Achievements in forest tree improvement in Australia and New Zealand 6: Genetic improvement and conservation of Araucaria cunninghamii in Queensland

Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine) typically occurs as an emergent tree over subtropical and tropical rainforests, in a discontinuous distribution that extends from West Irian Jaya at about 0°30'S, through the highlands of Indonesian New Guinea and Papua New Guinea, along the east coast of Australia from 11°39'S in Queensland to 30°35'S in northern New South Wales. Plantations established in Queensland since the 1920s now total about 44000 ha, and constitute the primary source for the continuing supply of hoop pine quality timber and pulpwood, with a sustainable harvest exceeding 440 000 m3 y-1. Establishment of these managed plantations allowed logging of all native forests of Araucaria species (hoop pine and bunya pine, A. bidwillii) on state-owned lands to cease in the late 1980s, and the preservation of large areas of araucarian forest types within a system of state-owned and managed reserves. The successful plantation program with this species has been strongly supported by genetic improvement activities since the late 1940s - through knowledge of provenance variation and reproductive biology, the provision of reliable sources of improved seed, and the capture of substantial genetic gains in traits of economic importance (for example growth, stem straightness, internode length and spiral grain). As such, hoop pine is one of the few tropical tree species that, for more than half a century, has been the subject of continuous genetic improvement. The history of commercialisation and genetic improvement of hoop pine provides an excellent example of the dual economic and conservation benefits that may be obtained in tropical tree species through the integration of gene conservation and genetic improvement with commercial plantation development. This paper outlines the natural distribution and reproductive biology of hoop pine, describes the major achievements of the genetic improvement program in Queensland over the past 50+ y, summarises current understanding of the genetic variation and control of key selection traits, and outlines the means by which genetic diversity in the species is being conserved.

Effect of reduced rotation length on Araucaria wood quality.

The review of existing information has identified the following: - the juvenile core in Araucaria is probably contained within the first 15 growth rings in the pith, with spiral grain being a chief determinant of its extent within the stem; - a reduction in rotation length for a given site index will reduce ASV and mature wood volume, with an increase in the proportion of juvenile wood; - for a given rotation length, lower ASV stems were estimated to contain a lower proportion of juvenile wood (based on the assumptions made and crude simulations using WEEDS, PL YSIM and STEPS software); regardless of juvenile wood proportions, smaller stems will yield a higher proportion of pith-in material; - an increase in the proportion of juvenile wood, due to a reduction in rotation length, could affect wood quality due to an increase in the proportion of the recovery containing high spiral grain, shorter tracheids and higher micellar angle; - high spiral grain and high micellar angles adversely impact on wood quality through their influence on twist and longitudinal shrinkage, respectively; - positive outcomes from a reduction in rotation length might include an increase in the proportion of live knots in upper stem sections and a reduction in the extent of brown-stain heartwood; - the uniformity in basic density within Araucaria stems means reduced rotation lengths and lower stem ASVs are unlikely to have a major impact on this wood property, and - the effect of a reduction in rotation length on the incidence of compression wood and timber susceptible to kiln staining could not be established from the available information.

Hoop pine - Araucaria (plantations)

Hoop pine is a native species and a well-established commercial plantation tree in Queensland that produces a premium grade, quality tropical softwood. It is valued for uniform, knot-free timber with exceptional quality, and used for many commercially important wood products. Hoop pine has a well-established market and is in demand both nationally and internationally. High-grade sawn hoop pine serves the upper end of the domestic market, taking advantage of long lengths of clear wood, and exports include sawn wood and woodchip.

Otimização de protocolo para extração do DNA de endosperma de sementes de Araucaria angustifolia.

2010

Estaquia e miniestaquia de Araucaria angustifolia para produção de madeira.

2015

Patterns of pollen and seed dispersal in a small, fragmented population of the wind-pollinated tree Araucaria angustifolia in southern Brazil

Paternity analysis based on eight microsatellite loci was used to investigate pollen and seed dispersal patterns of the dioecious wind- pollinated tree, Araucaria angustifolia. The study sites were a 5.4 ha isolated forest fragment and a small tree group situated 1.7 km away, located in Paran alpha State, Brazil. In the forest fragment, 121 males, 99 females, 66 seedlings and 92 juveniles were mapped and genotyped, together with 210 seeds. In the tree group, nine male and two female adults were mapped and genotyped, together with 20 seeds. Paternity analysis within the forest fragment indicated that at least 4% of the seeds, 3% of the seedlings and 7% of the juveniles were fertilized by pollen from trees in the adjacent group, and 6% of the seeds were fertilized by pollen from trees outside these stands. The average pollination distance within the forest fragment was 83 m; when the tree group was included the pollination distance was 2006m. The average number of effective pollen donors was estimated as 12.6. Mother- trees within the fragment could be assigned to all seedlings and juveniles, suggesting an absence of seed immigration. The distance of seedlings and juveniles from their assigned mother- trees ranged from 0.35 to 291m ( with an average of 83m). Significant spatial genetic structure among adult trees, seedlings, and juveniles was detected up to 50m, indicating seed dispersal over a short distance. The effective pollination neighborhood ranged from 0.4 to 3.3 ha. The results suggest that seed dispersal is restricted but that there is longdistance pollen dispersal between the forest fragment and the tree group; thus, the two stands of trees are not isolated.

Endogenous abscisic acid and protein contents during seed development of Araucaria angustifolia

This paper describes a proteome analysis and changes in endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) contents during seed development of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. Megagametophytes and embryonic axis tissues exhibited a similar ABA variation pattern during seed development, reaching maximum values at the pre-cotyledonary stage. The embryonic axis protein content increased until the cotyledonary stage with following stabilization at mature seed. The two-dimensional electrophoresis at the torpedo developmental stage showed approximately 230 polypeptides against 340 in the mature stage. Peptide mass fingerprinting analyses identified three polypeptides, corresponding to an AtSAC4, a late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) and a storage protein, respectively.

Differential proteome analysis of mature and germinated embryos of Araucaria angustifolia

Araucaria angustifolia is an endangered Brazilian native conifer tree. The aim of the present work was to identify differentially expressed proteins between mature and germinated embryos of A. angustifolia, using one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis approaches followed by protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry. The identities of 32 differentially expressed protein spots from two dimensional gel maps were successfully determined, including proteins and enzymes involved in storage mobilization such as the vicilin-like storage protein and proteases. A label free approach, based on spectral counts, resulted in detection of 10 and 14 mature and germinated enriched proteins, respectively. Identified proteins were mainly related to energetic metabolism pathways, translational processes. oxidative stress regulation and cellular signaling. The integrated use of both strategies permitted a comprehensive protein expression overview of changes in germinated embryos in relation to matures, providing insights into the this process in a recalcitrant seed species. Applications of the data generated on the monitoring and control of in vitro somatic embryos were discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Polyamines, IAA and ABA during germination in two recalcitrant seeds: Araucaria angustifolia (Gymnosperm) and Ocotea odorifera (Angiosperm)

Background and Aims Plant growth regulators play an important role in seed germination. However, much of the current knowledge about their function during seed germination was obtained using orthodox seeds as model systems, and there is a paucity of information about the role of plant growth regulators during germination of recalcitrant seeds. In the present work, two endangered woody species with recalcitrant seeds, Araucaria angustifolia (Gymnosperm) and Ocotea odorifera (Angiosperm), native to the Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil, were used to study the mobilization of polyamines (PAs), indole-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) during seed germination. Methods Data were sampled from embryos of O. odorifera and embryos and megagametophytes of A. angustifolia throughout the germination process. Biochemical analyses were carried out in HPLC. Key Results During seed germination, an increase in the (Spd + Spm) : Put ratio was recorded in embryos in both species. An increase in IAA and PA levels was also observed during seed germination in both embryos, while ABA levels showed a decrease in O. odorifera and an increase in A. angustifolia embryos throughout the period studied. Conclusions The (Spd + Spm) : Put ratio could be used as a marker for germination completion. The increase in IAA levels, prior to germination, could be associated with variations in PA content. The ABA mobilization observed in the embryos could represent a greater resistance to this hormone in recalcitrant seeds, in comparison to orthodox seeds, opening a new perspective for studies on the effects of this regulator in recalcitrant seeds. The gymnosperm seed, though without a connective tissue between megagametophyte and embryo, seems to be able to maintain communication between the tissues, based on the likely transport of plant growth regulators.

Araucaria forest dynamics in relation to fire frequency in southern Brazil based on fossil and modern pollen dataf

To elucidate the relationship between forest dynamics and fire frequency pollen percentages and charcoal amounts from a 120 cm long peat core and from samples of modern pollen rain were collected along a transect. The study site in southern Brazil is characterized by a species-rich mosaic of grassland-Araucaria forest. It is of crucial importance for management strategies for conservation to understand the development and maintenance of these vegetation mosaics including their sharp forest-grassland boundaries. During the late Holocene, considerable changes occurred in the area. From Anno Domini (AD) 1360 to 1410, the area was dominated by Campos (grassland) vegetation and fire was very common. From AD 1410 to 1500, Araucaria forest expanded and fire was less frequent. From AD 1500 to 1580, Campos grassland spread and the Araucaria forest ceased its development, apparently due to the increase of fire. From AD 1580 to 1935, after a decrease in fire frequency, Araucaria forest expanded again. From AD 1935 to the present, the Araucaria forest expanded while the Campos area decreased. Fire was very rare in this period. The results indicate a strong interaction of forest expansion, forming a mosaic of Campos and Araucaria forest, and the frequency of fire during the past 600 years. A possible collapse of the indigenous population following the post-Colombian colonization in southern Brazil after about AD 1550 may have caused a great reduction of fire frequency. The introduction of cattle (probably after AD 1780) and the resulting decrease of fire frequency might be the reason for forest expansion. Fire is probably the most important factor controlling the dynamics of the forest-grassland mosaics and the formation of sharp borders between these two vegetation types. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biflavonoids from Araucaria angustifolia protect against DNA UV-Induced damage

Ultraviolet radiation is one of the most deleterious forms of radiation to terrestrial organisms and is involved in formation of mutagenic pyrimidine dimers and oxidized nucleotides. The biflavonoid fraction (BFF), extracted from needles of Araucaria angustifolia was capable of protecting calf thymus DNA from damage induced by UV radiation. This occurred through prevention of cyclobutane thymine dimer and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2`-deoxyguanosine formation, this being quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in a multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) and by HPLC-coulometric detection, respectively. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Morfologia e citologia das células compartimentadas em Araucaria angustifolia (BERT.)O.KTZE.(ARAUCARIACEAE)

As células compartimentadas do gênero Araucaria Juss. foram primeiramente descritas como células incomuns, caracterizadas pela ocorrência de partições pécticas no lume celular, formando um sistema de compartimentos. Entretanto, várias questões sobre essas células ainda não haviam sido esclarecidas, por isso, o presente trabalho envolveu a observação e descrição dos estádios de desenvolvimento das células compartimentadas nas plantas jovens e adultas da espécie Araucaria angustifolia, sob microscopia óptica e eletrônica, além de elucidar as funções e a dinâmica celular desempenhada pelas mesmas. A diferenciação das células compartimentadas ocorria ainda no ápice caulinar, iniciando quando a célula aumentava de volume (estádio 1). A mucilagem era continuamente secretada, através do Golgi e retículo endoplasmático rugoso, preenchendo o citoplasma e reduzindo o vacúolo (estádio 2). A quantidade citoplasmática se reduzia, praticamente, em torno do núcleo (estádio 3). Finalmente, a célula era totalmente preenchida de mucilagem, constituída por uma rede lamelar, perdendo sua forma poligonal (estádio 4). Núcleo e citoplasma degeneravam. Com base nesses resultados, constatou-se que as células compartimentadas de Araucaria angustifolia eram semelhantes às células de mucilagem de algumas famílias de dicotiledôneas. A função de controle hídrico foi comprovada, baseado, principalmente, nos resultados obtidos pelo traçador apoplástico HPTS (hidroxi-ácido pirenetrissulfônico), que demonstrou a rota de translocação e regulação hídrica na folha. A morte celular programada também mostrou-se evidente com a degeneração do vacúolo, condensação e descromatização do núcleo e degeneração geral do sistema de membranas A utilização de anticorpos monoclonais para determinados epitopos pécticos, são importantes ferramentas nos estudos da dinâmica da parede celular. Ao longo do desenvolvimento das células compartimentadas (células mucilaginosas), havia um gradiente de distribuição com relação a rápida de-esterificação, ao aumento da concentração de galactanos e ligações de cálcio e diminuição nas concentrações de arabinanos e de proteínas arabinogalactanos (AGPs). Alguns resultados mostraram-se diferentes nas células parenquimáticas, justificando as diferenças na elasticidade da parede celular nas células mucilaginosas de Araucaria angustifolia. Observou-se que proteínas arabinogalactanos e pectinas com alto grau de metil-esterificação estavam presentes na mucilagem. A degeneração das AGPs na maturidade das células mucilaginosas, tanto na parede celular, como na mucilagem, poderia estar envolvida no processo de morte celular programada.

Caracterização das relações entre Araucaria angustifolia e nitrogênio inorgânico

A despeito da importância ecológica e econômica da Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze e da importância do nitrogênio (N) para o crescimento vegetal, existem poucos estudos que caracterizam as relações desse nutriente com ela. Os presentes estudos visaram caracterizar a preferência de plantas da espécie a diferentes formas de N inorgânico e descrever a estrutura da variação espacial de N inorgânico em três sítios de ocorrência de Araucaria angustifolia no Brasil subtropical. No primeiro estudo, a abordagem experimental incluiu o uso de soluções nutritivas. No segundo, as ferramentas geoestatísticas, semivariogramas e krigeagem, foram utilizadas para a descrição da variação espacial de NH4 +, NO3 - e NH4 + + NO3 -, em dois períodos do ano, verão e inverno. Os sítios escolhidos foram uma área de mata nativa, uma de campo nativo e uma plantação de Pinus elliottii. Os resultados de crescimento do primeiro estudo demonstraram que a espécie prefere amônio como fonte de N. Nitrato, quando fornecido sozinho, induziu sintomas de deficiência de N, quando comparado a outras fontes de N: maiores razão raiz:parte aérea, ramificação radicular e massa foliar por área, engrossamento dos ápices caulinares e ainda, menores conteúdos de clorofilas e N por unidade de massa em folhas jovens. A nutrição à base de nitrato também afetou a distribuição de N no corpo da planta, com as folhas jovens acumulando menos N e maior razão C:N do que as folhas maduras (um padrão não observado nos outros tratamentos). Aparentemente, o nitrato é um importante fator a regular a partição de C e N entre diferentes partes da planta. A atividade nitrato redutase (ANR) seguiu um padrão de partição raiz:parte aérea esperado para coníferas de clima temperado. Entretanto, a ANR mesmo sob nutrição de NH4 + sozinho, indica que a planta pode apresentar níveis constitutivos de atividade da enzima, ou que quantidades baixas de NO3 - (formado pela possível contaminação dos meios de cultivo) podem induzir a ANR foliar. Em reflorestamentos, deve ser assegurado que o amônio seja a forma de N predominante ou que esteja presente em quantidades suficientes para um adequado desenvolvimento das plantas. Ambientes que não satisfaçam estas necessidades podem limitar o desenvolvimento da espécie. Os resultados do segundo estudo mostraram que o NH4 +não foi a forma de N predominante na mata nativa, em ambos os períodos do ano. Nesse sítio o NO3 - ocorreu em proporção similar à do NH4 + nos demais sítios (campo e plantação de Pinus) A heterogeneidade na disponibilidade de N é maior na mata nativa do que nos outros sítios no verão. Desta forma, é necessária uma maior plasticidade na habilidade de exploração radicular do N do solo por parte das plantas que se estabelecem neste sítio do que nos demais, durante esta estação. A plantação de Pinus e o campo, além de terem mais amônio que a mata nativa, são mais homogêneos na distribuição deste, e podem, então, constituir locais mais favoráveis, em termos de disponibilidade de N, para o estabelecimento do pinheiro brasileiro. O inverno impõe um cenário bastante diferente. O aumento significativo da disponibilidade de N inorgânico e a perda da estrutura espacial (à exceção da área de campo) tornam os sítios, teoricamente, menos hostis ao desenvolvimento vegetal.