赖草属物种的地理分布有关,分布于亚欧大陆的物种其母本是新麦草属,而分布于北美的大部分物种其母本是Xm基因组。trnL-F序列分析还表明,E. californicus和赖草属未知的基因组具有紧密的关系。以上研究结果表明:(1)从分子层面证明,赖草属的未知基因组并非来自薄冰草属,或是一个修正的新麦草基因组,其基因组组成应是NsNsXmXm;(2)赖草属物种的母本,部分来自Ns基因组,部分来自Xm基因组,这可能与赖草属物种的地理分布有关;(3)E. californicus的母本是Xm基因组,父本是Ns基因组,该物种应从披碱草属转移至赖草属。

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自工业革命以来,大气的C02浓度以前所未有的速度增加,已经由280μmol mol-1升高到了360μmol mol-l。据预测,到下个世纪中/末期,C02浓度将为目前的二倍。C02浓度升高及其引起的全球气候变化必将影响到植物的生长发育,进而对整个生态系统产生巨大影响。因此,有关C02浓度升高对各类生态系统的影响的研究引起了广泛关注,成为近年来的研究热点。早期的研究多数集中于考察C02浓度升高对植物个体水平生长发育的影响。然而,高C02对植物的效应严重依赖于具体物种和具体环境条件,使得基于由短期盆栽实验获得的研究结果不能够有效地预测自然生态系统的行为。因此,长期、原位处理实验越来越受到重视。由于原位研究的难度较大,目前这方面的研究还不是很多。有限研究结果显示,由于生境条件和种间关系方面的巨大差异,自然生态系统对C02浓度升高的反应迥异。 草原生态系统由于C02浓度控制上比较容易实现,而且其物质循环相对较快,因而一直是C02富集实验研究最多的一类植被,生态系统水平的研究更是如此。然而涉及的区域和草原类型并不多,不足以进行可靠预测。目前,关于C02升高效应,研究比较系统的草原生态系统主要集中在:美国Kansas的高草草原、美国California的一年生草原、瑞士西北部的石灰质草原、美国Colorado的矮草草原和一些牧场。我国总土地面积的40%为草地,类型丰富,然而相关研究不多,尤其是对自然生态系统的原位研究几乎为空白。 为揭示C02浓度升高对羊草草原生产力和碳平衡的效应,我们在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的永久羊草样地开展了两年的C02倍增实验(2001,2002)。在羊草样地选择相对均匀地段设置12个开顶式气室(直径1.8m),每个气室内分成4个小样方(0.5m×0.5m),其中6个气室在生长季给予加倍C02处理(约600μmol mol-l),另6个气室不补充C02(约300μmol moI-l)。地上部分用收割法取样,分种记录数量、高度和重量等指标,地下部分取样用环刀法。用Li-cor6400光合系统测定群落光合和呼吸速率。野外实验结束后,统一分析植物和土壤样品中的C、N等元素含量。另外,在内蒙古草原站院内设置了两组桶培实验,一组是取自羊草样地的带苗原状土,一组是取自羊草样地的混匀土,种上冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)的种子。2组桶培实验分别用两个水分梯度和两个C02梯度处理。水分处理分别为:浇水处理——每4天浇lOOOml水,相当于平均降雨量的160%;干旱处理——持续干旱,适时补水以保持植物不萎蔫,共浇水4000ml水。C02处理和取样方法与样地原位实验相同。主要研究结果和结论如下: 1)两年的C02加倍处理没有使羊草草原的生物量、植物种和功能型组成发生显著改变,桶培实验中,浇水处理显著促进了植物生长,原状土植物、种子苗实验的冰草和无芒雀麦对C02加倍处理同样不敏感,而种子苗实验的豆科植物紫花苜蓿在C02加倍处理下生物量显著提高。以上结果显示,由于水分和养分(特别是N)的限制,以及优势植物对C02的相对不敏感,C02浓度升高对羊草草原地上生物量和结构的效应相对不大。 2)羊草草原的根垂直分布在加倍C02条件下发生显著改变,但根生物量对C02加倍处 理相对不敏感。在4次取样中只有一次对C02加倍处理表现出显著变化,根长的变化与根生物量的变化不完全一致,根的比根长在加倍C02条件下增加。根垂直分布的变化趋势与降雨的时间分布相适应,干旱少雨时期C02使下层根量增加,多雨时期C02则使上层根量增加。以上结果显示,根的空间分布比根生物量对C02加倍处理更敏感。水分是根空间分布变化的驱动因子,加倍C02条件下,根空间分布的变化趋势倾向于优化对水分的充分利用。 3)加倍C02处理使羊草草原的群落光合速率显著提高,群落呼吸速率显著降低,因而使群落碳净输入量增加。土壤碳贮量占羊草草原碳总贮量的70%以上,碳总贮量及其组分(包括地上碳贮量、根碳贮量、土壤碳贮量)在两个C02浓度处理之问均没有显著差异。另外,加倍C02处理使羊草草原群落及其优势植物羊草的c:N比增加。以上结果显示,在加倍C02条件下羊草草原的碳净输入量增加,这意味着在未来高 C02条件F,羊草草原将作为碳汇对大气C02起反馈调节作用。其碳贮量对加倍C02 处理的不敏感与许多以前的研究结果相似,一般认为是由于土壤碳贮量本底太大, 掩盖了C02效应,这还有待于更长期原位实验的证实。羊草草原群落c:N比在高C02 浓度下的变化将影响凋落物降解、N素循环和动植物营养关系等,进而对生态系统 功能产生深远影响。

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过度放牧是导致浑善达克沙地荒漠化发展的重要原因之一。在该地区占据优势的根茎型克隆草本植物不仅被牲畜频繁地采食,而且也面临着频繁的沙埋和养分胁迫的干扰。通过克隆生长,这些根茎型植物的单个基株能够跨越异质性的资源斑块,同时也可能遭受局部的、非均匀性的采食或沙埋。克隆整合可能会作为一种补偿性机制促进被采食克隆部分或分株的恢复和生长,因而,能够缓解采食及其与环境因素(沙埋/养分胁迫)交互作用对克隆植物的影响。本文以浑善达克沙地草地典型的根茎型沙生植物种和草地植物种为实验材料,应用(野外和温室)实验生态学方法检验了克隆整合的这种效果。 在一个野外实验中,通过对共存在沙丘上的两种根茎型克隆植物沙地雀麦(Bromus ircutensis Kom.)和沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa (Trin.) Bor.),及两种非克隆植物褐沙蒿(Artemisia intramongolica H.C.Fu)和草木樨状黄芪(Astragalus melilotoides Pall.)的个体植株进行不同强度(0、50、90%)的枝叶去除处理,我们发现:50%和90%的枝叶去除增加了沙地雀麦和沙鞭的相对生长率(RGR);而90%的枝叶去除显著减小了褐沙蒿和草木樨状黄芪的RGR。经两个多月处理后,与对照相比,去除枝叶的非克隆植物的地上生物量恢复的远不及克隆植物完全。这些结果表明克隆植物比共存的非克隆植物更能忍耐采食。在分株种群水平上开展的另外一个野外实验表明,在50%的去除强度下,根茎连接明显改善了沙鞭分株种群的表现,但对沙地雀麦分株种群没有显著影响。然而,在90%的去除强度下,根茎连接显著的改善了两种植物分株种群的表现,显示出克隆整合的重要作用。而且,与未剪除的分株种群相比,两种植物当遭受90%的去除强度后,其根茎保持连接的分株种群产生了更多而小的分株个体。 以羊草(Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzevl.)和赖草(Leymus secalinus (Georgi) Tzvel)的克隆片断为材料,通过两个温室实验研究了克隆整合对克隆植物忍受采食与沙埋/养分胁迫交互作用的影响。每个克隆片断由一个近端(发育上较老)分株和一个远端(发育上较年轻)分株组成。近端分株不进行胁迫处理,而远端分株进行重复去除 枝叶沙埋/养分胁迫处理;同时,切断或保持克隆片断的根茎连接。结果表明,单因素的干扰对两个种远端分株的影响较小。当遭受剪除处理后,低养供应的赖草远端分株显示出比高养条件下更强的生物量补偿能力。当两个种的远 端分株处于单因素胁迫时,根茎切断很少影响其生物量生产和新分株的形成;而当远端分株同时处于枝叶去除和沙 埋/养分胁迫下时,切断根茎对两个种远端分株的生物量和分株的产生造成了明显的负效果,表明克隆整合发挥了重 要的作用。但克隆整合并没有导致近端分株的显著损耗。 基于以上实验结果,我们得出:克隆整合可以明显提高浑善达克沙地根茎克隆植物应对枝叶去除,及其和沙埋/养分胁迫交互影响的能力,是克隆植物适应频繁干扰的沙地草地环境的重要对策之一。

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紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.)作为重要的外来入侵种之一,已严重破坏了入侵地生态系统的结构与功能,同时使当地农林业生产蒙受巨大的损失。因此,明确紫茎泽兰的竞争策略与扩散潜力,对制定合理的控制措施具有重要意义。 土壤氮素增加常常有助于外来种的入侵,那么降氮能否抵制入侵呢?向土壤中添加碳素,增强微生物对氮素的吸收,从而降低土壤中可被植物吸收的氮素是目前常用的降氮方法。为检验这一假说对入侵种紫茎泽兰的适用性,选取入侵种紫茎泽兰和本地种禾本科雀麦(Bromus japonicus)、菊科鱼眼草(Dichrocephala integrifolia),分别单栽或与紫茎泽兰混栽,向各植物组合中添加碳素(按1650克有机质/平方米计)或氮素(按30克氮素/平方米计),并设立对照进行盆栽实验。在碳素添加条件下,紫茎泽兰地上与地下生物量分别比对照降低了71.9% 和 74.9%,而本地种的生物量却没有受到显著影响。同时,碳素添加导致紫茎泽兰对本地种的竞争强度(RII)明显下降。氮素添加则减弱或逆转了上述碳素的作用。因此,向土壤中添加碳素有助于抵抗氮沉降对外来种入侵的促进作用,特别对抵御那些与氮素有亲和力的入侵种更为有效。在不同氮素条件下,紫茎泽兰对本地种竞争中,资源竞争强度均明显大于化感作用。尽管在紫茎泽兰发育早期化感作用较小,但是,碳素添加使紫茎泽兰可利用氮素减少,激发了化感作用在竞争中占有更大的比例,说明资源竞争与化感是相互结合、共同发挥作用的。 去叶作为模拟采食方法之一,至少可以通过两种方式影响植物竞争。一是去叶对目标种生长产生负面影响,二是邻种去叶有利于目标种生长,进而改变种间竞争关系。基于以上假定,对紫茎泽兰与相邻本地种分别单栽、同种合栽和异种混栽,进行去叶处理。结果恰与假定相悖:在整个生长季内,去叶增加目标株生物量的1.0 – 198.9%。对于入侵种而言,当邻居本地种去叶时,紫茎泽兰能完全弥补竞争产生的负面效应,即它与未去叶的单栽紫茎泽兰生长无显著差异;而紫茎泽兰去叶降低了相邻本地种的生长,加剧了原本由于竞争给对本地种带来的负面影响。因此,去叶效应与邻种的存在与否及邻种的类型均有关。在应用生物控制对目标株采食时,特别是在没有造成严重伤害或致死情况下,可以使本来具有竞争优势的入侵种变得更具强势。竞争与去叶之间存在复杂的相互作用,采食带来的间接效应可能比预想的更为复杂。因此,在生物控制措施实施之前,充分地估计生物控制的间接作用至关重要。 为检验反应—扩散模型(reaction–diffusion model)能否正确模拟紫茎泽兰小尺度扩散速率,本研究调查了四川攀枝花山区5个不同的生境的紫茎泽兰群落。对各样地内紫茎泽兰定位和年龄确定,基于克里金插值法做出其入侵格局的等年线图,通过等年线之间的垂直距离即可得到紫茎泽兰扩散速率的经验值。同时,计算内禀增长率和扩散系数,根据模型计算得到扩散速率的预测值。结果表明:紫茎泽兰扩散速率经验值明显小于模型预测值。因此,尽管反应—扩散模型已在大尺度扩散预测方面得到广泛的应用和验证,但在小尺度上,由于没有借助于复杂的生活史模型和分层模型,单凭反应—扩散模型不足以得到准确的预测。另外,在没有遭受干扰的生境中,可以发现紫茎泽兰扩散早期存在明显的时滞期。倘若这种时滞效应在入侵扩散中是频繁发生的,那么在判定物种是否具有入侵性时,很可能由于物种处于时滞期而被误认为非入侵种。 基于紫茎泽兰入侵至中国60年来所收集到的441已知分布记录和23个环境变量,采用GARP模型对其潜在分布范围做出了预测,并通过Kappa和ROC(receiver–operator characteristic)对预测结果进行检验。结果表明紫茎泽兰目前分布以云贵高原为主体,逐渐向四川盆地东部、山东半岛、东南沿海、台湾沿海以及海南岛等地扩散。冷季降水量、年极端低温和年均最高温对分布影响较大。RDA(Redundancy Analysis)分析结果显示温度和降水是限制紫茎泽兰扩散的重要因素。在过去的20年里,紫茎泽兰已经从温度较高、天气波动较小的亚热带气候逐渐向气候温凉、降水减少的高海拔地区扩散。紫茎泽兰可以适应相对较宽的温度和降水梯度,年均温度在10—22 ˚C,年降水量在800—2000 mm区间均有分布。本研究结果为发展早期预警工作、防止紫茎泽兰在中国进一步入侵提供了科学依据。

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采用改进的离体连续快速称重法对7~9月燕麦(Avena Sativa)、豌豆(Pisum Sativum)、无芒雀麦(Bromus Innermis)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago Sativa)枝和叶片的蒸腾速率、蒸腾量及土面蒸发量进行了测定。结果表明,豌豆的枝蒸腾速率和叶片蒸腾速率均最高,其次为紫花苜蓿和燕麦,无芒雀麦最低。在7~9月中,8月4种作物整株和叶片的平均日蒸腾量均最高,9月次之,7月最低。4种作物群落土面蒸发量的日变化无明显规律性。