A new pycnodont fish from the Cretaceous of Arkansas / Louis Hussakof --

v.10:no.4(1947)

Raccolta di alcuni disegni del Barberi da Cento, detto Il Guercino.

Title page in red and black. Plates printed in black and/or sepia.

Osteodistrofias raras do osso temporal

As osteodistrofias do osso temporal podem se manifestar de diversas maneiras, como envolvimento restrito ao osso temporal ou com envolvimento de outros ossos do crânio ou ainda fazerem parte de uma manifestação sistêmica. Consideramos, em nosso trabalho, duas entidades como osteodistofias raras, a osteopetrose e a doença de Camurati-Engelmann, esta última de incidência extremamente rara, com poucos relatos na literatura. Apresentamos dois casos de osteopetrose em sua forma benigna (doença de Albers-Schöenberg), um paciente de 11 anos e outro de 48 anos, ambos do sexo masculino, e um paciente de 28 anos do sexo feminino com a doença de Camurati-Engelmann (displasia diafisária hereditária progressiva), doenças hereditárias autossômicas que apresentam sintomas diversos. A paralisia facial periférica se manifestou em dois dos nossos pacientes. Discutimos alguns aspectos relacionados às manifestações clínicas destas doenças, achados radiológicos, assim como o diagnóstico diferencial e a conduta terapêutica diante de complicações das doenças.

Prevalência de triatomíneos (Hemíptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi: sazonalidade e distribuição na região Ciénega do Estado de Jalisco, México

As características físico-geográficas da região Ciénega, Jalisco, México a tornam propícia para transmissão do Trypanosoma cruzi, causador da doença de Chagas. Este trabalho caracteriza a prevalência de triatomíneos infectados pelo parasita, sua sazonalidade e distribuição nesta região. Foram analisados 328 triatomíneos no período de janeiro de 2005 a junho de 2007 procedentes de 13 municípios da região, sendo abril, maio e junho os meses de maior captura. Dos triatomíneos analisados, 57,3% foram positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi, correspondendo 15,4% para a área urbana e 84,6% para a área rural. A espécie mais freqüente foi Triatoma longipennis e a mais parasitada foi Triatoma barberi com índice de infecção de 83,3% quando comparada a Triatoma longipennis (67,5%) (p<0,05). A infecção natural dos vetores capturados pode indicar alta exposição das pessoas ao Trypanosoma cruzi. O achado recente do Triatoma dimidiata positivo nesta região, sugere a adaptação de novas espécies às condições ecológicas destas populações.

A genitália externa dos machos de sete espécies de Triatoma Laporte, 1832 da região Neártica (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)

Sete espécies da região neártica: Triatoma barberi Usinger, 1939; T. rubida (Uhler, 1894); T. gertaeckeri (Stal, 1859); T. lecticularia (Stal, 1859); T. protracta (Uhler, 1894); T. recurva (Stal, 1868) e T. sanguisuga (Leconte, 1855) foram analisadas comparativamente, tendo como enfoque as estruturas da genitália do macho: falosoma (Ph), suporte do falosoma (SPh), processo do endosoma (PrEn), vesica (V) e aparelho articular (Apb). As estruturas fálicas se mostraram capazes de serem usadas como critério morfológico suplementar aos padrões atualmente usados, em taxonomia. Estas espécies silvestres são encontradas nos Estados Unidos e México, naturalmente infectadas pelo T. cruzi; algumas vivem no perdomicílio e outras eventualmente no domicílio, sem contudo colonizá-lo.

Aggregation pheromone in five species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

An aggregation pheromone found in the faeces of 5th instar nymphs and adults of Triatoma mazzottii Usinger, Triatoma longipennis Usinger, Triatoma pallidipennis (Stal), Triatoma barberi Usinger and Rhodnius prolixus (Stal) was studied under laboratory conditions. Bioassays were performed using a 30 cm-diameter arena and wind tunnel. T. longipennis nymphs showed a stronger response than the other triatomine nymphs tested. There were no significant differences in faecal attractiveness to nymphs, but the faeces of T. longipennis and T. pallidipennis were most active. The responses of all species to male and female faeces of T. mazzottii was significantly different, but there was no significant difference in the responses of the development stages to male and female faeces of T. mazzottii. However, male faeces were more active than female faeces. The feeding status of nymphs did not affect the response.

Cuticular hydrocarbons of Chagas disease vectors in Mexico

Capillary gas-liquid chromatography was used to analyse the cuticular hydrocarbons of three triatomine species, Triatoma dimidiata, T. barberi and Dipetalogaster maxima, domestic vectors of Chagas disease in Mexico. Mixtures of saturated hydrocarbons of straight and methyl-branched chains were characteristic of the three species, but quantitatively different. Major methylbranched components mostly corresponded to different saturated isomers of monomethyl, dimethyl and trimethyl branched hydrocarbons ranging from 29 to 39 carbon backbones. Sex-dependant, quantitative differences in certain hydrocarbons were apparent in T. dimidiata.

High prevalence anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies, among blood donors in the State of Puebla, a non-endemic area of Mexico

Blood transfusion is the second most common transmission route of Chagas disease in many Latin American countries. In Mexico, the prevalence of Chagas disease and impact of transfusion of Trypanosoma cruzi-contaminated blood is not clear. We determined the seropositivity to T. cruzi in a representative random sample, of 2,140 blood donors (1,423 men and 647 women, aged 19-65 years), from a non-endemic state of almost 5 millions of inhabitants by the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests using one autochthonous antigen from T. cruzi parasites, which were genetically characterized like TBAR/ME/1997/RyC-V1 (T. cruzi I) isolated from a Triatoma barberi specimen collected in the same locality. The seropositivity was up to 8.5% and 9% with IHA and ELISA tests, respectively, and up to 7.7% using both tests in common. We found high seroprevalence in a non-endemic area of Mexico, comparable to endemic countries where the disease occurs, e.g. Brazil (0.7%), Bolivia (13.7%) and Argentina (3.5%). The highest values observed in samples from urban areas, associated to continuous rural emigration and the absence of control in blood donors, suggest unsuspected high risk of transmission of T. cruzi, higher than those reported for infections by blood e.g. hepatitis (0.1%) and AIDS (0.1%) in the same region.

Preliminary results of random amplification of polymorphic DNA among Triatominae of the phyllosoma complex (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

In Mexico, Triatoma longipennis (Usinger), Triatoma picturata (Usinger), and Triatoma pallidipennis (Stal), primary Chagas disease vector species of the phyllosoma complex, were analyzed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Sixteen decametric primers resolved individual profiles not identical, but partially discriminative between species. Analysis based on pairwise presence/absence comparisons between the three species was performed using three primers and two outgroup species Triatoma infestans (Klug) and Triatoma barberi (Usinger). Fifty-three bands in total were scored, although only two bands were constant among the three phyllosoma complex species. Two other bands were constant only for T. longipennis and T. picturata together, and not present in T. pallidipennis. Neighbor Joining tree and the multiple correspondence analysis discriminated T. pallidipennis clearly from the other two species, although there was overlap between T. longipennis and T. picturata. The results indicate a close relationship between the studied species and support the hypothesis of their recent evolution. The suitability of RAPD to discern populations within the species is discussed.

Trypanosoma cruzi strains isolated from human, vector, and animal reservoir in the same endemic region in Mexico and typed as T. cruzi I, discrete typing unit 1 exhibit considerable biological diversity

In this study, three strains of Trypanosoma cruzi were isolated at the same time and in the same endemic region in Mexico from a human patient with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (RyC-H); vector (Triatoma barberi) (RyC-V); and rodent reservoir (Peromyscus peromyscus) (RyC-R). The three strains were characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, random amplified polymorphic DNA, and by pathological profiles in experimental animals (biodemes). Based on the analysis of genetic markers the three parasite strains were typed as belonging to T. cruzi I major group, discrete typing unit 1. The pathological profile of RyC-H and RyC-V strains indicated medium virulence and low mortality and, accordingly, the strains should be considered as belonging to biodeme Type III. On the other hand, the parasites from RyC-R strain induced more severe inflammatory processes and high mortality (> 40%) and were considered as belonging to biodeme Type II. The relationship between genotypes and biological characteristics in T. cruzi strains is still debated and not clearly understood. An expert committee recommended in 1999 that Biodeme Type III would correspond to T. cruzi I group, whereas Biodeme Type II, to T. cruzi II group. Our findings suggest that, at least for Mexican isolates, this correlation does not stand and that biological characteristics such as pathogenicity and virulence could be determined by factors different from those identified in the genotypic characterization

Distribution and infection of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) by Trypanosoma cruzi in the state of Michoacán, Mexico

An entomological study of triatomine species was carried out to assess their prevalence in 10 localities of the state of Michoacán, Mexico. Entomological indices were calculated to estimate the risk for vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to the human population in this area. Four triatomine species (Triatoma barberi, Triatoma dimidiata, Meccus pallidipennis and Meccus longipennis) were collected from the study area. This is the first report of M. longipennis and T. dimidiata in Michoacán. M. pallidipennis was significantly (p < 0.05) more abundant than any of the other species collected in the study area. Infection indices were greater than 50% for each of the four collected triatomine species. Significantly more triatomines were collected from intradomiciliary areas than from peridomiciliary or sylvatic areas. Infestation, crowding and density indices were low, whereas colonisation indices were high in five localities. The current vectorial conditions in the study area require continuous entomological and serological surveillance to diminish the risk of T. cruzi transmission to human populations.

Atlas of Mexican Triatominae (Reduviidae: Hemiptera) and vector transmission of Chagas disease

Chagas disease is one of the most important yet neglected parasitic diseases in Mexico and is transmitted by Triatominae. Nineteen of the 31 Mexican triatomine species have been consistently found to invade human houses and all have been found to be naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The present paper aims to produce a state-of-knowledge atlas of Mexican triatomines and analyse their geographic associations with T. cruzi, human demographics and landscape modification. Ecological niche models (ENMs) were constructed for the 19 species with more than 10 records in North America, as well as for T. cruzi. The 2010 Mexican national census and the 2007 National Forestry Inventory were used to analyse overlap patterns with ENMs. Niche breadth was greatest in species from the semiarid Nearctic Region, whereas species richness was associated with topographic heterogeneity in the Neotropical Region, particularly along the Pacific Coast. Three species,Triatoma longipennis, Triatoma mexicana and Triatoma barberi, overlapped with the greatest numbers of human communities, but these communities had the lowest rural/urban population ratios. Triatomine vectors have urbanised in most regions, demonstrating a high tolerance to human-modified habitats and broadened historical ranges, exposing more than 88% of the Mexican population and leaving few areas in Mexico without the potential for T. cruzitransmission.

Stochastic Dynamic Northern Corn Rootworm Population Model, January 2000

A complete life cycle model for northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence, is developed using a published single-season model of adult population dynamics and data from field experiments. Temperature-dependent development and age-dependent advancement determine adult population dynamics and oviposition, while a simple stochastic hatch and density-dependent larval survival model determine adult emergence. Dispersal is not modeled. To evaluate the long-run performance of the model, stochastically generated daily air and soil temperatures are used for 100-year simulations for a variety of corn planting and flowering dates in Ithaca, NY, and Brookings, SD. Once the model is corrected for a bias in oviposition, model predictions for both locations are consistent with anecdotal field data. Extinctions still occur, but these may be consistent with northern corn rootworm metapopulation dynamics.

Relação entre distribuição de nitrogênio e colonização por bactérias diazotróficas em cana-de-açúcar

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre a distribuição de nitrogênio na planta e a colonização por Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus e Herbaspirillum spp. Foi implantado um experimento em parcelas subdivididas, tendo como tratamentos quatro genótipos: SP70-1143, SP79-2312 (híbridos), Krakatau (Saccharum spontaneum L.) e Chunnee (Saccharum barberi Jesw.); e quatro épocas de coleta: 90, 180, 360 e 540 dias após o plantio, com quatro repetições. Os parâmetros estudados foram: porcentual de nitrogênio, nitrato, N amino livre e o número mais provável de população das bactérias Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus e Herbaspirillum spp. Os valores mais elevados de nitrogênio foram observados aos 90 dias após o plantio, nas folhas e colmo apical; as maiores concentrações N amino ocorreram nas raízes, colmo basal e folhas da variedade SP79-2312 e no colmo apical do genótipo Chunnee. O maior acúmulo de nitrato foi observado nos colmos basais e intermediários, sobretudo na variedade SP79-2312. O N protéico mostrou ser o maior componente do nitrogênio porcentual, com a mesma tendência nas diferentes partes da planta. O maior valor na população de G. diazotrophicus ocorreu nas raízes de SP70-1143, SP79-2312 e Krakatau, e nos quatro genótipos de Herbaspirillum spp.

El volcanismo neógeno-cuaternario de Catalunya: caracteres estructurales, petrológicos y geodinámicos

El volcanismo neógenocuaternario de Catalunya está asociado al sistema de fracturas escalonadas, de orientación preferente SW-NE y NW-SE, que condiciona también las depresiones tectónicas o fosas neógenas. Las dataciones radiométricas ponen de manifiesto una actividad volcánica entre 10 y 0.1 m.a., localizándose las erupciones más antiguas en la fosa del Empordà, mientras que el volcanismo cuaternario se concentra en las proximidades de Olot (La Garrotxa). El magmatismo es de carácter alcalino, con términos exclusivamente básicos (basanitas), salvo un afloramiento traquítico. Son frecuentes los xenolitos de rocas sedimentarias y plutónicas básicas y ácidas, presentando estos últimos el mayor grado de transformación. Los caracteres estructurales, geoquímicos y mineralógicos, junto a las relaciones isotópicas Sr8YlSr86 apoyan un origen profundo, subcrustal, del magma, y definen un volcanismo intraplaca como el que corresponde a un modelo de rift embrionario sin atenuación litosférica y con escasas manifestacion