Atividades comportamentais e comportamento alimentar de rã touro, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802), de pigmentação normal e albina em cativeiro

The behavior of bullfrogs reared in captivity must be well understood to support management practices that use efficient feeding regimes. In general, bullfrogs reared in captivity have normal pigmentation, but to develop an enhanced product, some studies have investigated the introduction of albino individuals in frog farms. The present study characterized the behavior of both pigmented and albino bullfrogs reared in captivity. In an initial experiment, 48 bullfrogs (70.5 ± 25.6 g) housed in small stalls were fed once a day at random times. Frogs were filmed and the images showed that both the pigmented and albino varieties behaved similarly: food intake was more frequent at dawn followed by light periods; moving and resting in dry areas may be associated to feeding events; frogs appeared to anticipate feeding time and to rest in the water more frequently in periods other than feeding time; daylight is the recommended period for feeding both pigmented and albino frogs. In a second experiment, 72 albino bullfrogs were fed at fixed times (10 a.m. or 4 p.m.) in small stalls. An initial weight of 23.8 ± 7.6 g was considered to evaluate frog performance, and after the animals reached 60.0 ± 20.0 g, they were filmed for behavior analyses. Food intake varied as a function of feeding time, and frogs were more likely to eat during the early hours of the day and immediately after receiving fresh food. Frogs fed only in the afternoon changed their behavior. Food supplied twice a day stimulated the albino frogs to eat at different times, but did not increase growth. Although fresh food stimulated feeding behavior, food intake was more frequent at dawn. Food supplied at this time of day should therefore be further investigated. The results did not indicate a more suitable feeding time (10 a.m. or 4 p.m.) for albino bullfrogs, or any advantage in using two feedings per day. The results provide xvi important information about bullfrogs in terms of food supply regime and activity preferences throughout the day. This novel information will contribute to future studies in this area

Distribuição diária das atividades comportamentais dos camarões marinhos Farfantepenaeus subtilis (Pérez Farfante, 1967) e Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1938) em condições laboratoriais

Marine aquaculture has developed in the last decades all over the world, especially related to shrimp management. In Brazil, the introduction of the species Litopenaeus vannamei has contributed to the success of the activity, even if there are problems associated with the management of a exotic species, such as new diseases and ecological pressure on native species. It has been emphasized the need of research for developing new methodology that will allow native species management, being the most important Farfantepenaeus subtilis and Litopenaeus schmitti. Most knowledge obtained from research with those species has generally used a technical approach and mainly focused feeding process. There are no specific behavioral data on their activity pattern which should be of great importance for the use of native species on commercial culture farms. So, it was our objective to study and compare the daily distribution of behavioral activities of the marine shrimp species Litopenaeus schmitti and Farfantepenaeus subtilis. Forty animals of each species, 5 individuals per aquarium, were maintained in aquaria containing 200L of sea water under continuous aeration and filtration. They were marked individually and were observed by the instantaneous focal time sampling, along 10 continuous days, in 6 daily 15 min observation windows, every two hour. In each window, behaviors and location position of the animals in the aquarium were registered at 1 min intervals. Food was offered 3 times a day, representing 10% of each aquarium biomass. Aquaria were maintained in artificial photoperiod, 12hour light/l2 hour dark, 4 aquaria in light cycle equivalent to the environmental one (light from 06:00 to 17:59 h and dark from 18:00 to 05:59 h) and the other 4 in the reverse light cycle (light from 18:00 to 05:59 h and dark from 06:00 to 17:59 h) to allow sequential behavioral observation in both phases of the 24 hour cycle. There was a clear distinction between the distribution of behavioral activities of F. subtilis and L. schmitti in the two phases. The activity pattern of Farfantepenaeus subtilis demonstrates that species has prominently night habits and a burying pattern during the light cycle. Exploration, inactivity and swimming were the most common activities. The behavioral pattern of Litopenaeus schmitti indicates that species is active along both phases of the light cycle, and the most evident behaviors were exploration, inactivity and swimming

Efeitos do substrato e da densidade populacional sobre as atividades comportamentais e níveis de homócitos em relação à densidade em Litopenaeus vannamei (BOONE, 1931)

Carciniculture in Brazil occupies world-wide prominence due to shrimp culture, and the state of Rio Grande do Norte has presented the best results in the culture of the Litopenaeus vannamei in the last decade. This species has been shown to adapt easily to different environments and is between the five most cultivated penaeids of the world. The ponds are usually constructed in areas close to water courses and estuaries. Stock density and substrate ponds can pollute environment, causing losses in the growth and survival of the shrimps, being considered stress factors. Shrimps in inadequate densities and substrates can result reduced productivity of the farm; and favor diseases. So, it is important to verify how these variables influence the development of the animals in the culture farms. Our objective was to study the influence of the type of substrate and the stock density on the behavior and haemocyte count of the L. vannamei. Individually marked juvenile shrimps were kept in aquaria with 30 L of seawater and continuous aeration, in 12L-12D photoperiod. They were observed through Ad libitum and focal sampling instantaneous methods during thirty days, five times per week, six times per day (8:00 to 18:00) in windows of 15 minutes every two hours. The marking of carapace permitted quantifying molting and the feeding was supplied three times a day. Two experiments were carried out: the first one tested animals in the three different substrates (fine sand, smaller rocks-SPP and biggest rocks-SGR) with 33 shrimp/m2. In the second one, the animals were tested in three stock densities (26, 52 and 66 shrimp/m2) in fine sand substrate. At the end of experiment, biometry (first and second ones) and haemocyte count (second one) were made. The behavior of the L. vannamei seems to have been influenced by substrate and stocking density. In low granulometry of the substrate; the exploratory behavior became more frequent and inactivity of the shrimps was reduced. Burrowing was registered in sand substrate, specially in the initial period of the day. Cleaning was gradually higher along the day, presenting the biggest levels as the dark phase approached. The ingestion of feeding was more frequent in low density, and the animals were bigger and heavier at the end of the experiment. In the fine sand condition, the animals presented better growth, probably associated with the burrowing. The molting was equivalent in all types of substrate, but it was more frequent in high densities. Mortality of the shrimps was more frequent in high densities, and cannibalism and diseases were also registered in that condition. The clinical signals were similar to the ones of infectious mionecrosis (IMNV), generally associated with environment and physical stress. The haemocyte count was low for the hematologic standards of the penaeid, which we attributed for greater dilution of haemolymph in the postmolting phase. Smaller shrimps presented lower levels of haemocytes in relation to the bigger animals, count was also low in 26 shrimp/m2 density. The study demonstrates that stocking density and the granulometry of the substrate can affect the welfare, the health and the behavior of the L. vannamei. The sand substrate and low stocking density can be important tools in the management systems of shrimp production

Comportamento de cordeiros em pastejo de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) em diferentes fases fenológicas submetidos à adubação nitrogenada

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de nitrogênio (N) em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), manejada à mesma altura em pastejo contínuo, sobre o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros de corte. Utilizaram-se o azevém com quatro doses de N, empregando-se ureia comercial (45% de N) com aplicação única, sendo: 0 kg/ha de N; 75 kg/ha de N; 150 kg/ha de N; e 225 kg/ha de N. O período de avaliação foi de 63 dias, dividido em três períodos de 21, que corresponderam aos estágios de desenvolvimento das plantas desde a fase vegetativa até o florescimento. Em cada período os dias foram divididos em três turnos de avaliação comportamental: manhã (6:30 às 10:30), meio-dia (10:31 às 14:30) e tarde (14:31 às 18:30). Na análise dos períodos, os animais diminuíram a atividade de ócio em 0,3 min a cada dia de avanço no ciclo da pastagem, independentemente do turno de avaliação. Já para o consumo de água, não houve diferença entre as fases fenológicas (média de 1,8 min por dia). Os cordeiros reduziram o tempo de ruminação em 0,612; 0,660; e 0,060 min a cada dia de utilização da pastagem nos turnos da manhã (6 : 30 - 10 : 30), meio-dia (10:31 -14:30) e tarde (14:31 - 18:30), respectivamente, ao passo que para o pastejo os tempos destinados a essa atividade aumentaram 0,726; 1,104; e 0,354 min, respectivamente. Com relação às doses de N, não houve interferência (P > 0,05) sobre as atividades de ruminação (126,6 min) e consumo de água (10,5 min). Observou-se comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para ócio em 0,108 min e decrescente para pastejo em 0,198 min para cada kg de N aplicado na pastagem. O estágio fenológico do azevém influenciou as atividades comportamentais dos cordeiros.

Comportamento do camarão de água doce macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) em cultivos misto e monossexo

Understanding the behavioral activities of freshwater shrimp in captivity is of paramount importance for the appropriate management of the species. In Brazil, the shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii is currently the most widely used species in the freshwater shrimp culture due to its high potential for cultivation and good market acceptance. Thus, the present study aimed to describe and characterize the behavioral activities of M. rosenbergii in monosex and in mixed (male and female) (manuscript 1, 2 and 3) populations and the growth performance of this species in restrictive feeding conditions and in different feeding management (manuscript 4 and 5, respectively) . Juvenile and adult shrimps were collected from ponds of the Aquaculture Station - Unidade Especializada em Ciências Agrárias - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Macaíba/RN and then transferred to the Laboratório de Estudos do Comportamento do Camarão LECC (Laboratory for Shrimp Behavioral Studies) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). For each treatment , eight aquaria of 250 L (50 cm x 50 cm x 100 cm) were used in a closed recirculating water system with artificial lighting, constant aeration , continuous filtration through a biochemical and biological filter (canister filter), and fine sand as substrate . The water quality was monitored daily. The lab consisted of two rooms with artificial lighting system , controlled by a timer with dark / light cycle of 12:12 h . In manuscript 1, the behavioral categories of the species were presented through an ethogram, which described 31 behaviors, subdivided into general and agonistic behaviors. Manuscript 2 compared the behavioral profile of shrimps in male and in female monosex and mixed populations over 24 hours in laboratory. In three types (mixed, male monosex and female monosex) of populations during the light and dark phases of the 24 hour cycle, the shrimps showed higher occurrence of cleaning behavior. Manuscript 3 examined the influence of the color of the shelter on the frequency of its use and behavioral activities of shrimp in mixed, in male monosex and in female monosex populations over 24 hours. We observed that the shrimp M. rosenbergii burrow more frequently during the light phase in male monosex and mixed populations; they also tend to choose the black shelters. Female monosex populations tend to use red and orange shelters. In manuscript 4, we evaluated in laboratory the behavioral activities and growth performance of juvenile shrimps under food restriction. We observed that a mild food restriction may be used since there is no loss concerning the growth of the animals; feeding management on alternate days , compared to daily management can be financially productive both reducing labor costs and reducing the amount of feed used . Manuscript 5 evaluated the behavior of shrimps in monosex and in mixed populations, as well as the latency of reach the food according to feed offer (tray or food dispersal) . Our results indicate that animals adjust to both types of feed offer food dispersal as much as tray, but they spend more time to reach the feed when it is offered in trays (feeders). Comparing culture types (mixed, male monosex and female monosex), the latency to reach the food was lower for female monosex population. The data obtained in this study demonstrate the importance of identifying different pressures and environmental stimuli on the behavioral responses of this species. This knowledge would support management improvement to optimize the levels of animals‟ welfare, resulting in a better zootecnical performance

Uso de habitat, orçamento temporal e influência da maré da geomorfologia do fundo sobre o comportamento do boto Sotalia guianensis Van Bénéden, 1864 (Cetacea: Delphinidae) no Porto de Maceió - Alagoas, Brasil

The physical and environmental factors presented by each habitat and the rhythm of behavior patterns strongly influence the ecology and behavior of the all living beings. At same time this factors may provide clues about the structure of a population and its ecological balance. The organizational structure, ecology and behavior of a species appraised in a region if we know be in balance when compared to the same type of appraisal made in a degraded area can provide a clear view of how the anthropogenic influences acted on these species and what steps can be taken in order to mitigate the effects and keep the population. The region where this study was conducted is, like most areas of port, subject to intense physical and environmental degradation. With the emerging interest of change in the quality of these environments also by the companies themselves that use the port services, the proposed study aimed to characterize the use of habitat, the distribution of behavioral activities carried out throughout the day and influence of geomorphology of the bed, depth and variation of tide on the expression of the behavior of Sotalia guianensis in the port of Maceio - Alagoas. From this information will be possible establish parameters for comparison with other populations of S. guianensis and establish conservation measures for the population occurring in the port of Maceio - AL, serving also as a basis for conservation actions future performed in other port regions

Cuidado ao filhote de boto cinza, Sotalia guianensis (van Benédén, 1864)

In some species parental care is vital to survival. Many studies have reported various parental care behaviours in cetaceans. In Sotalia guianensis, some behaviours have been already described and linked to parental care. However, many aspects are still unknown and all these information might be important for the species conservation. The aim of the present study was minimize these gaps, showing the options involved in the marine tucuxi parental care. The observations took place in Enseada do Curral, located in Pipa, Tibal do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte Coast. Between January and December of 2005 the local population of tucuxi was observed during 42 days. The methods used were Focal Animal and Ad Libitum. The results suggest that calves are present in the bay all year long. Groups with calves had a mean of 6,9 animals, allowing the animals to participate in different activities in the group besides caring. The calves created different associations, being usually followed by an adult. In groups, the calves stay mainly in the centre, which offers them protection. Calves remained next to the adults tail, facilitating breastfeeding. The calves most noticeable activities were those in the surface and the behaviour frequencies decreased, in general, in the presence of human swimmers and boats, what could be considered a threat to the animals. Adults shared positions when caring for calves, suggesting allomaternal care; food transfer from adults to calves was observed, which might be related to diet acquisition; three non-described behaviours were seen, indicating a diversified behavioural repertoire for this species

Morfofisiologia das castas e forrageamento do cupim de cerrado Velocitermes heteropterus (Isoptera: Termitidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Diurnal behavior of dairy cows on alfalfa pastures supplemented with corn silage and concentrate

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Alterações na dinâmica de colônias de Atta sexdens rubropillosa Forel, 1906 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) submetidas ao tratamento com iscas tóxicas

As formigas cortadeiras são consideradas pragas por causarem diversos prejuízos em áreas agrícolas e, por este motivo, há um crescente interesse em métodos variados de controle destes insetos. Atualmente, existem diversos métodos de controle conhecidos, mas o mais utilizado é o controle químico, que apresenta diferentes estratégias de formulação e modos de aplicação. O principal método químico utilizado são as iscas tóxicas, que tem a melhor eficiência e já são utilizadas em escala comercial. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações que ocorrem na dinâmica de colônias de Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1906 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) submetidas ao tratamento com iscas tóxicas contendo os ingredientes ativos sulfluramida e hidrametilnona, as quais serão comparadas com uma colônia controle, que receberá isca sem ingrediente ativo. Para isso, foram utilizadas três colônias de A. s. rubropilosa, mantidas em laboratório, com aproximadamente 1000 mL de jardim de fungo cada. Elas foram dispostas em vitrais, interligados a dois potes plásticos, um para a câmara de forrageamento e outro para o lixo. Um dia antes de iniciar o experimento, todo o lixo foi retirado e as colônias foram deixadas sem o fornecimento de alimento. Após 24 horas sem alimentação, as iscas foram oferecidas na câmara de forrageamento de cada colônia. A colônia 1 recebeu 3g de isca sem ingrediente ativo; a colônia 2 recebeu 3g de isca contendo sulfluramida; e a colônia 3 recebeu 3g de isca contendo hidrametilnona. Durante 10 dias, foram avaliados aspectos como carregamento, incorporação e devolução das iscas, alterações comportamentais das operárias classificadas como sintomas de intoxicação, mudanças no aspecto físico dos jardins de fungo, como umidade e aparecimento de fungos contaminantes, e a extinção da colônia. A partir dos dados obtidos, foram feitas análises comparativas das atividades comportamentais...

Própolis na dieta de abelhas Apis mellifera L. e seu efeito no sistema imune, expressão de genes após o desafio bacteriano e detoxificação frente ao agroquímico fipronil

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FMVZ

Densidade de estocagem em camarões da espécie Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) na fase juvenil

Among the species of freshwater shrimp being cultivated, Macrobrachium rosenbergii stands out. Knowledge about the behavior of this species and the influence of certain factors on its development can help optimize management practices and minimize the likely impacts shrimp farming has on the environment and the animals themselves. The objective of this study was to characterize the species' behavior during early stages of development under different stocking densities over a 24-hour cycle. Ten day old postlarvae were transferred from the Jundiaí School of Agriculture (EAJ - Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí) in Macaíba (RN), Brazil to the Shrimp Behavior Laboratory (LSPR - Laboratório de Estudos do Comportamento do Camarão) at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), where they were weighed and measured. Eight aquaria with constant temperature, aeration and filtration, and subjected to a12 h light/12 h dark cycle were used for each experiment. Each aquarium also contained two shelters made of bricks and the water quality was monitored weekly. Behavioral observations were made at two densities: 25 individuals/m-² and 40 individuals/m-². The methods for recording behaviors were: behavioral sampling – enter and leave the shelter, exploring on the substrate, exploring in the water column, move away, attack, pursuit and cannibalism; scan sampling - inactivity, feeding, exploration, digging, swimming, cleaning and staying in the shelter. Observations were made during a 15 minute period/per aquarium at a frequency of 4 times daily, for 4 days/week, and over 4 weeks. Food was provided 2 times/day for each aquarium population, immediately before the 1st and 3rd observation periods. Our results demonstrate that at high density, there is an increased frequency of agonistic behavior; during the light phase, there is a greater frequency of behaviors that result in less exposure (inactivity, cleaning and staying in the shelter); during the dark phase, there is an increased frequency of behaviors that result in greater exposure (feeding, exploration, swimming and digging); at times of feed offer, there is an increased frequency of leaving the shelter, moving away, pursuit, feeding, exploration and swimming. At low density, the animals showed a lower frequency of agonistic behaviors, greater weight gain and higher growth rates, which indicates that this is a more favorable growing environment for cultivation and when applied, can generate better living conditions, favor survival rates and increase management success

Respostas comportamentais de vacas holandesas, com acesso à sombra constante ou limitada

O experimento foi realizado no município de Piracicaba, São Paulo, nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 1993, com o objetivo de avaliar respostas comportamentais de vacas holandesas, com acesso à sombra constante ou limitada. O delineamento experimental foi o completamente casualizado. Foram utilizadas 24 vacas da raça holandesa, em diferentes estágios de lactação e níveis de produção, mantidas em dois currais tipo "free stall", com ou sem coberturas com lonas plásticas nas extremidades sudeste-noroeste da área coberta. Os parâmetros comportamentais estudados foram: tempos despendidos e freqüências nas atividades de alimentação, ruminação, ócio e procura pelo bebedouro. A proteção da área de descanso dos animais não influenciou as variáveis estudadas. Os tempos despendidos diariamente nas atividades de alimentação, ruminação e ócio foram 3,4, 7,0 e 9,0 horas, respectivamente. As maiores freqüências de alimentação ocorreram antes e depois das ordenhas. A ruminação ocorreu principalmente no período noturno; o ócio foi mais freqüente no período de maior radiação solar. Os animais permaneceram mais tempo na área coberta (13,4 vs 2,5 h/dia). As maiores freqüências de procura pelo bebedouro ocorreram, principalmente, nas horas mais quentes do dia e nos momentos próximos às ordenhas.

Respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais de vacas Holandesas mantidas em sistema adiabático evaporativo

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de recursos de climatização, ventilação e nebulização, sobre a fisiologia e o comportamento de vacas Holandesas alojadas em free-stall, durante o verão do sudeste brasileiro. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas Holandesas submetidas a dois tratamentos com e sem climatização. Os parâmetros ambientais registrados foram temperatura de bulbo seco, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura de globo negro. As variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas foram temperatura retal e frequência respiratória. As variáveis comportamentais registradas foram postura e suas atividades dentro da instalação. Para análise estatística utilizou-se a metodologia de quadrados mínimos por meio do procedimento PROC MIXED e PROC GLM. Apesar das diferenças estatísticas obtidas para as variáveis fisiológicas, as mesmas não foram biologicamente efetivas e indicaram que os animais se encontravam em conforto térmico. Os animais que dispunham de ventilação e nebulização alimentaram-se mesmo nas horas mais quentes do dia. A climatização é uma estratégia que permite maior conforto térmico aos animais e por consequência pode aperfeiçoar a produção leiteira através do aumento no consumo alimentar.

Alterações bioquímicas e comportamentais em ratos submetidos ao modelo químico experimental de hiperhomocisteinemia

A homocistinúria é uma doença metabólica hereditária causada pela deficiência severa na atividade da enzima cistationina β-sintase e é bioquimicamente caracterizada pelo acúmulo tecidual de homocisteína e metionina. Retardo mental, deficiência cognitiva, isquemia, convulsões e aterosclerose são achados clínicos comuns em pacientes homocistinúricos. No entanto, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos da doença são pouco conhecidos. Modelos animais experimentais de erros inatos do metabolismo são úteis para compreender a fisiopatologia dessas doenças em humanos. No nosso laboratório, já foram criados alguns modelos animais de algumas doenças metabólicas hereditárias, como, por exemplo, fenilcetonúria e hiperprolinemia tipo II. A Na+,K+-ATPase é uma enzima fundamental responsável pela manutenção do gradiente iônico necessário para a excitabilidade neuronal e consome de 40 a 60% do ATP formado no cérebro. Essa enzima é inibida por radicais livres e sua atividade está diminuída na isquemia cerebral, epilepsia e em doenças neurodegenerativas como a doença de Alzheimer. A diminuição de energia cerebral e o estresse oxidativo têm sido associados com algumas doenças que afetam o sistema nervoso central, como as doenças de Alzheimer, Parkinson e Huntington e isquemia cerebral. Por outro lado, a homocisteína tem sido considerada um fator de risco para o aparecimento dessas doenças. No sentido de ampliar o conhecimento das alterações bioquímicas envolvidas na gênese da disfunção neurológica característica da homocistinúria, esse trabalho teve como principal objetivo desenvolver um modelo químico experimental de hiperhomocisteinemia em ratos. Utilizando esse modelo, verificamos a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase e alguns parâmetros de metabolismo energético (produção de CO2, captação de glicose, produção de lactato e atividades das enzimas succinato desidrogenase e citocromo c oxidase) em hipocampo de ratos. A aprendizagem e a memória na tarefa do labirinto aquático de Morris foram avaliadas em ratos submetidos ao modelo químico experimental de hiperhomocisteinemia. Nesse trabalho, também estudamos o efeito in vitro dos metabólitos acumulados na homocistinúria, homocisteína e metionina, sobre a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase e sobre alguns parâmetros de metabolismo energético (produção de CO2, captação de glicose, produção de lactato e atividade da enzima citocromo c oxidase). Além disso, o efeito in vitro da homocisteína sobre alguns parâmetros de estresse oxidativo (potencial antioxidante total (TRAP), substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e atividades das enzimas antioxidantes catalase, superóxido dismutase e glutationa peroxidase) em hipocampo de ratos foi investigado. O tratamento crônico foi realizado do 6o ao 28o dia de vida, através de administrações subcutâneas de homocisteína, duas vezes ao dia, com intervalos de 8 horas. As doses de homocisteína administradas foram escolhidas com o objetivo de induzir concentrações plasmáticas de 0,4 a 0,5 mM, semelhantes àquelas encontradas em pacientes homocistinúricos. Através desse tratamento, também foram induzidas concentrações elevadas de homocisteína no cérebro de ratos. Os controles receberam solução salina em volumes semelhantes. Os resultados mostram que a administração crônica de homocisteína inibiu a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase de membrana plasmática sináptica, a produção de CO2 e a captação de glicose, assim como as atividades das enzimas succinato desidrogenase e citocromo c oxidase em hipocampo de ratos. Os animas tratados com homocisteína também apresentaram diminuição de memória na tarefa do labirinto aquático de Morris. Além disso, a homocisteína e a metionina inibiram a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase de hipocampo de ratos in vitro. Estudos cinéticos sobre a inibição da Na+,K+-ATPase, causada pela homocisteína, também foram realizados. Os resultados mostraram que a homocisteína inibe a enzima de forma não-competitiva com o ATP como substrato. Também foi verificado que a incubação de homogeneizados de hipocampo com homocisteína diminuiu a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase e que a incubação simultânea com alguns antioxidantes, tais como glutationa, ditiotreitol, cisteína e a enzima antioxidante superóxido dismutase preveniram esse efeito. Os metabólitos acumulados na homocistinúria também alteraram alguns parâmetros de metabolismo energético cerebral (produção de CO2 e lactato, captação de glicose e atividades das enzimas succinato desidrogenase e citocromo c oxidase) in vitro. Além disso, verificou-se que a homocisteína in vitro diminuiu o TRAP e aumentou a quantidade de TBARS, um marcador de lipoperoxidação, mas não alterou as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes catalase, superóxido dismutase e glutationa peroxidase. Os achados sugerem que a inibição da atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase, a diminuição do metabolismo energético e o aumento do estresse oxidativo podem estar relacionados com as disfunções neurológicas características dos pacientes homocistinúricos.