947 resultados para Andes


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The cause of upper-crustal segmentation into rhomb-shaped, shear zone-bound domains associated with contractional sedimentary basins in hot, wide orogens is not well understood. Here we use scaled multilayered analogue experiments to investigate the role of an orogen-parallel crustal-strength gradient on the formation of such structures. We show that the aspect ratio and size of domains, the sinuous character and abundance of transpressional shear zones vary with the integrated mechanical strength of crust. Upper-crustal deformation patterns and the degree of strain localization in the experiments are controlled by the ratio between the brittle and ductile strength in the model crust as well as gradients in tectonic and buoyancy forces. The experimental results match the first-order kinematic and structural characteristics of the southern Central Andes and provide insight on the dynamics of underlying deformation patterns in hot, wide orogens.

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We aim to characterize fault slip behavior during all stages of the seismic cycle in subduction megathrust environments with the eventual goal of understanding temporal and spatial variations of fault zone rheology, and to infer possible causal relationships between inter-, co- and post-seismic slip, as well as implications for earthquake and tsunami hazard. In particular we focus on analyzing aseismic deformation occurring during inter-seismic and post-seismic periods of the seismic cycle. We approach the problem using both Bayesian and optimization techniques. The Bayesian approach allows us to completely characterize the model parameter space by searching a posteriori estimates of the range of allowable models, to easily implement any kind of physically plausible a priori information and to perform the inversion without regularization other than that imposed by the parameterization of the model. However, the Bayesian approach computational expensive and not currently viable for quick response scenarios. Therefore, we also pursue improvements in the optimization inference scheme. We present a novel, robust and yet simple regularization technique that allows us to infer robust and somewhat more detailed models of slip on faults. We apply such methodologies, using simple quasi-static elastic models, to perform studies of inter- seismic deformation in the Central Andes subduction zone, and post-seismic deformation induced by the occurrence of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake in Japan. For the Central Andes, we present estimates of apparent coupling probability of the subduction interface and analyze its relationship to past earthquakes in the region. For Japan, we infer high spatial variability in material properties of the megathrust offshore Tohoku. We discuss the potential for a large earthquake just south of the Tohoku-Oki earthquake where our inferences suggest dominantly aseismic behavior.

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Plant growth at extremely high elevations is constrained by high daily thermal amplitude, strong solar radiation and water scarcity. These conditions are particularly harsh in the tropics, where the highest elevation treelines occur. In this environment, the maintenance of a positive carbon balance involves protecting the photosynthetic apparatus and taking advantage of any climatically favourable periods. To characterize photoprotective mechanisms at such high elevations, and particularly to address the question of whether these mechanisms are the same as those previously described in woody plants along extratropical treelines, we have studied photosynthetic responses in Polylepis tarapacana Philippi in the central Andes (18 degrees S) along an elevational gradient from 4300 to 4900 m. For comparative purposes, this gradient has been complemented with a lower elevation site (3700 m) where another Polylepis species (P. rugulosa Bitter) occurs. During the daily cycle, two periods of photosynthetic activity were observed: one during the morning when, despite low temperatures, assimilation was high; and the second starting at noon when the stomata closed because of a rise in the vapour pressure deficit and thermal dissipation is prevalent over photosynthesis. From dawn to noon there was a decrease in the content of antenna pigments (chlorophyll b and neoxanthin), together with an increase in the content of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids. These results could be caused by a reduction in the antenna size along with an increase in photoprotection. Additionally, photoprotection was enhanced by a partial overnight retention of de-epoxized xanthophylls. The unique combination of all of these mechanisms made possible the efficient use of the favourable conditions during the morning while still providing enough protection for the rest of the day. This strategy differs completely from that of extratropical mountain trees, which uncouple light-harvesting and energy-use during long periods of unfavourable, winter conditions.

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EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Each summer between 1976 and 1984 research was conducted on the Quelccaya Ice Cap with one central objective, to recover an ice core to bedrock from which an approximate 1000 year climatic history for tropical South America could be reconstructed. In 1983 that central objective was accomplished by recovering one core 155 meters in length containing 1350 years and a second core of 163.6 meters containing more than 1500 years of climatic history. ... The most significant climatic event in tropical South America over the last 1500 years was the "Little Ice Age" which is recorded between 1490 to 1880 A.D. in these ice core records. Records from the summit of the Quelccaya Ice Cap show that during the "Little Ice Age" period there was (1) a general increase in particulates (both insoluble and soluble, starting around 1490 A.D. and ending abruptly in 1880 A.D.; (2) an initial increase in net accumulation (1500-1720 A.D.) followed by a period of decreased net accumulation (1720-1860 A.D.); (3) more negative delta-O-18 values beginning in the 1520's and ending around 1880 A.D. The "Little Ice Age" event is evident as a perturbation in all five ice core parameters.

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EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Pollen from the upper 2.75 m of a core taken 200 km west of the Golfo de Guayaquil, Ecuador (Trident 163-13, 3° S, 84° W, 3,000 m water depth) documents changes in Andean vegetation and climate of the Cordillera Occidental for ~17,000 years before and after the last glacial maximum.

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Esta investigación se propuso identificar los factores adicionales a los problemas estructurales (migración, tenencia de la tierra, acceso al agua, falta de empleo y marginación) por los cuales las familias de Tudcum, comunidad de la Provincia argentina de San Juan, no alcanzan a asegurarse una alimentación adecuada, durante el período 2004 - 2006. Se realizó un estudio de caso con un marco metodológico inscrito en la investigación cualitativa, de tipo etnográfico. El marco interpretativo de los hallazgos se basa en conceptos sobre alimentación (seguridad y soberanía alimentaria), pobreza (propuestas de Amartya Sen) y agricultura (prácticas culturales, agroecología), así como de sus relaciones mutuas. Los hallazgos principales mostraron que el acceso a una alimentación que permita satisfacer las necesidades biológicas y culturales de esta población se encuentra afectado por la escasa disponibilidad de recursos económicos, la falta de asesoramiento técnico y por la aparición de nuevos hábitos alimenticios. Por ello se ha considerado que la seguridad alimentaria de la población de Tudcum se encuentra condicionada a la capacidad de sus miembros para: a) formar redes de intercambio, b) obtener un salario, c) participar de los programas sociales ofrecidos por el gobierno, d) manejar adecuadamente los recursos agrícolas y e) la combinación entre dos o más de las estrategias antes mencionadas. Aún a pesar de las transformaciones sociológicas en materia ocupacional (pluriactividad) que ocurren en Tudcum, la actividad agropecuaria se mantiene y en todos los casos estudiados, desempeña un papel importante. Con ello, se evidencia la necesidad de buscar alternativas productivas para zonas que presentan desventajas para ingresar a la cadena agroindustrial local, regional y nacional. Con esta información se espera aportar a una mejor intervención de los programas de apoyo a la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria.

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Esta investigación se propuso identificar los factores adicionales a los problemas estructurales (migración, tenencia de la tierra, acceso al agua, falta de empleo y marginación)por los cuales las familias de Tudcum, comunidad de la Provincia argentina de San Juan, no alcanzan a asegurarse una alimentación adecuada, durante el período 2004 - 2006. Se realizó un estudio de caso con un marco metodológico inscrito en la investigación cualitativa, de tipo etnográfico. El marco interpretativo de los hallazgos se basa en conceptos sobre alimentación (seguridad y soberanía alimentaria), pobreza (propuestas de Amartya Sen)y agricultura (prácticas culturales, agroecología), así como de sus relaciones mutuas. Los hallazgos principales mostraron que el acceso a una alimentación que permita satisfacer las necesidades biológicas y culturales de esta población se encuentra afectado por la escasa disponibilidad de recursos económicos, la falta de asesoramiento técnico y por la aparición de nuevos hábitos alimenticios. Por ello se ha considerado que la seguridad alimentaria de la población de Tudcum se encuentra condicionada a la capacidad de sus miembros para: a)formar redes de intercambio, b)obtener un salario, c)participar de los programas sociales ofrecidos por el gobierno, d)manejar adecuadamente los recursos agrícolas y e)la combinación entre dos o más de las estrategias antes mencionadas. Aún a pesar de las transformaciones sociológicas en materia ocupacional (pluriactividad)que ocurren en Tudcum, la actividad agropecuaria se mantiene y en todos los casos estudiados, desempeña un papel importante. Con ello, se evidencia la necesidad de buscar alternativas productivas para zonas que presentan desventajas para ingresar a la cadena agroindustrial local, regional y nacional. Con esta información se espera aportar a una mejor intervención de los programas de apoyo a la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria.

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Se comentan algunos táxones herborizados en los alrededores de la laguna de Villa y en los Andes Centrales, que presentan cierto interés ecológico y corológico.

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Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal