Evaluating antitrust leniency programs

This paper identifies and then quantifies econometrically the impact of leniency programs on the perception of the effectiveness of antitrust policies using country level panel data for a 10-year span. Leniency programs have been introduced gradually in antitrust legislation across the globe to fight more effectively against cartels. We use the dynamics of the diffusion of such policy innovation across countries and over time to evaluate the impact of the program. We find that leniency programs have had a significant impact on the perception among the business community of the effectiveness of each country‟s antitrust policy. Leniency programs have become weapons of mass dissuasion in the hands of antitrust enforcers against the more damaging forms of explicit collusion among rival firms in the market place.

Le contrôle des pratiques anticoncurrentielles au sein des marchés de l'Union Européenne, des États-Unis et du Canada : perspectives d'un droit antitrust international

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit des affaires"

Politiche Antitrust e crescita economica

Negli ultimi anni le istituzioni e la regolamentazione hanno svolto un ruolo sempre più importante nell’analisi della crescita economica. Tuttavia, non è facile interpretare le istituzioni e gli effetti dei regolamenti sulla crescita attraverso indicatori che tendono a “misurare” le istituzioni. Lo scopo di questa ricerca è analizzare la relazione di lungo periodo tra la crescita economica e la regolamentazione e il ruolo della regolamentazione antitrust sulla crescita economica. La stima econometrica dei modelli di crescita con la concorrenza e gli indicatori di potere di mercato si base su un dataset appositamente costruito che copre 211 Paesi, su un arco temporale massimo di 50 anni (da 1960 a 2009). In particolare, cerchiamo di identificare un quadro analitico volto a integrare l’analisi istituzionale ed economica al fine di valutare il ruolo della regolamentazione e, più in generale, il ruolo delle istituzioni nella crescita economica. Dopo una revisione della letteratura teorica ed empirica sulla crescita e le istituzioni, vi presentiamo l’analisi dell'impatto normativo (RIA) in materia di concorrenza, e analizziamo le principali misure di regolamentazione, la governance e le misure antitrust. Per rispondere alla nostra domanda di ricerca si stimano modelli di crescita prendendo in considerazione tre diverse misure di regolamentazione: la Regulation Impact (RI), la Governance (GOV), e la libertà economica (LIB). Nel modello a effetti fissi, RI, gli effetti della legislazione antitrust sulla crescita economica sono significativi e positivi, e gli effetti di durata antitrust sono significativi, ma negativi. Nel pannel dinamico, GOV, gli effetti dell’indicatore di governance sulla crescita sono notevoli, ma negativo. Nel pannel dinamico, LIB, gli effetti della LIB sono significativi e negativi.

Elementos econômicos para uma revisão da lei 8884/94

O objetivo deste projeto é realizar uma contribuição para um futuro aperfeiçoamento da legislação antitruste brasileira, cuja principal peça legal é a Lei 8884/94. A pesquisa contém três partes. A primeira contextualiza a Lei 8884 no processo de evolução recente da economia brasileira, assinalando sua crescente importância a partir de meados dos anos noventa com a estabilização dos preços. A segunda organiza, para um conjunto selecionado de temas, a discussão teórica e a jurisprudência administrativa existentes. A terceira sugere aperfeiçoamentos tópicos, incluindo, quando possível, uma proposta de redação alternativa do texto legal.

A conduta ética na defesa da concorrência: bordagem sobre os valores morais entre executivos de uma grande empresa monopolista.

O presente estudo analisa a absorção dos conceitos de defesa da concorrência na ética pessoal de executivos das áreas comerciais de uma grande empresa monopolista. A estratégia que visa à defesa da concorrência é revista para o caso de uma empresa dominante de mercado, cujos planos de marketing devem prever as limitações impostas pela lei, adotando ações para diminuir o risco de infrações. O pressuposto básico da pesquisa é o de que o comprometimento com as práticas de conduta para defesa da concorrência deve estar disseminado entre os valores éticos dos funcionários e, sobretudo, dos gestores, minimizando o risco de problemas criados por decisões tomadas sob pressão, sem tempo hábil para consultas às áreas jurídicas. As conseqüências de atitudes equivocadas dos executivos que atuam diretamente nas áreas de comercialização motivaram a realização de uma pesquisa para estudar a disseminação desses valores morais entre a força de trabalho de uma empresa monopolista. Os conflitos morais esperados entre a busca pela rentabilidade e aumento da participação no mercado versus as atitudes contenciosas de práticas comerciais agressivas foram examinados sob a ótica da sua inspiração filosófica. As convicções éticas entre os gestores de áreas cujas atuações são potencialmente sensíveis às sanções previstas nas normas de conduta antitruste vigentes no país foram pesquisadas através de entrevistas qualitativas semi-estruturadas. O resultado final comprova que os conceitos de defesa da concorrência estão bem sedimentados na ética pessoal dos gestores da empresa pesquisada, minimizando o risco de ações que gerem infrações à legislação do tema. Como resultados secundários da pesquisa, foram obtidos dados que poderão auxiliar em outras análises complementares ligando a presença de valores éticos de boa conduta concorrencial ao cargo exercido na empresa, tempo de experiência e ganhos monetários percebidos. Outra sugestão para estudos futuros seria a extensão da pesquisa para análise da eficiência de programas semelhantes em outras empresas.

Disclosure of Leniency Materials: A Bridge between Public and Private Enforcement of Antitrust Law. Research Paper in Law 08/2013, December

The disclosure of leniency materials held by competition authorities has recently been under the spot. On the one hand, these documents could greatly help cartel victims to prove the damage and the causation link when filing damage actions against cartelists. On the other hand, future cartelists could be deterred from applying for leniency since damage actions could be brought as a result of the information submitted by themselves. Neither the current legislation nor the case law have attained yet to sufficiently clarify how to deal with this clash of interests. Our approach obviously attempts to strike a balance between both interests. But not only that. We see the current debate as a great opportunity to boost the private enforcement of antitrust law through the positive spillovers of leniency programmes. We hence propose to build a bridge between the public and the private enforcement by enabling a partial disclosure of the documents.

Antitrust, Regulation and the Neutrality Trap: A plea for a smart, evidence-based internet policy. CEPS Special Report No. 104/April 2015

When they look at Internet policy, EU policymakers seem mesmerised, if not bewitched, by the word ‘neutrality’. Originally confined to the infrastructure layer, today the neutrality rhetoric is being expanded to multi-sided platforms such as search engines and more generally online intermediaries. Policies for search neutrality and platform neutrality are invoked to pursue a variety of policy objectives, encompassing competition, consumer protection, privacy and media pluralism. This paper analyses this emerging debate and comes to a number of conclusions. First, mandating net neutrality at the infrastructure layer might have some merit, but it certainly would not make the Internet neutral. Second, since most of the objectives initially associated with network neutrality cannot be realistically achieved by such a rule, the case for network neutrality legislation would have to stand on different grounds. Third, the fact that the Internet is not neutral is mostly a good thing for end users, who benefit from intermediaries that provide them with a selection of the over-abundant information available on the Web. Fourth, search neutrality and platform neutrality are fundamentally flawed principles that contradict the economics of the Internet. Fifth, neutrality is a very poor and ineffective recipe for media pluralism, and as such should not be invoked as the basis of future media policy. All these conclusions have important consequences for the debate on the future EU policy for the Digital Single Market.

Rail merger legislation. Hearings, Eighty-seventh Congress, second session, pursuant to S. Res. 258 on S. 3097.

Mode of access: Internet.

Control of labor. Resolved: that labor organizations should be under the jurisdiction of anti-trust legislation.

Mode of access: Internet.

Modern American antitrust law; a guide to its domestic and foreign application,

At head of title: Institute for International and Foreign Trade Law of the Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.

American enterprise and Scandinavian antitrust law

"Appendix 1: Legislation controlling restrictive business practices ... from Guide to legislation on restrictive business practices, published in Paris by the European Productivity Agency of the Organization for European Cooperation and Development": p. [301]-352

The effect of Sao Paulo`s smoke-free legislation on carbon monoxide concentration in hospitality venues and their workers

Background Studies have shown that there is no safe level of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and there is a close link between SHS and the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most important components present in SHS. Objective To evaluate the impact of the smoking ban law in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, on the CO concentration in restaurants, bars, night clubs and similar venues and in their workers. Methods In the present study we measured CO concentration in 585 hospitality venues. CO concentration was measured in different environments (indoor, semi-open and open areas) from visited venues, as well as, in the exhaled air from approximately 627 workers of such venues. Measurements were performed twice, before and 12 weeks after the law implementation. In addition, the quality of the air in the city during the same period of our study was verified. Results The CO concentration pre-ban and pot-ban in hospitality venues was indoor area 4.57 (3.70) ppm vs 1.35 (1.66) ppm (p<0.0001); semi-open 3.79 (2.49) ppm vs 1.16 (1.14) ppm (p<0.0001); open area 3.31 (2.2) ppm vs 1.31 (1.39) ppm (p<0.0001); smoking employees 15.78 (9.76) ppm vs 11.50 (7.53) ppm (p<0.0001) and non-smoking employees 6.88 (5.32) ppm vs 3.50 (2.21) ppm (p<0.0001). The average CO concentration measured in the city was lower than 1 ppm during both pre-ban and post-ban periods. Conclusion Sao Paulos smoking-free legislation reduced significantly the CO concentration in hospitality venues and in their workers, whether they smoke or not.

Brazilian Agriculture and Environmental Legislation: Status and Future Challenges

Brazilian agriculture covers about one-third of the land area and is expected to expand further We assessed the compliance of present Brazilian agriculture with environmental legislation and identified challenges for agricultural development connected to this legislation We found (i) minor illegal land use in protected areas under public administration, (ii) a large deficit in legal reserves and protected riparian zones on private farmland, and large areas of unprotected natural vegetation in regions experiencing agriculture expansion Achieving full compliance with the environmental laws as they presently stand would require drastic changes in agricultural land use, where large agricultural areas are taken out of production and converted back to natural vegetation The outcome of a full compliance with environmental legislation might not be satisfactory due to leakage, where pristine unprotected areas become converted to compensate for lost production as current agricultural areas are reconverted to protected natural vegetation. Realizing the desired protection of biodiversity and natural vegetation, while expanding agriculture to meet food and biofuel demand, may require a new approach to environmental protection New legal and regulatory instruments and the establishment of alternative development models should be considered

Generic drugs in Brazil: historical overview and legislation

The Brazilian generic drugs policy was implemented in 1999 with the aim of stimulating competition in the market, improve the quality of drugs and improve the access of the population to drug treatment. The process of implementing this policy allowed the introduction and discussion of concepts that had never before been used in the context of drug registration in Brazil: bioavailability, bioequivalence, pharmaceutical equivalence, generic drugs, biopharmaceutical classification system, biowaiver. The present article provides definitions for these concepts in the context of Brazilian legislation as well as a historical and chronological description of the implementation of the generic drugs policy in Brazil, including a list of current generic drug legislation. This article contributes to the understanding of the Brazilian generic drugs policy and facilitates the search for information concerning the legal requirements for registration of drugs in Brazil.