981 resultados para B-32
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Hexagonal Ln(2)CuTiO(6) (Ln = Y, Dy, Ho, Er, and Yb) exhibits a rare combination of interesting dielectric properties, in the form of relatively large dielectric constants (epsilon' > 30), low losses, and extremely small temperature and frequency dependencies, over large ranges of temperature and frequency Choudhury et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 162903 (2010) and Choudhury et al., Phys. Rev. B 82, 134203 (2010)], making these compounds promising as high-k dielectric materials. The authors present a brief review of the existing literature on this interesting class of oxides, complimenting it with spectroscopic data in conjunction with first-principles calculation results, revealing a novel mechanism underlying these robust dielectric properties. These show that the large size differences in Cu2+ and Ti4+ at the B-site, aided by an inherent random distribution of CuO5 and TiO5 polyhedral units, frustrates the ferroelectric instability, inherent to the noncentrosymmetric P6(3) cm space group of this system, and gives rise to the observed relatively large dielectric constant values. Additionally, the phononic contributions to the dielectric constant are dominated primarily by mid-frequency (>100 cm(-1)) polar modes, involving mainly Ti4+ 3d(0) ions. In contrast, the soft polar phonon modes with frequencies typically less than 100 cm(-1), usually responsible for dielectric properties of materials, are found to be associated with non-d(0) Cu2+ ions and to contribute very little, giving rise to the remarkable temperature stability of dielectric properties of these compounds. (C) 2014 American Vacuum Society.
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对生长在中国长白山的5种藓类植物——垂枝藓、拟垂枝藓、塔藓、星塔藓和高山金发藓分别以辐射强度为0.2(自然光照,对照)、3.0(紫外线中等辐射强度)和6.0kJ.m-2.d-1(高剂量辐射强度)的UV-B照射40d后,测定其株高、生物量及叶绿素含量.结果表明:中等和高强度的UV-B辐射使拟垂枝藓和塔藓的株高、生物量和叶绿素含量分别下降了32.3%、62.4%、81.3%和21.4%、59.4%、62.8%,其相对生长速率均为负值;高剂量UV-B辐射处理下垂枝藓的生物量稍有上升,而高山金发藓地下部分的生物量增加1倍,但叶绿素含量变化不明显.高山金发藓和垂枝藓抵抗UV-B辐射的能力较强,拟垂枝藓和塔藓对UV-B辐射较敏感.
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Quantum Ohmic residual resistance of a thin disordered wire, approximated as a one-dimensional multichannel conductor, is known to scale exponentially with length. This nonadditivity is shown to imply (i) a low-frequency noise-power spectrum proportional to -ln(Ω)/Ω, and (ii) a dispersive capacitative impedance proportional to tanh(√iΩ )/ √iΩ. A deep connection to the quantum Brownian motion with linear dynamical frictional coupling to a harmonic-oscillator bath is pointed out and interpreted in physical terms.
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(I): Mr=274"39, orthorhombic, Pbca, a = 7.443 (1), b= 32.691 (3), c= 11.828 (2)A, V= 2877.98A 3, Z=8, Din= 1.216 (flotation in KI), D x = 1.266 g cm -3, /~(Cu Ka, 2 = 1.5418 A) = 17.55 cm -1, F(000) = li52.0, T= 293 K, R = 6.8%, 1378 significant reflections. (II): M r = 248.35, orthorhombic, P212~21, a = 5.873 (3), b = 13.677 (3), c = 15-668 (5) A, V = 1260.14 A 3, Z = 4, D,n = 1.297 (flotation in KI), Dx= 1.308 g cm -a, /t(CuKa, 2=1.5418 A) = 19.55 cm -~, F(000) = 520.0, T= 293 K, R = 6.9%, 751 significant reflections. Crystals of (I) and (II) undergo photo-oxidation in the crystallinestate. In (I) the dihedral angle between the phenyl rings of the biphenyl moiety is 46 (1) °. The C=S bond length is 1.611(5) A in (I) and 1.630 (9)/~ in (II). The correlation between molecular packing and reactivity is discussed.
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allo-4-Hydroxy-L-proline crystallizes from an aqueous solution as the dihydrate. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with a=7.08 (2), b=22.13 (3), c= 5"20 (2) A,. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by block-diagonal least squares. The final R for 733 observed reflexions is 0.054. The molecule exists as a zwitterion with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups cis to the pyrrolidine ring. The latter is puckered at the fl-carbon atom, which deviates by -0.54 A, from the best plane formed by the four remaining atoms. The molecules are held together by a network of hydrogen bonds, the water molecules playing a dominant role in the stability of the structure.
Size dependence of the bulk modulus of semiconductor nanocrystals from first-principles calculations
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The variation in the bulk modulus of semiconductor nanoparticles has been studied within first-principles electronic-structure calculations using the local density approximation (LDA) for the exchange correlation. Quantum Monte Carlo calculations carried out for a silicon nanocrystal Si87H76 provided reasonable agreement with the LDA results. An enhancement was observed in the bulk modulus as the size of the nanoparticle was decreased, with modest enhancements being predicted for the largest nanoparticles studied here, a size just accessible in experiments. To access larger sizes, we fit our calculated bulk moduli to the same empirical law for all materials, the asymptote of which is the bulk value of the modulus. This was found to be within 2-10% of the independently calculated value. The origin of the enhancement has been discussed in terms of Cohen's empirical law M.L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 32, 7988 (1985)] as well as other possible scenarios.
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Transfer free processes using Cu films greatly simplify the fabrication of reliable suspended graphene devices. In this paper, the authors report on the use of electrodeposited Cu films on Si for transfer free fabrication of suspended graphene devices. The quality of graphene layers on optimized electrodeposited Cu and Cu foil are found to be the same. By selectively etching the underlying Cu, the authors have realized by a transfer free process metal contacted, suspended graphene beams up to 50 mu m in length directly on Si. The suspended graphene beams do not show any increase in defect levels over the as grown state indicating the efficiency of the transfer free process. Measured room temperature electronic mobilities of up to 5200 cm(2)/V.s show that this simpler and CMOS compatible route has the potential to replace the foil based route for such suspended nano and micro electromechanical device arrays. (C) 2014 American Vacuum Society.
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主链热致液晶聚芳醚酮,同时引入含联苯介晶基元和含取代侧基的破坏结晶基元,具有丰富的液晶相结构,是目前发现的少数几种具有高有序液晶性的聚合物之一。本论文利用热分析(DSC)、红外光谱(FTIR)、广角X-射线衍射(WAXD)、偏光显微镜(PLM)、电子显微镜(TEM)、电子衍射(ED)和原子力显微镜(AFM)等实验手段对主链热致液晶聚芳醚酮进行了结构和形态表征,研究了高有序液晶性及其在相变中作用。这不但对全面了解和认识液晶高分子的复杂相变过程有重要理论意义,同时对改善这类材料的性能和拓宽其应用范围有重要的实际意义。首先确定了主链热致液晶聚芳醚酮的高有序液晶相。DSC结果指出该共聚物呈现两个热力学一级相转变,即结晶相向液晶相和液晶相向各向同性相的转变。WAXD结果表明,该共聚物在液晶相温区形成高有序近晶结晶相结构,即同时呈现高有序液晶相和结晶的衍射特征,由低角度衍射峰确定液晶相具有多个亚层结构,由高角度衍射峰确定结晶相为正交晶系。通过ED、WAXD方法,确定所得的高有序近晶结晶相为垂直的正交相SC_E相。TEM、PLM观察到的单矢畴结构和镶嵌织构等也证明了高有序液晶相的存在。高有序液晶相的形成和发展过程对其后降温过程中的结晶相变有重要影响。从各向同性溶体慢降温时(≤10 ℃/min),在液晶温区生成了较完整的高有序液晶相,其后直接转化成稳定的晶型I结构;从各向同性溶体快降温时(≥20 /min),在液晶温区生成不完整的小尺寸高有序液晶相并成为另一种亚稳晶相(晶型II)的成核剂,而晶型II的生长速率很快,最终导致大量亚稳晶型II的生成。亚稳晶型II在较高温度下热处理可转化为稳定的晶型I。对于常规聚芳醚酮,可通过拉伸诱导和溶剂诱导晶型II的产生,而本文为首次发现液晶聚芳醚酮可通过控制降温速率诱导晶型II的产生。研究了液晶聚芳醚酮的共聚组成和侧基的空间位阻效应对液晶性的影响。当聚合物中侧基摩尔分类小于30%和大于80%时,样品不具有液晶性。仅当共聚物的侧基摩尔分数在30%-80%时,样品呈现液晶性,熔融相转变温度随共聚组成不同基本保持不变,这种变化规律与常规聚芳醚酮无规共聚物的呈“V”字形变化有显著的不同。不同侧基共聚物的液晶稳定性从小到大的次序为氯侧基PAEK<甲氧基 PAEK<叔丁基 PAEK≤苯侧基 PAEK<三氟甲基苯PAEK,说明空间位阻效应比分子极性效应对液晶稳定性的影响大,其符合Flory-Onsager空间位阻效应是决定液晶稳定性因素的观点,而否定了Maier-Sauper分子极性效应是决定液晶稳定性因素的观点。液晶聚芳醚酮具有非常丰富的液晶相态结构,包括低有序液晶相特征的纹影织构、扇形织构、焦锥织构;高有序液晶相特征的镶嵌织构、近晶相球晶织构、单矢畴结构;剪切力场诱导的指纹织构;非剪切作用下结晶诱导的单晶状条带结构;以及薄膜样品从溶体冷却结晶得到的单晶体和从非晶态冷结晶得到的球晶。单矢畴结构是有单一分子取向的有序微区,它是液晶高分子存在高有序液晶相一个有力的证据。研究表明液晶聚芳醚酮的单矢畴结构是由初始的多天畴结构经热处理转化而成的,具有正交晶系和分子链垂取向的特征。指纹织构是在液晶相与各向同性相转变温区受到机械剪切作用时形成的且非连续地分散在镶嵌织构中。研究表明指纹织构为正交晶体结构,整个指纹织构区域的分子链均垂直于膜平面,晶体的a轴和b轴的取向也基本一致。在主链热致液晶高分子中这种剪切诱导的指纹织构还是首次发现并被报道。单晶状条带结构是液晶聚芳醚桐熔体膜在高有序液晶相转化温区等温处理生成的。TEM结果指出条带呈明暗相间的周期性排列,其宽度约20nm;ED结果指出条带区域具有正交晶系的单晶状取向结构;条带的延伸方向为晶体的b轴方向;AFM结果指出条带结构的薄膜表面是凸凹起伏的。通过电子衍射、明场、暗场和样品倾转技术证明,这种结晶诱导的单晶状条带结构的成因来自于分子链的取向不同。条带结构在AFM高度图中的凸起部分(TEM明场像的暗区)分子链垂直于膜平面,而凹下部分(TEM明场像的亮区)分子链向b轴倾斜,最大倾角±20°。需要指出的是文献报道的条带结构,无论是剪切的和非剪切(结晶诱导或固化诱导)的条带结构,其分子链均平行于膜平面,而我们得到的条带结构的分子取向与其有显著的不同。这种单晶状条带结构的生成,除湿度和时间等影响因素外,膜厚度是决定性因素,只有当膜厚略大于分子链长度时,方导致结晶诱导的单昌状条带结构的形成,过剩的自由体积能以这种起伏的条 结构的方式得以释放。该聚合物在生成单晶状条带结构的同时,还形成大量的均相附生结晶形态,绝大多数附生结晶接触面为(100)_Ⅰ/(210)_Ⅱ和(010)_Ⅰ/(210)_Ⅱ,分别对应结晶b轴的夹角为32°和122°。液晶聚芳醚酮薄膜样品,从熔体冷却结晶得到了单晶体,从非晶态冷结晶得到了球晶。平放(flat-on)的单晶有规则的外形,从[001]方向的电子衍射图,可确定单晶区域为正交晶系,分子链(c轴方向)垂直于膜平面。AFM观察指出,单晶体表面平整度达分子水平,并成功地获得了分子晶格分辨像,测得的晶胞参数(a和b)与电子衍射结果基本一致,分子链端位于晶体表面,这意味着该聚合物的分子量分布很均匀。该分子晶格分辨像被《Macromolecular Rapid Communications》选作封面。
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I LnCl_3-LiCl-THF配合物的研究深入地研究了氯化稀土和氯化锂于四氢呋喃溶液中,以不同的摩尔比,在不同条件下的反应。实验结果表明,反应速度随着稀土元素原子半径的减小,LiCl/LnCl_3摩尔比的增大,以及四氢呋喃用量的增加而加快。通过紫外质谱元素分析和X-射线单晶结构分析等证明,随着不同的LiCl/LnCl_3摩尔比和结晶条件的不同,可以得到不同组成的LnCl_3-LiCl-TNF配合物。对(LaCl)(THF)_2(μ_2-Cl)_4[Li(THF)_2]_2和(LaCl)DME(μ_3-Cl)(μ_2-Cl)_5(La·DME)Li(THF)_2晶体的结构分析表明,前者为单斜晶系,P21/C空间群。a=10.542(4), b=32.236(4), c=11.182(6)A °; β=113.50(3) °, V=3484.97 A °~3. Z=4, R=0.0471;后者为三斜晶系,PT空间群,晶胞参数是:a=11.123(3), b=16.564(5), c=8.653(3)A °;α=95.16(3), β=95.63(3), γ=74.71(3) °;V=1527.0A °~3。Z=2,R=0.0303。实验结果还表明,μ_2-和μ_3-氯桥键是LnCl_3-LiCl-THF类配合物中最基本、最重要的配位键,这种键是通过多重键的方式起着稳定分子结构的作用。当进行与有机配体的交换反应时,由于它们的特殊稳定性,能起到阻止轻稀土有机配合物歧化反应的作用。II环戊二烯基轻镧系氯化物的合成及其稳定性的研究对(G_5H_5)_3Ln·THF和LnCl_3·3LiCl-THF (Ln=La, Nd)溶液反应的研究表明,由于μ_2-氯桥键的作用,轻稀土环戊二烯基化合物中环戊二烯基的再分配反应,在0℃或室温下都能迅速进行。通过两者不同的摩尔比反应,经元素分析、红外光谱、~1H NMR和质谱鉴定,方便地合成了C_5H_5 LnCl_2·2LiCl·5THF和(C_5H_5)_2LnCl.LiCl·nTHF (Ln=La, Nd)等配合物。这一结果表明(C_5H_5)_2LnCl.LiCl·nTHF配合物不仅能稳定地存在于THF溶液中,而且能在一定条件下析出结晶。对(C_5H_5)_2LaCl.LiCl·4THF的晶体结构测定表明,该晶体属于正交晶系,Pc2m空间群。a=12.306(4), b=23.056(6), c=26.701(11)A°; V=7575.81A°~3;而(C_5H_5)_2LaCl·LiCl(DME)_2THF晶体则属于六方晶系,a=12.967(4), b=12.967(4), c=24.108(10)A°;V=3510 A°~3。通过(G_5H_5)_3Ln·THF与LnCl_3·3THF (Ln=La, Nd)的反应进一步研究了轻稀土环戊二烯基氯化物的稳定性。经元素分析,红外光谱和晶体结构分析表明合成了[(η~5-C_5H_5)_4La_3Cl_5·3THF]_2·9THF和(C_5H_5)_2 NdCl·THF配合物,前者属于三斜晶系,P1空间群。a=11.690(3), b=11.750(5), c=18.433(6)A°; α=98.75(3), β=95.62(3), γ=118.92(2)°; V=2147.06 A°~3. Z=1, R=0.099。对环戊二烯基轻稀土氯化物的稳定性进行了较详细地讨论。结果表明,THF的用量和化合物的溶解度是影响产物组成的决定因素。当THF的量不足以溶解所生成的产物时,就会歧化成溶解度最大((C_5H_5)_3Ln·THF)和最小(LnCl_3·nTHF)的两种组分。反之,环戊二烯基轻稀土化合物(Ln=La, Nd)中环戊二烯基的再分配反应就能顺利进行。经元素分析和结构测定,在((C_5H_5)_3Nd·THF)和NdCl_3·LiCl-THF溶液的反应体系中,偶然分离得到了[(η~5-C_5H_5)_4Nd_4(μ_4-o)(μ_2-Cl)_8] [Li(DMP)_2THF]_2这一不合常规的化合物,其晶体属于正交晶系,Pna2,空间群a=19.010(7), b=23.231(6), c=14.180(4); V=6261.91 A°~3。Z=4, R=0.054。说明在一定条件下,μ-氧桥键也起到了稳定分子结构的作用。推测了各类环戊二烯基轻稀土氯化物在THF中的合成反应机理,在LiCl存在的反应体系中Ln cl cl Li桥键能与环戊二烯基发生交换反应;在(C_5H_5)_3Ln·THF和LnCl_3·3THF的反应体系中,首先存在着LnCl_3分子之间的互相作用,因而易于形成双核或多核配合物。这类配合物以晶体形式析出时,易于发生结构上的变化,即化合物的结晶形态与溶液中的形态不一定相同。探索了环戊二烯基烯丙基稀土化合物新的合成方法。找到了真空加热脱水制备氯化稀土的最佳条件,其产物纯度在97%以上。通过加入Co_3O_4/Wo_3催化助燃剂的方法,提高了测定稀土有机化合物中碳含量的准确性。
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目的 了解河南省艾滋病病毒Ⅰ型( HIV21) 新近感染者的耐药情况。方法 2006 年8 月- 2007 年6 月,在河南省艾滋病自愿咨询(VCT) 检测点发现的未进行抗病毒治疗的HIV21 感染者,以酶联免疫吸附试验初筛、 蛋白印迹试验确认HIV21 感染,BED2CEIA 方法检测新近感染。检出的新近感染样品进行基因型耐药检测,提取 血浆中RNA ,套式聚合酶链反应(Nested2PCR) 扩增HIV21 pol 基因区,PCR 产物双脱氧法测序,所得序列与Los Alamos HIV 标准株序列比对,构建系统进化树分析亚型;利用Stanford HIVdb Drug Resistance Database 分析耐 药相关突变(DRM) 和耐药情况。结果 共检出HIV21 新近感染39 例,扩增测序有34 例新近感染样品分析成功。 亚型分析结果为B′亚型32 例(9411 %) ,CRF01_AE 重组亚型1 例(219 %) ,C 亚型1 例(219 %) 。未发现蛋白酶抑 制剂( PI) 主要DRM ,检测到10 例(2914 %) 存在PI 次要DRM;未发现核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂(NRTI) 的DRM;3 例(818 %) 存在非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTI) 的DRM。耐药分析显示,有2 例(519 %) 对NNRTI 类药物耐 药。结论 目前河南省HIV21 新近感染人群中耐药状况处于中等水平,有必要加强HIV21 的耐药监测。
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LaCl_3和LiCl在THF中于室温反应,以已烷为沉淀剂,在-78℃得到晶体,经色谱、元素分析及X射线晶体结构测定,得到了组成为(LaCl)(THF)_2(μ-Cl)_4[Li(THF)_2]_2的配合物.在约-80℃收集该配合物晶体的衍射强度数据,计算结果表明属于单斜晶系,P2_1/c空间群,其晶胞常数a=10.542(4)(?),b=32.236(14)(?),c=11.182(6)(?);β=113.50(3)°,最后R值为0.0477.四个氯桥键构成了分子的基本骨架,表明桥键在小配体轻希土双金属配合物结构中具有稳定作用.