Wet-bulk densities, mean atomic weights, effective porosities, grain densities, and compressional-wave velocities at DSDP Leg 58 Holes

The effects of water saturation and open pore space on the seismic velocities of crystalline rocks are extremely important when comparing laboratory data to in situ geophysical observations (e.g., Dortman and Magid, 1969; Nur and Simmons, 1969; Christensen and Salisbury, 1975). The existence of fractured rocks, flow breccias and drained pillows in oceanic crustal layer 2a, for instance, may appreciably reduce seismic velocities in that layer (Hyndman, 1976). Laboratory data assessing the influence of porosity and water saturation on seismic velocities of oceanic crustal rocks would certainly aid interpretation of marine geophysical data. Igneous rocks recovered during Leg 58 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, in the Shikoku Basin and Daito Basin in the North Philippine Sea, are extremely vesicular, as evidenced by shipboard measurements of porosities, which range from 0 to 30 per cent (see reports on Sites 442, 443, 444, and 446, this volume). Samples with this range of porosities afford an excellent opportunity to examine the influence of porosity and water saturation on seismic velocities of oceanic basalts. This paper presents compressional-wave velocities to confining pressures of 1.5 kbars for water-saturated and air-dried basalt samples from the North Philippine Sea. Samples used in this study are from sites 442, 443 and 444 in the Shikoku Basin and Site 446 in the Daito Basin. Excellent negative correlation between porosity and compressional-wave velocity demonstrates that waterfilled pore space can significantly reduce compressionalwave velocities in porous basalts. Velocities measured in air-dried samples indicate that the velocity difference between dry samples and saturated samples is small for porosities exceeding 10 per cent, and very large for lower porosities.

Tabulae atomicae : the chemical tables for the calculation of quantitative analyses of H. Rose. Recalculated for the more recent determinations of atomic weights, and with other alterations and additions /

Mode of access: Internet.

Isotopic determination of silicon by mass spectrometry in plants and soils labeled with Si-30

A method for isotopic determination of silicon by mass spectrometry in plants and soils labeled with Si-30 is reported. The development of this method is for use with studies involving the physiological process of absorption, transport, and redistribution of Si in the soil-plant system by use of the stable isotope Si-30 as a tracer. The procedure leads to SiF4 formation, and the isotopic determination of Si was based on the measurements of the (SiF3+)-Si-28, (SiF3+)-Si-29, and (SiF3+)-Si-30 signals. Relative standard deviation of Si-30 abundance measurements (n = 6) were lower than 0.1%, and the detection limit was 0.5 mg Si (dry mass).

A química orgânica na consolidação dos conceitos de átomo e molécula

The present work discusses the appearance of the concepts of valence and molecular structure, and describes the appropriation and evolution of the concept of molecule in the period following the publication of Avogadro's Hypothesis. The point of reference is the development of what became known as Organic Chemistry, which encompassed Pharmacy, Physiological Chemistry, Animal and Plant Chemistry, Chemistry of Dyestuffs, Agricultural Chemistry, and the fledgling Organic Synthesis industry in the early 19th century. The theories formulated in these areas and the quest for accurate atomic weights led to those concepts of valence and molecular structure and to a precise differentiation between atom and molecule.

A Simple Algorithm for Unique Representation of Chemical Structures - Cyclic/ Acyclic Functionalized Achiral Hydrocarbons

An algorithm, based on ‘vertex priority values’ has been proposed to uniquely sequence and represent connectivity matrix of chemical structures of cyclic/ acyclic functionalized achiral hydrocarbons and their derivatives. In this method ‘vertex priority values’ have been assigned in terms of atomic weights, subgraph lengths, loops, and heteroatom contents. Subsequently the terminal vertices have been considered upon completing the sequencing of the core vertices. This approach provides a multilayered connectivity graph, which can be put to use in comparing two or more structures or parts thereof for any given purpose. Furthermore the basic vertex connection tables generated here are useful in the computation of characteristic matrices/ topological indices, automorphism groups, and in storing, sorting and retrieving of chemical structures from databases.

An introduction to chemistry,

"International atomic weights, 1937" on end lining-paper.

Essai sur la théorie des proportions chimiques et sur l'influence chimique de l'électricité /

Translation of v. 3 of Lärbok i kemien.

Eminent chemists of our time,

"References" at end of each chapter.

Solutions of electrolytes, with particular application to qualitative analysis,

"International atomic weights, 1929" on lining-paper.

The fundamentals of quantitative analysis,

"First and second editions, and reprints, published as 'Principles of quantitative analysis'."

Organic d13C values, kerogen atomic C/N ratios and relative weights of some kerogen pyrolysis products of ODP Hole 112-682A (Table 1)

Carbon isotopic composition of predominantly marine kerogen in latest Oligocene mudstones of the Peru Margin ODP 682A Hole shows an about 3.5? increase with decreasing age. Py-GC and elemental (C=N ratio) analysis of the kerogen plus sulphur isotopic study together with earlier knowledge on geological setting and organic geochemistry results in a better understanding of depositionary environment and allows to separation of the influence of concentration of water dissolved carbon dioxide (ce) on kerogen delta13C from that of other factors (bacterial degradation, sea surface temperature, DIC delta13C, productivity, and admixture of land plant OM). Based on this analysis, the major part of the kerogen shift is considered as a result of the latest Oligocene decrease of marine photosynthetic carbon isotopic fractionation in the Peru Margin photic zone, which in turn possibly reflects a simultaneous drop in atmospheric CO2 level. Uncertainties in the evaluation of the factors affecting the marine photosynthetic carbon isotopic fractionation and the extent of ocean-atmosphere disequilibrium do not permit calculation of the decrease of the atmospheric CO2.

Atomic resolution studies of oxide superlattices and ultrathin films

The ability to grow ultrathin films layer-by-layer with well-defined epitaxial relationships has allowed research groups worldwide to grow a range of artificial films and superlattices, first for semiconductors, and now with oxides. In the oxides thin film research community, there have been concerted efforts recently to develop a number of epitaxial oxide systems grown on single crystal oxide substrates that display a wide variety of novel interfacial functionality, such as enhanced ferromagnetic ordering, increased charge carrier density, increased optical absorption, etc, at interfaces. The magnitude of these novel properties is dependent upon the structure of thin films, especially interface sharpness, intermixing, defects, and strain, layering sequence in the case of superlattices and the density of interfaces relative to the film thicknesses. To understand the relationship between the interfacial thin film oxide atomic structure and its properties, atomic scale characterization is required. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) offers the ability to study interfaces of films at high resolution. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows for real space imaging of materials with directly interpretable atomic number contrast. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), together with STEM, can probe the local chemical composition as well as local electronic states of transition metals and oxygen. Both techniques have been significantly improved by aberration correctors, which reduce the probe size to 1 Å, or less. Aberration correctors have thus made it possible to resolve individual atomic columns, and possibly probe the electronic structure at atomic scales. Separately, using electron probe forming lenses, structural information such as the crystal structure, strain, lattice mismatches, and superlattice ordering can be measured by nanoarea electron diffraction (NED). The combination of STEM, EELS, and NED techniques allows us to gain a fundamental understanding of the properties of oxide superlattices and ultrathin films and their relationship with the corresponding atomic and electronic structure. In this dissertation, I use the aforementioned electron microscopy techniques to investigate several oxide superlattice and ultrathin film systems. The major findings are summarized below. These results were obtained with stringent specimen preparation methods that I developed for high resolution studies, which are described in Chapter 2. The essential materials background and description of electron microscopy techniques are given in Chapter 1 and 2. In a LaMnO3-SrMnO3 superlattice, we demonstrate the interface of LaMnO3-SrMnO3 is sharper than the SrMnO3-LaMnO3 interface. Extra spectral weights in EELS are confined to the sharp interface, whereas at the rougher interface, the extra states are either not present or are not confined to the interface. Both the structural and electronic asymmetries correspond to asymmetric magnetic ordering at low temperature. In a short period LaMnO3-SrTiO3 superlattice for optical applications, we discovered a modified band structure in SrTiO3 ultrathin films relative to thick films and a SrTiO3 substrate, due to charge leakage from LaMnO3 in SrTiO3. This was measured by chemical shifts of the Ti L and O K edges using atomic scale EELS. The interfacial sharpness of LaAlO3 films grown on SrTiO3 was investigated by the STEM/EELS technique together with electron diffraction. This interface, when prepared under specific conditions, is conductive with high carrier mobility. Several suggestions for the conductive interface have been proposed, including a polar catastrophe model, where a large built-in electric field in LaAlO3 films results in electron charge transfer into the SrTiO3 substrate. Other suggested possibilities include oxygen vacancies at the interface and/or oxygen vacancies in the substrate. The abruptness of the interface as well as extent of intermixing has not been thoroughly investigated at high resolution, even though this can strongly influence the electrical transport properties. We found clear evidence for cation intermixing through the LaAlO3-SrTiO3 interface with high spatial resolution EELS and STEM, which contributes to the conduction at the interface. We also found structural defects, such as misfit dislocations, which leads to increased intermixing over coherent interfaces.

Unravelling the nanostructure of strawberry fruit pectins by atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows the analysis of individual polymers at nanostructural level with a minimal sample preparation. This technique has been used to analyse the pectin disassembly process during the ripening and postharvest storage of several fleshy fruits. In general, pectins analysed by AFM are usually visualized as isolated chains, unbranched or with a low number of branchs and, occasionally, as large aggregates. However, the exact nature of these structures is unknown. It has been suggested that pectin aggregates represent a mixture of rhamnonogalacturonan I and homogalacturonan, while isolated chains and their branches are mainly composed by polygalacturonic acid. In order to gain insight into the nature of these structures, sodium carbonate soluble pectins from ripe strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa, Duch.) fruits were subjected to enzymatic digestion with endo-Polygalacturonase M2 from Aspergillus aculeatus, and the samples visualized by AFM at different time intervals. Pectins isolated from control, non-transformed plants, and two transgenic genotypes with low level of expression of ripening-induced pectinase genes encoding a polygalacturonase (APG) or a pectate lyase (APEL) were also included in this study. Before digestion, isolated pectin chains from control were shorter than those from transgenic fruits, showing number-average (LN) contour length values of 73.2 nm vs. 95.9 nm and 91.4 nm in APG and APEL, respectively. The percentage of branched polymers was significantly higher in APG polyuronides than in the remaining genotypes, 33% in APG vs. 6% in control and APEL. As a result of the endo-PG treatment, a gradual decrease in the main backbone length of isolated chains was observed in the three samples. The minimum LN value was reached after 8 h of digestion, being similar in the three genotypes, 22 nm. By contrast, the branches were not visible after 1.5-2 h of digestion. LN values were plotted against digestion time and the data fitted to a first-order exponential decay curve, obtaining R2 values higher than 0.9. The half digestion time calculated with these equations were similar for control and APG pectins, 1.7 h, but significantly higher in APEL, 2.5 h, indicating that these polymer chains were more resistant to endo-PG digestion. Regarding the pectin aggregates, their volumes were estimated and used to calculate LN molecular weights. Before digestion, control and APEL samples showed complexes of similar molecular weights, 1722 kDa, and slightly higher than those observed in APG samples. After endo-PG digestion, size of complexes diminished significantly, reaching similar values in the three pectin samples, around 650 kDa. These results suggest that isolated polymer chains visualized by AFM are formed by a HG domain linked to a shorter polymer resistant to endo-PG digestion, maybe xylogalacturonan or RG-I. The silencing of the pectate lyase gene slightly modified the structure and/or chemical composition of polymer chains making these polyuronides more resistant to enzymatic degradation. Similarly, polygalacturonic acid is one of the main component of the aggregates.

Low-density Three-dimensional Foam Using Self-reinforced Hybrid Two-dimensional Atomic Layers.

Low-density nanostructured foams are often limited in applications due to their low mechanical and thermal stabilities. Here we report an approach of building the structural units of three-dimensional (3D) foams using hybrid two-dimensional (2D) atomic layers made of stacked graphene oxide layers reinforced with conformal hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) platelets. The ultra-low density (1/400 times density of graphite) 3D porous structures are scalably synthesized using solution processing method. A layered 3D foam structure forms due to presence of h-BN and significant improvements in the mechanical properties are observed for the hybrid foam structures, over a range of temperatures, compared with pristine graphene oxide or reduced graphene oxide foams. It is found that domains of h-BN layers on the graphene oxide framework help to reinforce the 2D structural units, providing the observed improvement in mechanical integrity of the 3D foam structure.