A new FOXL2 gene mutation in a woman with premature ovarian failure and sporadic blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome

Objective: To describe a new FOXL2 gene mutation in a woman with sporadic blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Design: Case report. Setting: University medical center. Patient(s): A 28-year-old woman. Intervention(s): Clinical evaluation, hormone assays, gene mutation research. Main Outcome Measure(s): FOXL2 gene mutation. Result(s): The patient with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism was diagnosed with BPES due to a new FOXL2 gene mutation. Conclusion(s): Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome is a rare disorder associated with premature ovarian failure (POF). The syndrome is an autosomal dominant trait that causes eyelid malformations and POF in affected women. Mutations in FOXL2 gene, located in chromosome 3, are related to the development of BPES with POF (BPES type I) or without POF (BPES type II). This report demonstrates a previously undescribed de novo mutation in the FOXL2 gene-a thymidine deletion, c. 627delT (g. 864delT)-in a woman with a sporadic case of BPES and POF. This mutation leads to truncated protein production that is related to a BPES type I phenotype. This report shows the importance of family history and genetic analysis in the evaluation of patients with POF and corroborates the relationship between mutations on the FOXL2 gene and ovarian insufficiency. (Fertil Steril (R) 2010; 93: 1006.e3-e6. (C) 2010 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.)

Etiology of ovarian failure in blepharophimosis ptosis epicanthus inversus syndrome: FOXL2 is a conserved, early-acting gene in vertebrate ovarian development

Blepharophimosis ptosis epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is a human disorder caused by mutations in the forkhead transcription factor gene FOXL2 and is characterized by facial dysmorphology combined in some cases with ovarian failure. To better understand the role of FOXL2 in the etiology of ovarian failure in BPES, we examined its expression in embryonic ovaries of mice, chickens, and red-eared slider turtles, representatives of three phylogenetically distant vertebrate groups that have different mechanisms of sex determination. Expression of Foxl2 was detected in early ovaries of all three species around the time of sex determination and was associated with both somatic and germ cell populations in mice. Expression was sexually dimorphic in all cases. Sequence analysis of turtle and chicken FoxL2 orthologues indicated an unusually high degree of structural conservation during evolution. FoxL2 was found to be autosomal in chickens, and therefore unlikely to represent the dominant ovarian-determining gene that has been postulated to exist as a possible explanation for female heterogamety in birds. Our observations suggest that BPES may result from early abnormalities in regulating the development of the fetal ovary, rather than premature degeneration of the postnatal or adult ovary. Further, our results suggest that FOXL2 is a highly conserved early regulator of vertebrate ovarian development.

Estudio molecular de los genes cdkn1b y cited2 en mujeres con falla ovárica prematura idiopática

En los últimos años el aumento sustancial de la incidencia de la infertilidad humana ha convertido esta patología en un problema real de salud pública: alrededor del 15% de las parejas consultan por esta causa. Entre las causas femeninas de infertilidad, la falla ovárica prematura (FOP) es extremadamente frecuente puesto que afecta entre el 1 y el 3% de las mujeres de la población general. Múltiples etiologías de FOP se han descrito (e.g. autoinmunes, infecciosas, iatrogénicas) pero desafortunadamente en más de 80% de los casos no se conocen las causas, lo que sugiere mecanismos genéticos subyacentes. Algunas causas genéticas se han descrito, especialmente relacionadas con formas sindrómicas de la enfermedad (e.g. síndromes de Turner y BPES). En estos casos se evidencian principalmente alteraciones cromosómicas y mutaciones específicas en genes participantes en la foliculogénesis. En otros casos, la presentación de la enfermedad es aislada y se relaciona con mutaciones en genes específicos localizados en los autosomas y en el cromosoma X. Sin embargo, la complejidad genética, la baja heredabilidad y el carácter cuantitativo de los fenotipos asociados a la reproducción en los mamíferos implica que en casos fisiológicos y patológicos (hipofertilidad e infertilidad) cientos de genes participen en una red de sutil regulación. En este contexto, recientemente se han propuesto una cantidad significativa de genes candidato para la FOP. Por consiguiente el estudio de genes potencialmente candidatos en la etiología de la FOP por aproximaciones gen candidato, entre ellos CDKN1B y CITED2, es de especial interés en la comprensión de los mecanismos subyacentes de esta en enfermedad. Además, es una etapa necesaria en la búsqueda de nuevos marcadores de esta patología que permitan en un futuro mejorar el asesoramiento genético y proponer alternativas terapéuticas. Durante este trabajo de tesis nos hemos focalizado en la búsqueda de variantes en la secuencia codificante de CDKN1B y CITED2 en mujeres FOP. Nuestros resultados sugieren que estos genes son dos nuevos factores etiológicos de la enfermedad.

Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells with Embedded Bipolar Electrodes: Visualizing Bipolar Electrochemistry in Solid State

The work presented in this thesis examines the properties of BPEs of various configurations and under different operating conditions in a large planar LEC system. Detailed analysis of time-lapsed fluorescence images allows us to calculate the doping propagation speed from the BPEs. By introducing a linear array of BPEs or dispersed ITO particles, multiple light-emitting junctions or a bulk homojunction have been demonstrated. In conclusion, it has been observed that both applied bias voltages and sizes of BPEs affected the electrochemical doping from the BPE. If the applied bias voltage was initially not sufficiently high enough, a delay in appearance of doping from the BPE would take place. Experiments of parallel BPEs with different sizes (large, medium, small) demonstrate that the potential difference across the BPEs has played a vital role in doping initiation. Also, the p-doping propagation distance from medium-sized BPE has displayed an exponential growth over the time-span of 70 seconds. Experiments with a linear array of BPEs with the same size demonstrate that the doping propagation speed of each floating BPE was the same regardless of its position between the driving electrodes. Probing experiments under high driving voltages further demonstrated the potential of having a much more efficient light emission from an LEC with multiple BPEs.