993 resultados para Arabic literature--History and criticism--Early works to 1800


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Volume 1 of a two-volume set.

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[li-ʻĀṣim ibn Ayyūb al-Baṭalyawsī].

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Unbound.

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cum interpretatione Latina & scholiis Iosephi Scaligeri et Thomæ Erpenii.

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Title from caption (fol. 1v).

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Copied in 1050 AH? [1640 or 41 AD?].

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Copied in 1050 AH? [1640 or 1641 AD?]

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Written in one column, from 19 (ff. 1r-92v) to 21 (ff. 93r-114v) lines per page, in black now faded and red.

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The first 3 editions of this work appeared under the name of the original author, P.W. Buckham. cf. British Mus. General cat. of printed books.

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BACKGROUND: Penguins are flightless aquatic birds widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The distinctive morphological and physiological features of penguins allow them to live an aquatic life, and some of them have successfully adapted to the hostile environments in Antarctica. To study the phylogenetic and population history of penguins and the molecular basis of their adaptations to Antarctica, we sequenced the genomes of the two Antarctic dwelling penguin species, the Adélie penguin [Pygoscelis adeliae] and emperor penguin [Aptenodytes forsteri]. RESULTS: Phylogenetic dating suggests that early penguins arose ~60 million years ago, coinciding with a period of global warming. Analysis of effective population sizes reveals that the two penguin species experienced population expansions from ~1 million years ago to ~100 thousand years ago, but responded differently to the climatic cooling of the last glacial period. Comparative genomic analyses with other available avian genomes identified molecular changes in genes related to epidermal structure, phototransduction, lipid metabolism, and forelimb morphology. CONCLUSIONS: Our sequencing and initial analyses of the first two penguin genomes provide insights into the timing of penguin origin, fluctuations in effective population sizes of the two penguin species over the past 10 million years, and the potential associations between these biological patterns and global climate change. The molecular changes compared with other avian genomes reflect both shared and diverse adaptations of the two penguin species to the Antarctic environment.