Capim-marandu e babaçu em sistema silvipastoril

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Disproportionate single-species contribution to canopy-soil nutrient flux in an Amazonian rainforest

Rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were monitored on an event basis in an undisturbed open tropical rainforest with a large number of palm trees located in the southwestern Amazon basin of Brazil. Stemflow samples were collected from 24 trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) > 5 cm, as well as eight young and four full-grown babassu palms (Attalea speciosa Mart.) for 5 weeks during the peak of the wet season. We calculated rainfall, throughfall and stemflow concentrations and fluxes of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+,, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- and H+ and stemflow volume-weighted mean concentrations and fluxes for three size classes of broadleaf trees and three size classes of palms. The concentrations of most solutes were higher in stemflow than in rainfall and increased with increasing tree and palm size. Concentration enrichments from rainfall to stemflow and throughfall were particularly high (81-fold) for NO3-. Stemflow fluxes of NO3- and H+ exceeded throughfall fluxes but stemflow fluxes of other solutes were less than throughfall fluxes. Stemflow solute fluxes to the forest soil were dominated by fluxes on babassu palms, which represented only 4% of total stem number and 10% of total basal area. For NO3-, stemflow contributed 51% of the total mass of nitrogen delivered to the forest floor (stemflow + throughfall) and represented more than a 2000-fold increase in NO3- flux compared what would have been delivered by rainfall alone on the equivalent area. Because these highly localized fluxes of both water and NO3- persist in time and space, they have the potential to affect patterns of soil moisture, microbial populations and other features of soil biogeochemistry conducive to the creation of hotspots for nitrogen leaching and denitrification, which could amount to an important fraction of total ecosystem fluxes. Because these hotspots occur over very small areas, they have likely gone undetected in previous studies and need to be considered as an important feature of the biogeochemistry of palm-rich tropical forest. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

What is the name of the babassu? A note on the confusing use of scientific names for this important palm tree.

Na literatura científica atual são encontrados artigos que utilizam diferentes nomes científicos para o babaçu, principalmente Orbignya phalerata e Attalea speciosa, mas também O. speciosa, O. martiana, entre outros. Esta multiplicidade de nomes ocasiona uma grande confusão na comunidade científica que permite a propagação sucessiva de erros. Este artigo de opinião objetiva esclarecer aspectos deste problema, revisando a história da nomenclatura da espécie, desde a primeira descrição por Martius, em 1826, e evidenciando as sucessivas mudanças de nome que ocorreram. São também brevemente discutidas as consequências da fusão dos quatro gêneros relacionados, de recentes trabalhos de filogenia e das últimas mudanças em classificação de palmeiras para a nomenclatura da espécie. Adicionalmente, os resultados de buscas em Índices de Nomes de Plantas são apresentados. Como conclusão, recomendamos a adoção do nome Attalea speciosa Mart ex. Spreng como o mais adequado para o babaçu e frisamos a forte necessidade de uma ampla revisão taxonômica do grupo.

Agronomic, morphogenic and structural characteristics of Marandu grass in silvopastoral systems composed of babassu palm and grass monoculture.

This study evaluated the agronomic, morphogenic and structural characteristics of palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha) in silvopastoral systems (SSP?s) composed of babassu palms (Attalea speciosa) and grass monoculture in the Pre-Amazon region of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. The study followed a completely randomized design, with the arrangement in split plots with six replicates for the evaluation of agronomic characteristics and 30 repetitions for the morphogenic and structural characteristics. The plots were divided into pasture environments with different palm densities (monoculture, 80, 131, 160 palms.ha-¹), and the subplots were divided into the different seasons (rainy and dry).

Bartogenic acid, a new triterpene acid from Barringtonia speciosa

A new triterpene acid, was isolated from the fruits of Barringtonia speciosa. Its structure was established as 2α,3β,19α-trihydroxyolean-12-ene-24,28-dioic acid from chemical and spectroscopic data and confirmed by its conversion into methyl sericiale.

Factors influencing the germination of myrtle (Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. and L-floribunda Jack) seeds

Gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate did not promote the germination of myrtle seeds when tested at 20/30degreesC (16/8h). Germination was promoted considerably by alternating temperatures. The results of an investigation on a two-dimensional temperature gradient plate showed that myrtle seeds germinated most rapidly (within 14 days) and fully (all viable seeds) at 35/22.5degreesC (16/8 h) and similar regimes. Tests on five seed lots of Lagerstroemia speciosa and L. floribunda showed the efficacy of the alternating temperature regime of 35/20degreesC (16/8 h) in promoting germination. Thus we recommend myrtle seeds be tested for germination in this regime for 28 days.

Visitantes florais de Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers: (Lythraceae)

Studies were carried out with Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers. on floral reproductive systems, diversity and constancy of visiting insects at different hours of day, the behaviour of these insects at the flowers and the influence of these environmental factors in relation to their visits. The fenology, anthesis and others particularity of this vegetal species was studied. A great diversity of insects was verified visiting the flowers with the predominance of bees. The most frequent and constant species encountered were: Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Lepeletier, 1836) (40,2%), Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811) (16,9%), Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (11,8%), Plebeia droryana (Friese, 1900) (9,1 %) e Exomalopsis fulvofasciata (Smith, 1879) (8,5%). The blossoms possessis features of melittophily syndrome and diurnal anthesis. The environmental factors influence the insects foraging activity, mainly temperature, light, time of day, humidity and wind speed. The effective pollinators were the large insects like Bombus morio (Swederus, 1787), Bombus atratus (Franklin, 1913), Centris tarsata (Smith, 1874), Centris flavifrons Fabricius, 1775, Xylocopa suspecta Camargo & Moure, 1988, Xylocopa frontalis (Olivier, 1789) and Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, 1841.

Visitantes florais de Erythrina speciosa Andr. (Leguminosae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Resistência de genótipos de batata (Solanum spp.) a Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Preferência alimentar de adultos de Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) por genótipos de batata (Solanum spp.)

Avaliou-se a preferência alimentar de adultos de Diabrotica speciosa (Germar), pelos genótipos de batata Achat, Baronesa, Monalisa, N 140-201 e NYL 235-4. Foram realizados ensaios com e sem chance de escolha, em laboratórios e em casa de vegetação, na FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP. em dois testes utilizaram-se discos de folíolos provenientes de plantios em vaso (plantas com 40 dias); em outros seis semelhantes (exceção ao genótipo N 140-201) foram utilizados discos de folíolos provenientes de plantio de campo (plantas com 30, 50 e 70 dias). Nas placas de Petri (repetições) foram liberados dois adultos/disco. Dois outros ensaios foram efetuados em gaiolas (sem chance de escolha), no interior de casa de vegetação, com plantas com 15 e 45 dias de idade, liberando-se três e 10 adultos/planta respectivamente, avaliando-se o consumo de área foliar quatro e cinco dias após. Nos testes em laboratório com material de vaso, o genótipo NYL 235-4 (com e sem chance) foi o menos consumido (1,08 a 1,12 mg de peso seco). Com material de campo (com e sem chance), o peso de matéria fresca consumida pela praga foi menor em NYL 235-4 (médias de 26,2 e 66,1 mg) e Baronesa (30,2 e 57,9 mg). Nos ensaios em gaiolas (sem chance) também verificou-se menor consumo em NYL 235-4 (3,35 cm² e 16,70 cm²/planta). Esses resultados revelam que o genótipo NYL 235-4 apresenta resistência do tipo não-preferência para alimentação em relação a D. speciosa.

Resistência de genótipos de batata a larvas e adultos de Diabrotica speciosa

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Preferência alimentar de Diabrotica speciosa (Germ.) e Cerotoma sp. por genótipos de soja

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Atratividade e Consumo Foliar por Adultos de Diabrotica speciosa (Germ.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) em Diferentes Genótipos de Abóbora

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)