Probiotic potential and sensory properties of coconut flan supplemented with Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium lactis

The effect of probiotic cultures on sensory performance of coconut flan during storage at 5 degrees C and the viability of these micro organisms for up to 28 days were investigated. Sensory analyses of the product were performed after 7, 14 and 21 days of storage. Coconut flans were produced with no addition of cultures (T1, control), or supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis (T2), Lactobacillus paracasei (T3) and B. lactis + L. paracasei (T4). Populations of L. paracasei and B. lactis as single or in co-culture remained above 7 log CFU g(-1) during the entire storage period. Viability of L. paracasei was higher for T3. All products were well accepted and no significant differences (P > 0.05) were detected between the coconut flans studied. The addition of L. paracasei and B. lactis to coconut flan resulted in its having great potential as a functional food, which has high sensory acceptability.

LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS AND BIFIDOBACTERIUM SP IN CO-CULTURE IMPROVE SENSORY ACCEPTANCE OF POTENTIALLY PROBIOTIC PETIT-SUISSE CHEESE

Sensory acceptance of four trials of probiotic petit-suisse cheese was investigated. Cheeses were prepared using Streptococcus thermophilus TA 040 as starter not supplemented with any probiotic culture (T1-control), Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 (T2), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04 (T3) and L. acidophilus + B. animalis subsp. lactis (T4). Sensory acceptance tests were performed after 7 and 14 days of storage at 4 +/- 1 degrees C, using a 9-point hedonic scale to evaluate flavour, texture and overall acceptability. The population of La-5 and BL04 remained at 7.0 log CFU g(-1) and at 8.0 log CFU g(-1), respectively, during storage for up to 28 days. After 7 and 14 days of storage, cheese T4 presented the highest sensory acceptance for all attributes evaluated and differed significantly from the other cheeses (P<0.05). After 14 days of storage, cheese T3 presented the lowest acceptance and differed significantly from the other cheeses (P<0.05). The supplementation of petit-suisse cheese T4 with both La-5 and BL04 in co-culture with a starter culture resulted in a product with high probiotic populations during storage and excellent sensory acceptance. The results also showed that, when added separately, La-5 and BL04 did not affect the sensory acceptability of petit-suisse cheese.

Evaluation of culture media for enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium animalis in the presence of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus

The study compared the growth capability of probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus La05, Lactobacillus casei Lc01 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb12) and non-probiotic (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) cultures on twenty-one culture media grouped according to selectivity: nonselective agars, selective agars without antibiotics and MRS agars containing different combinations of lithium chloride, cystein, bile salts and antibiotics. Four of these media were selected for quantitative enumeration of L acidophilus La05, L casei Lc01, and B. animalis Bb12. The best culture media and incubation conditions for enumeration of the probiotic cultures were: B. animalis: MRS agar with dicloxacillin, 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C, anaerobiosis; L acidophilus: MRS agar with bile salts, 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C, aerobiosis; L casei: MRS agar with lithium chloride and sodium propionate, 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C, aerobiosis or anaerobiosis. Plating on MRS with glucose replaced by maltose, 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C, anaerobiosis, will distinguish probiotic from non-probiotic cultures. For enumeration of each probiotic in a mixed culture, the following media and incubation conditions were recommended: B. animalis: 4ABC-MRS, 42 degrees C, anaerobiosis, L acidophilus: LC medium, 42 degrees C, aerobiosis or anaerobiosis and L casei: LP-MRS, 42 degrees C, aerobiosis or anaerobiosis. In all experiments, differences in counts using pour plating or surface plating were not significant (P <= 0.05). (C) 2008 Swiss Society of Food Science and Technology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In vitro evaluation of gastrointestinal survival of Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 16698 alone and combined with galactooligosaccharides, milk and/or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb-12

Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 16698 were previously demonstrated in piglets. Here, its potential as a human probiotic was studied in vitro, using the TIM-1 system, which is fully validated to simulate the human upper gastrointestinal tract. To evaluate the effect of the food matrix composition on the survival of L amylovorus DSM 16698 in TIM-1, the microorganism was inoculated alone or with prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS), partially skimmed milk (PSM) and/or commercial probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 (Bb-12). Samples were collected from TIM-1 for six hours, at one-hour intervals and L amylovorus populations were enumerated on MRS agar plates with confirmation of identity of selected isolates by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. The cumulative survival for L amylovorus alone (control) was 30% at the end of the experiment (t = 6 h). Co-administration of L amylovorus with GOS. PSM and/or Bb-12 increased its survival in comparison with the control significantly from the 4th hour after ingestion onwards (P<0.05). Furthermore, by the use of High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography, both L amylovorus and Bb-12 were observed to promptly degrade GOS compounds in samples collected from TIM-1, as assessed at t = 2 h. Hence, food matrix composition interfered with survival and growth of L. amylovorus during passage through TIM-1, providing leads towards optimization of probiotic properties in vivo. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

EFFECT OF Bifidobacterium animalis ON MICE INFECTED WITH Strongyloides venezuelensis

The administration of viable Bifidobacterium animaliswas tested to induce resistance against Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in mice. Effects on parasite burden, worm length, egg output, and intestinal mucosal histology were evaluated. The oral administration of B. animalis, strain 04450B, starting 14 days before the inoculation of nematode larvae significantly decreased the worm burden and egg output. In probiotic treated animals, the percent reduction of adult worms in the intestine was of 33% and the reduction of egg production was of 21%, compared with those of the control group. The duodenum villous height and villous/crypt ratio were significantly higher in probiotic-treated mice, indicating that this group could be experiencing less intestinal damage. The present findings revealed that the administration of B. animalis for the amelioration of host response to nematode infections is biologically plausible and could have some potential for impacting public health. Meanwhile, further study is needed to delineate the nature and identity of the factor(s) involved in these beneficial effects.

CD19 LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION INDUCED BY Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis IN C57BL/6 MICE EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasmosis is frequently acquired through the oral route by the ingestion of cysts or oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. Once ingested, the parasites penetrate the intestinal epithelial cells and rapidly disseminate to all organs in the host. During T. gondii infection, the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in stimulating a protective immune response against the parasite. In this sense the use of probiotics is worthy of note since they are live microorganisms that have beneficial effects on the host through stimulation of the immune response that can be important in the control of T. gondii proliferation and dissemination in the host. In the present study, the action of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis was investigated in C57BL/6 mice infected with oocysts of ME49 strain of T. gondii. The probiotic had an immunomodulatory action, inducing CD19 lymphocyte proliferation and consequently increasing anti-T. gondii antibody level.Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactisprovided protection in supplemented mice, compared to the control group. In addition, supplemented animals had milder inflammatory process in the small intestine, indicating that the probiotic protects the intestinal mucosa during infection with T. gondii. It was concluded that the probioticB. animalis subsp. lactis induces humoral immune response capable of providing protection against T. gondii infection.

The effect of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve on antibiotic-associated diarrhea treatment: randomized double-blind clinical trial

INTRODUCTION: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is an important side effect of this specific class of drugs. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the use of probiotics in the treatment of AAD. METHODS: A group of hospitalized patients, who contracted diarrhea during or after 7 days of suspension of antimicrobial medication, was blindly randomized to receive a standardized diet associated with the use of the probiotics (Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve) or its corresponding placebo, three times a day. RESULTS: Seventy patients were studied. For the experimental (n=35) and control (n=35) groups, respectively, the average time of treatment was 5.06±2.18 and 5.49±3.17 days (p=0.95), and the average duration of diarrhea, among those who were healed, was 4.87±2.13 and 4.52±2.55 days (p=0.36). Four (11.4%) patients who received probiotics and ten (28.6%) who received the placebo were not cured (p=0.13), and relapse rates were similar between both groups. Seven patients from each group, in addition to diarrhea, presented cases of bloating and/or abdominal cramps and/or vomiting (p=1.00). CONCLUSIONS: In this light, it is concluded that L. casei associated with B. breve, in the administered dosage and frequency, has no effect on the antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Similar studies need to be conducted with higher doses of these or other probiotics.

Genometrics as an essential tool for the assembly of whole genome sequences: the example of the chromosome of Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of the first reported complete genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705, an actinobacterium colonizing the gastrointestinal tract, uncovered its proteomic relatedness to Streptomyces coelicolor and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, a rapid scrutiny by genometric methods revealed a genome organization totally different from all so far sequenced high-GC Gram-positive chromosomes. RESULTS: Generally, the cumulative GC- and ORF orientation skew curves of prokaryotic genomes consist of two linear segments of opposite slope: the minimum and the maximum of the curves correspond to the origin and the terminus of chromosome replication, respectively. However, analyses of the B. longum NCC2705 chromosome yielded six, instead of two, linear segments, while its dnaA locus, usually associated with the origin of replication, was not located at the minimum of the curves. Furthermore, the coorientation of gene transcription with replication was very low. Comparison with closely related actinobacteria strongly suggested that the chromosome of B. longum was misassembled, and the identification of two pairs of relatively long homologous DNA sequences offers the possibility for an alternative genome assembly proposed here below. By genometric criteria, this configuration displays all of the characters common to bacteria, in particular to related high-GC Gram-positives. In addition, it is compatible with the partially sequenced genome of DJO10A B. longum strain. Recently, a corrected sequence of B. longum NCC2705, with a configuration similar to the one proposed here below, has been deposited in GenBank, confirming our predictions. CONCLUSION: Genometric analyses, in conjunction with standard bioinformatic tools and knowledge of bacterial chromosome architecture, represent fast and straightforward methods for the evaluation of chromosome assembly.

Bifidobacterium longum Bacteremia in Preterm Infants Receiving Probiotics.

Administration of probiotics to premature newborns has been shown to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis and reduce all-cause mortality. In our hospital, we documented 2 cases of Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis bacteremia in newborns receiving probiotics. By comparative genomics, we confirmed that the strains isolated from each patient originated from the probiotics.

Administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and xylitol with a novel pacifier in early childhood

Probiotic bifidobacteria are used in the prevention and treatment of childhood diseases. On the other hand, these bacteria are also connected to dental caries. The purpose of the present work was to test a food supplement containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (B. lactis BB-12) and xylitol, and to investigate its health effects, properties and safety when used in a novel pacifier in early childhood. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, newborn infants (n=163) were assigned randomly to receive B. lactis BB-12, xylitol, or sorbitol from the age of 1– 2 monthsto 2 years with a pacifier or a spoon. Children were followed up to four years of age. A part of the parents participating in the clinical trial evaluated the feasibility of the novel administration method. The pattern of tablet release from the pouch of the pacifier was tested in adults. The food supplement tablet containing B. lactis BB-12 and xylitol could be delivered in a safe and controlled way with the novel pacifier. The early administration of B. lactis BB-12 did not result in permanent oral colonization of this probiotic or affect the colonization of mutans streptococci in early childhood. Moreover, B. lactis BB-12 did not increase the occurrence of caries. Controlled administration of B. lactis BB-12 significantly reduced the incidence of respiratory infections during the first eight months of life in a Finnish population with breastfed infants. To conclude, administration of B. lactis BB-12 in early childhood is safe with regard to the future dental health of the child. In addition, B. lactis BB-12 may add to the protection against respiratory infections provided by human breast milk in infancy.

Avaliação sensorial, microbiológica e de pós-acidificação durante a vida-de-prateleira de leites fermentados contendo Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium longum e Lactobacillus acidophilus

Três leites fermentados, o primeiro por Str. thermophilus, o segundo por Bif. longum e o terceiro por Lb. acidophilus e o leite fermentado elaborado pela mistura de volumes iguais dos leites fermentados, separadamente, por Str. thermophilus, Bif. longum e Lb. acidophilus tiveram seu pH, acidez titulável, atributos sensoriais de sabor e acidez, e contagens de células viáveis determinadas, ao longo de 21 dias de estocagem a 4ºC. Não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para os atributos sensoriais entre o leite fermentado elaborado por mistura e aquele contendo apenas Str. thermophilus. O leite fermentado por Str. thermophilus apresentou a maior acidez e menor pH, enquanto o leite fermentado por Bif. longum apresentou a menor acidez e maior pH. As populações de Str. thermophilus e Bif. longum mantiveram-se constantes até 21 dias de estocagem, tanto nos leites fermentados isoladamente como no leite elaborado pela mistura, enquanto as populações de Lb. acidophilus apresentaram redução de um ciclo logarítmico.

Efeito prebiótico do mel sobre o crescimento e viabilidade de Bifidobacterium spp. e Lactobacillus spp. em leite

Para ser considerado prebiótico, um microrganismo deve atender a uma série de requisitos, sendo a manutenção da viabilidade, um dos principais. Culturas probióticas de Lactobacillus spp. e Bifidobacterium spp. foram cultivadas em leite em pó desnatado reconstituído 12% adicionado de 3% (p/v) de mel pasteurizado. Foram preparados controles sem mel. Todos os cultivos mantiveram-se viáveis por 46 dias a 7 °C atendendo o número mínimo exigido pela legislação. O maior número de células viáveis de L. casei-01 e L. casei Shirota (>9,0 log10 UFC.mL-1) foi observado nos cultivos contendo mel. A acidez titulável produzida por estas culturas foi de 1,44%. O número de células viáveis de L. acidophilus Sacco® aos 46 dias em cultivos com mel foi significativamente maior (p < 0,05) que nos controles. Considerando todo o período de estocagem, o mel exerceu efeito positivo significativo (p < 0,05) apenas para as culturas de Bifidobacterium. O menor crescimento e a menor acidificação no 46º dia foram observados nos cultivos de Bf. lactis Bb-12, sendo de 7,63 log10 UFC.mL-1 e 0,61% de acidez em presença de mel e 6,11 log10 UFC.mL-1 e 0,30% de acidez nos controles. Diferentemente, os cultivos de Bf. lactis Sacco® atingiram contagens de 9,11 log10 UFC.mL-1 e produziram 1,11% de acidez.

Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 et Bifidobacterium longum R0175 en combinaison réduisent l’apoptose dans le système limbique après ischémie myocardique transitoire chez le rat

Nous avons démontré la présence d'apoptose dans le système limbique suivant un infarctus du myocarde. Cette mort cellulaire serait partiellement reliée à l'augmentation de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Des études démontrent que certains probiotiques ont des effets bénéfiques en diminuant le ratio de cytokines pro/anti-inflammatoires. La prise de probiotiques en prévention, avant l’occlusion d’une artère coronarienne, pourrait-elle diminuer l’apoptose dans le système limbique? Méthodes : La combinaison de probiotiques Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 et Bifidobacterium longum R0175 ou son véhicule fut additionné dans l’eau des rats pendant 28 jours consécutifs. Un infarctus du myocarde fut provoqué par l’occlusion de l’artère coronaire gauche. Après 40 minutes d'occlusion, les régions ischémiques ont été reperfusées pour 72 heures. Les animaux furent sacrifiés et la taille de l'infarctus mesurée. L'amygdale et l'hippocampe furent prélevés pour déterminer l'activité de la caspase-3 (pro-apoptotique), le ratio Bax/Bcl2(proapoptotique/ anti-apoptotique) et l'activité d'Akt (survie cellulaire). Résultats : La taille de l’infarctus n'est pas diminuée dans le groupe probiotique (45% de la région à risque)comparé au groupe placebo. Nos marqueurs d’apoptose démontrent une diminution dans les régions du gyrus denté, de l’amygdale latérale et médiane dans le groupe probiotique par rapport au placebo. L’activité de la caspase-3 et le ratio Bax:Bcl2 furent réduits dans le groupe probiotique de 50% et 40% respectivement (p < 0.05) et phosphorylation d’Akt fut augmentée de 35% (p<0.05). Aucune différence fut observée pour les régions Ca1 et Ca3. Conclusion : La combinaison de probiotiques utilisée réduit l’apoptose dans différentes régions du système limbique 72 heures après un IM.

Effet des probiotiques Lactobacillus helveticus RO052 et Bifidobacterium longum RO175 sur la dépression post-infarctus du myocarde chez le rat

Nous avons déjà démontré que les probiotiques réduisaient l'apoptose observée dans le système limbique après un infarctus du myocarde (IM), suggérant un rôle anti-dépresseur potentiel des probiotiques. Cette étude a été conçue pour déterminer si les probiotiques pouvaient atténuer le comportement dépressif observé après un infarctus du myocarde. Un autre objectif visait à démontrer qu’une altération de la barrière intestinale pourrait avoir lieu lors d’un IM et que les probiotiques pourraient empêcher cette altération de la perméabilité intestinale. Méthodes: Des rats mâles Sprague-Dawley ont reçu des probiotiques (1 milliard de cellules bactériennes vivantes de Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 et Bifidobacterium longum R0175) ou le véhicule tous les jours en dilution dans leur eau, débutant 1 semaine avant l'induction d'une ischémie myocardique. Un infarctus a ensuite été induit chez la moitié des rats, par l'occlusion de l'artère coronaire antérieure gauche (40 minutes) suivie d'une reperfusion. Les rats témoins, l'autre moitié de la cohorte, ont été soumis à la même procédure sans occlusion coronarienne. Une semaine après l'infarctus, les animaux ont été resoumis au traitement préalable jusqu'au moment du sacrifice. Le comportement dépressif a été évalué par trois tests soit: l'interaction sociale, le test de nage forcée et le test d'évitement passif. Résultats: Les résultats obtenus indiquent qu'en absence d'infarctus, les probiotiques n'ont pas d'effet significatif. Toutefois, en dépit de taille similaire IM, des rats traités avec des probiotiques, ont démontré davantage d'interactions sociales et une meilleure performance dans le test de nage forcée et d'évitement passif, comparativement à des rats du groupe IM sans probiotique (p<0,05). Conclusion: Les probiotiques atténuent le comportement dépressif observé après infarctus du myocarde par un mécanisme qui pourrait impliquer l'intégrité des intestins.

In vitro effects of phosphatidylcholine and transgalactooligosaccharides on the production of 1,2-sn-diacylglycerol by Bifidobacterium longum biovar infantis

Aims: To investigate the production of the tumour promoter 1,2-sn-diacylglycerol (DAG) by a human gut isolate of Bifidobacterium longum biovar infantis. Methods and Results: Bifidobacterium longum biovar infantis was grown in vitro using anaerobic static batch cultures in the presence of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and trans-galactooligosaccharides (TOS). Production of DAG was found to be dependent upon the presence of PC, while TOS had a reducing effect. Considerable differences in morphology, growth and metabolic end products from the micro-organism were observed under the different culture conditions. Conclusions: Our results have provided evidence that B. longum biovar infantis can produce DAG in vitro and that a prebiotic exerted a reducing effect upon this production. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results presented in this study demonstrate an ability of ostensibly beneficial member of the colonic environment to produce unwanted compounds under certain conditions. Therefore, it may be important that a combination of substrates and other factors are assessed when studying the behaviour of any bacterial group or species, especially when designing the dietary interventions.