Avaliação do potencial fotoprotetor e identificação de metabólitos secundários do fungo endofítico Annulohypoxylon stygium associado à alga marinha Bostrychia radicans

Os organismos marinhos constituem uma fonte potencial de metabólitos secundários biologicamente ativos. Neste contexto, os micro-organismos isolados de algas marinhas, dentre eles fungos endofíticos, representam alvos para a pesquisa de novas substâncias com potencial farmacológico pronunciado. Substâncias naturais provenientes de espécies de fungos associados às algas marinhas vêm sendo bastante utilizadas em formulações fotoprotetoras devido à ação antioxidante e ao potencial contra a radiação solar. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a investigação biológica e química dos fungos endofíticos marinhos pertencentes à família Xylariaceae, o Annulohypoxylon stygium, o Cladosporium sp. e o Acremonium implicatum (Hypocreaceae). A princípio, foi realizado um screening para avaliar a absorção de luz ultravioleta na faixa do UVA e UVB pelos extratos obtidos em escala piloto destes fungos endofíticos associados às algas marinhas. O extrato do fungo A. stygium apresentou intensa absorção na região do UV, mostrando-se promissor para a produção de metabólitos secundários com ação fotoprotetora. Além do ensaio proposto, foi realizada a avaliação do potencial antibacteriano e antifúngico da espécie A. stygium. O estudo químico em escala ampliada deste fungo proporcionou o isolamento e identificação de uma substância inédita da classe derivada da 2,5- dicetopiperazina, 3-benzilideno-2-metil-hexahidro-pirrolo [1,2-?] pirazina-1,4-diona (Sf3), e além desta, foram isolados mais quatro metabólitos como, os diasteroisômeros 1-fenil-1,2- propanediol (Sd2) e 1-fenil-1,2-propanediol (Sd3), 1,3-benzodioxole-5-metanol (Sc1), 1,2- propanodiol-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-il) (Se1). Ainda foi possível a desreplicação de substâncias via cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM), entre elas o ácido palmítico, palmitato de metila, ácido metil linoléico, ácido oléico, álcool benzílico e o piperonal. Quanto ao estudo da atividade biológica, não foi observado potencial antibacteriano e antifúngico para os extratos e frações do fungo. Entretanto, notouse um potencial como fotoprotetor in vitro para as frações n-Hexano/AcOEt (2:3) e n- Hexano/AcOEt (1:4) obtidas a partir do extrato do cultivo de 28 dias do fungo A. stygium, extraído com solventes diclorometano/metanol (CH2Cl2/MeOH 2:1) e para a substância (Sf3) isolada do mesmo. Desta forma, o estudo químico e biológico do fungo Annulohypoxylon stygium demonstrou potencial para a produção de metabólitos secundários com atividade fotoprotetora, visto que uma estrutura inédita com esta atividade foi isolada e identificada como produto natural.

Filamentous fungi from the Atlantic marine sponge Dragmacidon reticulatum

Dragmacidon reticulatum is a marine sponge of wide occurrence in the Eastern and Western Atlantic. Little is known about D. reticulatum fungal diversity. Filamentous fungi recovered from D. reticulatum were assessed in the present study using a polyphasic taxonomic approach, including classical morphology, molecular biology and MALDI-TOF ICMS. Ninety-eight fungal strains were isolated from two D. reticulatum samples by using six different culture media, which were identified up to the genus level. Sixty-four distinct fungal ribotypes were obtained, distributed among twenty-four different genera belonging to the Ascomycota and Zygomycota. Representatives of Penicillium and Trichoderma were the most diverse and abundant fungi isolated. Amongst Penicillium spp. three isolates belonged to the same ribotype can be considered as a putative new species. Data derived from the present study highlight the importance of using a polyphasic approach to get an accurate identification in order to structure a reliable culture collection. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

The capability of endophytic fungi for production of hemicellulases and related enzymes

Abstract Background There is an imperative necessity for alternative sources of energy able to reduce the world dependence of fossil oil. One of the most successful options is ethanol obtained mainly from sugarcane and corn fermentation. The foremost residue from sugarcane industry is the bagasse, a rich lignocellulosic raw material uses for the production of ethanol second generation (2G). New cellulolytic and hemicellulytic enzymes are needed, in order to optimize the degradation of bagasse and production of ethanol 2G. Results The ability to produce hemicellulases and related enzymes, suitable for lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction, was explored using 110 endophytic fungi and 9 fungi isolated from spoiled books in Brazil. Two initial selections were performed, one employing the esculin gel diffusion assay, and the other by culturing on agar plate media with beechwood xylan and liquor from the hydrothermal pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse. A total of 56 isolates were then grown at 29°C on steam-exploded delignified sugar cane bagasse (DEB) plus soybean bran (SB) (3:1), with measurement of the xylanase, pectinase, β-glucosidase, CMCase, and FPase activities. Twelve strains were selected, and their enzyme extracts were assessed using different substrates. Finally, the best six strains were grown under xylan and pectin, and several glycohydrolases activities were also assessed. These strains were identified morphologically and by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the partial β-tubulin gene (BT2). The best six strains were identified as Aspergillus niger DR02, Trichoderma atroviride DR17 and DR19, Alternaria sp. DR45, Annulohypoxylon stigyum DR47 and Talaromyces wortmannii DR49. These strains produced glycohydrolases with different profiles, and production was highly influenced by the carbon sources in the media. Conclusions The selected endophytic fungi Aspergillus niger DR02, Trichoderma atroviride DR17 and DR19, Alternaria sp. DR45, Annulohypoxylon stigyum DR47 and Talaromyces wortmannii DR49 are excellent producers of hydrolytic enzymes to be used as part of blends to decompose sugarcane biomass at industrial level.

The capability of endophytic fungi for production of hemicellulases and related enzymes

Abstract BACKGROUND: There is an imperative necessity for alternative sources of energy able to reduce the world dependence of fossil oil. One of the most successful options is ethanol obtained mainly from sugarcane and corn fermentation. The foremost residue from sugarcane industry is the bagasse, a rich lignocellulosic raw material uses for the production of ethanol second generation (2G). New cellulolytic and hemicellulytic enzymes are needed, in order to optimize the degradation of bagasse and production of ethanol 2G. RESULTS: The ability to produce hemicellulases and related enzymes, suitable for lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction, was explored using 110 endophytic fungi and 9 fungi isolated from spoiled books in Brazil. Two initial selections were performed, one employing the esculin gel diffusion assay, and the other by culturing on agar plate media with beechwood xylan and liquor from the hydrothermal pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse. A total of 56 isolates were then grown at 29°C on steam-exploded delignified sugar cane bagasse (DEB) plus soybean bran (SB) (3:1), with measurement of the xylanase, pectinase, β-glucosidase, CMCase, and FPase activities. Twelve strains were selected, and their enzyme extracts were assessed using different substrates. Finally, the best six strains were grown under xylan and pectin, and several glycohydrolases activities were also assessed. These strains were identified morphologically and by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the partial β-tubulin gene (BT2). The best six strains were identified as Aspergillus niger DR02, Trichoderma atroviride DR17 and DR19, Alternaria sp. DR45, Annulohypoxylon stigyum DR47 and Talaromyces wortmannii DR49. These strains produced glycohydrolases with different profiles, and production was highly influenced by the carbon sources in the media. CONCLUSIONS: The selected endophytic fungi Aspergillus niger DR02, Trichoderma atroviride DR17 and DR19, Alternaria sp. DR45, Annulohypoxylon stigyum DR47 and Talaromyces wortmannii DR49 are excellent producers of hydrolytic enzymes to be used as part of blends to decompose sugarcane biomass at industrial level.