Biosynthetic pathways to isocyanides and isothiocyanates; precursor incorporation studies on terpene metabolites in the tropical marine sponges Amphimedon terpenensis and Axinyssa n.sp.

The biosynthetic origins of the isocyanide and isothiocyanate functional groups in the marine sponge metabolites diisocyanoadociane (1), 9-isocyanopupukeanane (10) and 9- isothiocyanatopupukeanane (11) are probed by the use of [C-14]-labelled precursor experiments. Incubation of the sponge Amphimedon terpenensis with [C-14]-labelled thiocyanate resulted in radioactive diisocyanoadociane ( 1) in which the radiolabel is specifically associated with the isocyanide carbons. As expected, cyanide and thiocyanate were confirmed as precursors to the pupukeananes 10 and 11 in the sponge Axinyssa n. sp.; additionally these precursors labelled 2-thiocyanatoneopupukeanane ( 12) in this sponge. To probe whether isocyanide-isothiocyanate interconversions take place at the secondary metabolite level, the advanced precursor bisisothiocyanate 17 was supplied to A. terpenensis, but did not result in significant labelling in the natural product isocyanide 1. In contrast, in the sponge Axinyssa n. sp., feeding of [C-14]-9-isocyanopupukeanane (10) resulted in isolation of radiolabelled 9- isothiocyanatopupukeanane 11, while the feeding of [C-14]-11 resulted in labelled isocyanide 10. These results show conclusively that isocyanides and isothiocyanates are interconverted in the sponge Axinyssa n. sp., and confirm the central role that thiocyanate occupies in the terpene metabolism of this sponge.

Struttura e dinamica di popolazione di Axinella polypoides (Schmidt, 1862) (Porifera, Demospongiae) presso l’Isola Gallinara (SV)

I poriferi rappresentano un importante campo di ricerca anche in ambito applicativo in quanto potenzialmente utili come fonte di metaboliti secondari da impiegarsi in ambito clinico (antitumorali, antibiotici, antivirali, ecc.) e industriale (antifouling). I processi di biosilicificazione interessano invece per aspetti legati alle biotecnologie marine. Questo Phylum ha un importante ruolo strutturale e funzionale nell’ecologia dei popolamenti bentonici, in quanto può essere dominante in numerosi habitat e svolgere un ruolo ecologico fondamentale nelle dinamiche degli ecosistemi marini. Per questo, la variazione spaziale e temporale della loro abbondanza può avere effetti considerevoli su altri membri della comunità. Lo studio delle dinamiche di popolazione e del ciclo riproduttivo dei poriferi potrebbe permettere di valutare come i cambiamenti climatici ne influenzino la crescita e la riproduzione e potrebbe quindi fornire una base per lo sviluppo di corrette tecniche di gestione ambientale. La spugna Axinella polypoides è inserita all’interno delle liste di protezione della Convenzione di Berna e di Barcellona, dove sono elencate le specie da proteggere perché minacciate o in pericolo di estinzione. Questa specie, avendo una morfologia eretta, è fortemente minacciata soprattutto da attività antropiche quali pesca e ancoraggi, ma nonostante questo la letteratura relativa ad essa è scarsa, La sua importanza è legata soprattutto al recente utilizzo come modello per numerosi esperimenti. A. polypoides rappresenta, infatti, il più basso livello nella scala evolutiva in cui sono stati rinvenuti meccanismi biochimici cellulari di reazione all’aumento di temperatura (incremento dell’attività ADP-ribosil ciclasica, sintesi di ossido nitrico) tipici degli organismi superiori. Lo scopo di questa tesi è di aumentare le conoscenze sull’ecologia e sulla biologia di questo porifero, al fine di consentire una migliore predisposizione di eventuali piani di tutela. Dallo studio delle colonie effettuato presso l’Isola Gallinara (SV), emerge una dinamica di crescita lenta ed un ciclo riproduttivo estivo, coerentemente con quanto osservato per altre specie mediterranee del genere Axinella. Le analisi istologiche effettuate hanno mostrato variabilità temporale nella densità e nella dimensione di particolari cellule sferulose, che si ipotizza siano collegate a fenomeni di proliferazione cellulare e rigenerazione in seguito a danni. È stata individuata inoltre la presenza di una particolare tipologia cellulare dendritica la cui funzione si ritiene abbia affinità con le funzioni sensoriali di Phyla superiori. Queste osservazioni, e l’evidente vulnerabilità della specie agli impatti antropici, hanno evidenziato la necessità di sviluppare adeguati piani di monitoraggio e di conservazione.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 December 2009-31 January 2010

This article documents the addition of 220 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Allanblackia floribunda, Amblyraja radiata, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Dissodactylus primitivus, Elodea canadensis, Ephydatia fluviatilis, Galapaganus howdenae howdenae, Hoplostethus atlanticus, Ischnura elegans, Larimichthys polyactis, Opheodrys vernalis, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Phragmidium violaceum, Pistacia vera, and Thunnus thynnus. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Allanblackia gabonensis, Allanblackia stanerana, Neoceratitis cyanescens, Dacus ciliatus, Dacus demmerezi, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa, Ceratits catoirii, Dacus punctatifrons, Ephydatia mülleri, Spongilla lacustris, Geodia cydonium, Axinella sp. Ischnura graellsii, Ischnura ramburii, Ischnura pumilio, Pistacia integerrima and Pistacia terebinthus. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Padrões de distribuição e taxonomia para os porifera da região central do Algarve

Dissertação de mest., Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Resource availability and the persistence of seed-eating bird populations in agricultural landscapes – a mechanistic modelling approach

1. Reductions in resource availability, associated with land-use change and agricultural intensification in the UK and Europe, have been linked with the widespread decline of many farmland bird species over recent decades. However, the underlying ecological processes which link resource availability and population trends are poorly understood. 2. We construct a spatial depletion model to investigate the relationship between the population persistence of granivorous birds within the agricultural landscape and the temporal dynamics of stubble field availability, an important source of winter food for many of those species. 3. The model is capable of accurately predicting the distribution of a given number of finches and buntings amongst patches of different stubble types in an agricultural landscape over the course of a winter and assessing the relative value of different landscapes in terms of resource availability. 4. Sensitivity analyses showed that the model is relatively robust to estimates of energetic requirements, search efficiency and handling time but that daily seed survival estimates have a strong influence on model fit. Understanding resource dynamics in agricultural landscapes is highlighted as a key area for further research. 5. There was a positive relationship between the predicted number of bird days supported by a landscape over-winter and the breeding population trend for yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella, a species for which survival has been identified as the primary driver of population dynamics, but not for linnet Carduelis cannabina, a species for which productivity has been identified as the primary driver of population dynamics. 6. Synthesis and applications. We believe this model can be used to guide the effective delivery of over-winter food resources under agri-environment schemes and to assess the impacts on granivorous birds of changing resource availability associated with novel changes in land use. This could be very important in the future as farming adapts to an increasingly dynamic trading environment, in which demands for increased agricultural production must be reconciled with objectives for environmental protection, including biodiversity conservation.

(+)-Echinobetaine B: isolation, structure elucidation, synthesis and preliminary SAR studies on a new nematocidal betaine from a southern Australian marine sponge, Echinodictyum sp.

The principle nematocidal agent present in a southern Australian marine sponge of the genus Echinodictyum has been isolated and identfied as the novel betaine (+)-echinobetaine B (6), and the structure assigned by spectroscopic analysis has been confirmed by total synthesis. Preliminary SAR conclusions are drawn from analysis of synthetic intermediates and the known marine metabolites zooanemonin (12) and norzooanemonin (13), and the new sponge metabolite norzooanemonin methyl ester (14). The latter compound is reported for the first time from a selection of Australian sponges, including an Axinyssa sp., a Niphates sp., an Axinella sp. and a Ptilocaulis sp.

Physical oceanography, sea-bed photographs and videos of benthos from the Weddell Sea taken with remote operated vehicle CHEROKEE during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXIII/8

The marine ecosystem on the eastern shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula was surveyed 5 and 12 years after the climate-induced collapse of the Larsen A and B ice shelves. An impoverished benthic fauna was discovered, that included deep-sea species presumed to be remnants from ice-covered conditions. The current structure of various ecosystem components appears to result from extremely different response rates to the change from an oligotrophic sub-ice-shelf ecosystem to a productive shelf ecosystem. Meiobenthic communities remained impoverished only inside the embayments. On local scales, macro- and mega-epibenthic diversity was generally low, with pioneer species and typical Antarctic megabenthic shelf species interspersed. Antarctic Minke whales and seals utilised the Larsen A/B area to feed on presumably newly established krill and pelagic fish biomass. Ecosystem impacts also extended well beyond the zone of ice-shelf collapse, with areas of high benthic disturbance resulting from scour by icebergs discharged from the Larsen embayments.