A novel polyhydroxyl sterol from Asterina pectinifera

A novel polyhydroxyl sterol ( 1) along with one known polyhydroxyl sterol (2), and two known monoglycosides, asterosaponin P-1 (3) and its desulfated monoglycoside (4), have been isolated from the whole bodies of a common Pacific starfish Asterina pectinifera. The structure of the new polyhydroxyl sterol was determined as 15beta, 16beta-isopropylidenedioxy-5alpha-cholestane-3beta, 4beta, 6alpha, 7alpha, 8,26-hexaol by spectroscopic methods, including FABMS, HR-FABMS, 1D and 2D NMR techniques.

Asterina ilicis; Asterinaceae

Asterina ilicis Ellis

Asterina strophanthi; Asterinaceae

Asterina strophanthi Henn.

Asterina pinastri; Asterinaceae

Asterina pinastri Sacc. & Ellis in Sacc.

Marine reserve designation, trophic cascades and altered community dynamics

Marine ecosystems and their associated populations are increasingly at risk from the cumulative impacts of many anthropogenic threats that increase the likelihood of species extinction and altered community dynamics. In response, marine reserves can be used to protect exploited species and conserve biodiversity. The increased abundance of predatory species in marine reserves may cause indirect effects along chains of multi-trophic interactions. These trophic cascades can arise through direct predation, density-mediated indirect interactions (DMIIs), or indirect behavioural effects, termed trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs). The extent of algal cover and the abundance of 4 primary consumers were determined in Lough Hyne, which was designated Europe's first marine nature reserve in 1981. The primary consumers were the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, the topshell Gibbula cineraria, the oyster Anomia ephippium, and the scallop Chlamys varia. The abundances of 3 starfish species (Marthasterias glacialis, Asterias rubens, and Asterina gibbosa) were also determined, as were 2 potential crustacean predators, Necora puber and Carcinus maenas. These data were compared with historical data from a 1962 (prey) and a 1963 (predator) survey to determine the nature of community interactions over adjacent trophic levels. The present study reveals a breakdown in population structure of the 4 surveyed prey species. Marine reserve designation has led to an increase in predatory crabs and M. glacialis, a subsequent decrease in primary consumers, especially the herbivore P. lividus, and an increase in macroalgal cover which is indicative of a trophic cascade. The study shows that establishing a Marine Reserve does not guarantee that conservation benefits will be distributed equally.

Valorización de la biomasa de macroalgas en acuicultura multitrófica integrada (AMTI): aplicaciones en cosmética y nutraceútica (fotoprotectores y antioxidantes)

[ES] La radiación UV puede producir efectos perjudiciales en la salud humana. Los fotoprotectores tópicos reducen las dosis eritemáticas aminorando el daño potencial de la radiación UV. Inicialmente las cremas fotoprotectoras se diseñaron para filtrar la radiación UV-B (l=280-320 nm) por su efecto fotocarcinogénico, pero actualmente también se incluyen filtros contra la radiación UV-A (l=320-400 nm), porque al favorecer el daño oxidativo esta banda de radiación tiene un efecto directo sobre el fotoenvejecimiento de la piel pero también indirecto sobre la fotocarcinogénesis. Entre las nuevas sustancias naturales con alta capacidad de filtración de UV-A y con propiedades antioxidantes se encuentran los aminoácidos tipo micosporina (MAAs) presentes especialmente en macroalgas rojas. Los MAAs se estimulan por radiación UV y al ser sustancias nitrogenadas, el contenido interno está también modulado por la disponibilidad de nitrato o amonio. Se ha conseguido duplicar los contenidos internos de MAAs en algas crecidas en altas concentraciones de amonio (>150). Por otro lado se ha demostrado una alta capacidad antioxidante en varios MAAs aislados de líquenes (micosporina-glicina) y de algas rojas (porphyra-334, chinorina y asterina-330). Estas dos propiedades, alta capacidad de filtración de la radiación UV y actividad antioxidante, hacen que los MAAs sean unos excelentes candidatos para su aplicación como fotoprotectores en preparados cosméticos. La limitación se encuentra en la necesidad de producir y garantizar biomasa suficiente para la extracción del producto. La recolección de algas del medio natural resulta insostenible y está sujeta a variaciones estacionales. Ahí es donde la acuicultura multitrófica integrada (AMTI) aparece como una estrategia alternativa muy interesante ya que los nutrientes (especialmente amonio) de los efluentes de las acuiculturas animales son aprovechados por las macroalgas para incrementar la producción de biomasa e inducen la acumulación de compuestos nitrogenados entre los que se encuentran los MAAs.

Soft-bottom macrobenthic faunal associations in the southern Chilean glacial fjord complex

Macrobenthic associations were investigated at 29 sampling stations with a semi-quantitative Agassiz trawl, ranging from the South Patagonian Icefield to the Straits of Magellan in the South Chilean fjord system. A total of 1,895 individuals belonging to 131 species were collected. 19 species belong to colonial organisms, mainly Bryozoa (17 species) and Octocorallia (2 species). The phylum Echinodermata was the most diverse in species number (47 species), with asteroids (25 species) and ophiuroids (13 species) being the best represented within this taxon. Polychaeta was the second dominant group in terms of species richness (46 species). Multidimensional scaling ordination (MDS) separated two station groups, one related to fjords and channels off the South Patagonian Icefield and the second one to stations surrounding the Straits of Magellan. 45 species account for 90% of the dissimilarity between these two groups. These differences can mainly be explained by the influence of local environmental conditions determined by processes closely related to the pres- ence/absence of glaciers. Abiotic parameters such as water depth, type of sediment and chemical features of the superficial sediment were not correlated with the numbers of individuals caught by the Agassiz trawl in each group of sampling stations.