The chemical resolution of racemic cis-2-hydroxymethyl-5(cytosine-1 '-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane (BCH-189)-one direct method to obtain lamivudine as anti-HIV and anti-HBV agent

Racemic cis-BCH-189 can be resolved to (-)-enantiomer (lamivudine) and (+)-enantiomer by esterification of cis-2-hydroxymethyl-5-(N-4(')-acetylcytosine-1'-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane and (+)-menthyl chloroformate in CH3CN with pyridine as base. The two diastereomers of ester were seperated by recrystallization in methanol at 0degreesC. Lamivudine was obtained by deprotection of (-)-diastereomer with high yield.

Synthesis of cis-(+/-)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-(cytosine-1 '-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane (BCH-189)

The target compound BCH-189 was synthesized with high yield via four steps from benzoyloxy acetylaldehyde and p-dithiane-2,5-diol as starting materials. The synthetic route is preferable to what literature reported.

拉米呋淀及其衍生物的合成和药效评估

（1）研究了专利中报道的以2-苯甲酰氧甲基5-乙氧基-1，3氧硫杂环戊烷为中间体，在不同的Lewis酸催化下与乙酰化的胞嘧啶的C-N键偶联反应。研究结果发现，反应的最终产物为苯甲酸2-乙氧基-2-（N_4'-乙酰基胞嘧啶-1'-基）-乙酯。依据实验结果，我们提出了硅甲基化的乙酰基胞嘧啶首先进攻氧硫杂环中间体时，烷硫基比乙氧基基团更易离去，从而进攻氧硫杂环中间体的C-2位而非C-5位的反应机理。（2）研究了不同的Lewis酸催化剂对以2-苯甲酰氧甲基-5-乙酰氧基-1，3-氧硫杂环戊烷中间体与乙酰化胞嘧啶的C-N键形成反庆的影响。结果显示，由于催化剂SnCl_4与氧硫环的硫原子螯合，从而导致胞嘧啶的氮原子从氧硫环的β面进攻，产生顺反产物的比值为3：1，是合成顺式产物的最好催化剂。（3）设计了四步反应合成2-羟甲基-5-（胞嘧啶-1'-基）-1，3-氧硫杂环戊烷（cis-BCH-189）的路线：通过苯甲酰氧基乙醛与2，5-二羟基-1，4-二噻烷的羟醛缩合反应构筑1，3-氧硫杂环戊烷，经乙酰化反应及SnCl_4催化下的C-N键形成反应接上乙酰化胞嘧啶，最后在K_2CO_3/MeOH体系中脱去保护基，得到主产物cis-BCH-189。利用该方法合成外消旋的cis-BCH-189，未见文献报道。其优点在于原料便宜易得，产品收率高，操作简单，是大量合成cis-BCH-189的有效方法。（4）设计了如下合成2-羟甲基-4-（胞嘧啶-1'-基）-1，3-氧硫杂环戊烷的路线：以苯甲酰氧基乙醛和巯基乙醇为原料，在甲苯溶剂中和p-TsOH催化下，经羟醛缩和反应合成得到2-苯甲酰氧基-1，3-氧硫杂环戊烷，然后经间氯过苯甲酸（m-CPBA）氧化为亚砜，在NaOAc/Ac_2O中回流发生普梅雷尔重排反应，得到2-苯甲酰氧甲基-4-乙酰氧基-1，3-氧硫杂环戊烷中间体，以Lewis酸SnCl_4为催化剂，获得顺反比值为2：1的产物。将顺式产物在K_2CO_3/MeOH体系中脱去保护基，得到外消旋的顺式-2-羟甲基-4-（胞嘧啶-1'-基）-1，3-氧硫杂环戊烷。反应共五步，总产率为11%，合成路线未见文献报道。此合成路线原料使宜易得，操作简单，是合成大量产品的有效途径。（5）分另研究了以（-）-樟脑酰氯和（+）-（艹孟）氧基甲酰氯为手性拆分试剂时cis-BCH-189的拆分效果，结果显示前者几乎对其没有拆分能力，而后者却是非常好的拆分试剂。拆分过程为（+）-（艹孟）氧基甲酰氯与顺式-2-羟甲基-5-（N_4'-乙酰基胞嘧啶-1'-基）-1，3-氧硫杂环戊烷经化学反应成酯后，于0 ℃在甲醇溶剂中重结晶，得到左旋光异构体，经K_2CO_3/MeOH体系酯解脱保护基后，得以拉米呋啶纯品，旋光度为[α]_D~(20) = -137°(c0.01, MeOH)；母液浓缩析出的固体经脱保护基后可得到右旋光的对映体，旋光度为[α]_D~(20) = +34.03°(c0.01, MeOH)。（6）探索了以Hg(CN)_2、HgBr_2银盐及TMSOTf等为催化剂的反应条件下，溴代半乳糖四乙酸酯及β-D-半乳糖五乙酸酯分别与顺式-2-羟甲基-5-（N_4'-乙酰基胞嘧啶-1'-基）-1，3-氧硫杂环戊烷的糖苷键形成反应。结果发现以Lewis酸TMSOTf为催化剂时，以β-D-半乳糖五乙酸酯为反应原料获得的BCH-189的糖苷衍生物的产率最高；而在汞催化下，以溴代半乳糖四乙酸酯为反应原料获得的BCH-189的糖苷衍生物的产率仅为10～ 20%。以TMSOTf为催化剂，将拉米呋定、顺反BCH-189及顺式2-羟甲基-4-（胞嘧啶-1'-基）-1，3-氧硫杂环戊烷与β-D-半乳糖五乙酸酯反应合成了系列苷类似物的半乳糖衍生物。（7）将系列核苷类似物的乙酰化半乳糖糖苷及脱保护基的核苷类似物的半乳糖糖苷和拉米呋定纯品于2.2.15细胞株中进行抗病毒性能的药效研究，药效结果显示核苷类似物的乙酰化半乳糖糖苷均优于其完全脱保护基的半乳糖糖苷，也优于未与半乳糖偶联的母体核苷体化合物及抗乙肝病毒的药物拉米呋定。

拉米呋定合成研究进展

综述了拉米呋定 ( Lamivudine)全合成研究进展。

Thoracoscopic scoliosis surgery – a cheaper option? A cost analysis of 189 consecutive cases

INTRODUCTION: Increasing health care costs, limited resources and increased demand makes cost effective and cost-efficient delivery of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) management paramount. Rising implant costs in deformity correction surgery have prompted analysis of whether high implant densities are justified. The objective of this study was to analyse the costs of thoracoscopic scoliosis surgery, comparing initial learning curve costs with those of the established technique and to the costs involved in posterior instrumented fusion from the literature. METHODS: 189 consecutive cases from April 2000 to July 2011 were assessed with a minimum of 2 years follow-up. Information was gathered from a prospective database covering perioperative factors, clinical and radiological outcomes, complications and patient reported outcomes. The patients were divided into three groups to allow comparison; 1. A learning curve cohort, 2. An intermediate cohort and 3. A third cohort of patients, using our established technique. Hospital finance records and implant manufacturer figures were corrected to 2013 costs. A literature review of AIS management costs and implant density in similar curve types was performed. RESULTS: The mean pre-op Cobb angle was 53°(95%CI 0.4) and was corrected postop to mean 22.9°(CI 0.4). The overall complication rate was 20.6%, primarily in the first cohort, with a rate of 5.6% in the third cohort. The average total costs were $46,732, operating room costs of $10,301 (22.0%) and ICU costs of $4620 (9.8%). The mean number of screws placed was 7.1 (CI 0.04) with a single rod used for each case giving average implant costs of $14,004 (29.9%). Comparison of the three groups revealed higher implant costs as the technique evolved to that in use today, from $13,049 in Group 1 to $14577 in Group 3 (P<0.001). Conversely operating room costs reduced from $10,621 in Group 1 to $7573 (P<0.001) in Group 3. ICU stay was reduced from an average of 1.2 to 0 days. In-patient stay was significantly (P=0.006) lower in Groups 2 and 3 (5.4 days) than Group 1 (5.9 days) (i.e. a reduction in cost of approximately $6,140). CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of our thoracoscopic anterior scoliosis correction has resulted in an increase in the number of levels fused and reduction in complication rate. Implant costs have risen as a result, however, there has been a concurrent decrease in those costs generated by operating room use, ICU and in-patient stay with increasing experience. Literature review of equivalent curve types treated posteriorly shows similar perioperative factors but higher implant density, 69-83% compared to the 50% in this study. Thoracoscopic Scoliosis surgery presents a low density, reliable, efficient and effective option for selected curves. A cost analysis of Thoracoscopic Scoliosis Surgery using financial records and a prospectively collected database of all patients since 2000, demonstrating a clear cost advantage compared to equivalent posterior instrumentation and fusion.

On BCH codes over arbitrary integer rings

Bose-C-Hocquenghem (BCH) atdes with symbols from an arbitrary fhite integer ring are derived in terms of their generator polynomials. The derivation is based on the factohation of x to the power (n) - 1 over the unit ring of an appropriate extension of the fiite integer ring. lke eomtruetion is thus shown to be similar to that for BCH codes over fink flelda.

Segunda avaliação orçamentária de 2010 : contingenciamento de maio : Decreto 7.189/10, Portaria Interministerial MPOG/MF 251/10

Consultoria de Orçamento e Fiscalização Financeira - Núcleo de Assuntos Econômico-Fiscais.

Keys to the larvae of the species of the genera Diamesa, Eukiefferiella, Orthocladius, Cricotopus, Psectrocladius and Chaetocladius. [Translation from: Larvae and pupae of midges of the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the fauna of the USSR (Diptera, Chironomidae = Tendipedidae) (ed. V.Y. Pankratova) p76-8,151-152,173-174,188-189. Leningrad, Nauka, 1970. ]

Eudiaptomus vulgaris Schmeil is the most abundant copepod in Lake Maggiore and forms also, in respect to other entomostraca, the most important element, through its average biomass and because it is fairly numerous throughout the year. Plankton samples collected in a systematic and quantitative way, gave the opportunity to study some aspects of the dynamics of the population of this copepod, in safety in view of the uncertainty which in this kind of study can ensue when samples are taken only at a single station - in consequence of the changes in size of population between different water masses. The results of the biometrical observations are of the population of Eudiaptomus vulgaris is presented.

~(189)Re的两个新能级

建议189W一个新的简单衰变纲图。指定189Re能量为470.4keV和489.8keV的2个新能级。改进了先前189Re的能级信息。

~(189)W衰变纲图

用14.8 MeV中子同天然锇反应, 取道192O(n, α) 反应产生189W。通过放射化学分离流程, 从反应产物中分出W。用高纯Ge探测器完成放射性W样品γ射线单谱的测量。在189Re激发能级文献值的基础上并依据衰变和能级的关系以及189W衰变的γ射线能量和相对强度的实验数据, 给出了建议的189W衰变纲图。

~(189)W的衰变

给出了迄今为止实验中测得的新发现的189W的衰变数据——射线能量、半衰期和相对强度等,作为文献值;并将实验结果同文献值进行了比较。丰富了已测得的189W半衰期的文献值

Band properties of the transitional nucleus Pt-189

High-spin states in Pt-189 have been studied with the in-beam gamma-spectroscopy method via the Yb-176(O-18, 5n) reaction at beam energies of 88 MeV and 95 MeV. A new level scheme of Pt-189 has been established. Rotational bands based on the upsilon i(13/2)(-1), upsilon f(5/2)(p(3/2)) and upsilon i(13/2)(-2)upsilon f(p(3/2)) configurations, as well as several structures with irregular level spacings, have been observed. Properties of rotational bands have been analyzed in the framework of triaxial particle-rotor model. A gamma similar to -30 degrees triaxial shape and a near prolate shape have been proposed to the upsilon i(13/2)(-1) and uf(5/2)(p(3/2)) bands, respectively. Two Delta I=2 transition sequences with similar energies have been observed, and they have been proposed to be associated with the upsilon i(13/2)(-1)upsilon f(5/2)(p(3/2)) configuration. According to the relevant Nilsson orbitals, the bands built on the upsilon i(13/2)(-1)upsilon f(5/2)(p(3/2)) configuration could be interpreted as a pair of pseudo-spin partner.