Potencial de utilização de Cistus ladanifer L. na vegetalização de áreas mineiras

Dissertação de mest., Gestão e Conservação da Natureza, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Univ. do Algarve, 2007

Study of transcripts and reactive oxygen species involved in the defence responses of Quercus suber against Phytophthora cinnamomi

The present work has the merit of exploring an insight into the activation of defence genes of Quercus suber during response to infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Thus, cDNA-AFLP methodology was used to identify gene fragments differentially present in the mRNA profiles of host cells of micropropagated Q. suber plantlets roots infected with zoospores of P. cinnamomi at different post challenge time points. Six candidate genes were selected based on their interesting cDNA-AFLP expression patterns and homology to genes known to play a role in defence. These six genes encode a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (QsCAD2), a protein disulphide isomerase (QsPDI), a CC-NBS-LRR resistance protein (QsRPc), thaumatin-like protein (QsTLP), chitinase (QsCHI) and a 1,3-beta glucanase (QsGLU). The current work has been successful in evaluation of the expression of these genes by qRT-PCR. Data analysis revealed that transcript levels of QsRPc, QsCHI, QsCAD2 and QsPDI increased during the early hours of inoculation, while transcript profiles of thaumatin-like protein showed decreasing. No expression was detected for 1,3-beta-glucanase (QsGLU). Furthermore, the choice of suitable reference genes in any new experimental system is absolutely crucial in qRT-PCR; for this reason in this study and for the first time a set of potential reference genes were analyzed and validated for qRT-PCR normalization in the patho-system Phytophthora-Q. suber. Four candidate reference genes polimerase II (QsRPII), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A(QsEIF-5A), b-tubulin (QsTUB) and a medium subunit family protein of Clathrin adaptor complexes (QsCACs) were evaluated to determine the most stable internal references in Q. suber. Analysis of stability of genes was carried out using Genex software. Results indicated all these four potential reference genes assumed stable expression. Data analysis revealed that QsRPII and QsCACs were the two most stable genes, while genes QsTUB and QsEIF-5A were the third and the fourth most stable gene, respectively. In this study, a plasmid-based quantitative PCR method was developed to measure P. cinnamomi colonization during infection process of Q. suber. Plasmid-based detection of P. cinnamomi showed a gradual accumulation of the pathogen DNA in cork oak root tips up to 24 h post infection. The higher increase in P. cinnamomi/plasmid DNA ratio occurred between 18 and 24 h. One of the primary objectives of this research was to study the effect of cinnamomins (elicitins secreted by P. cinnamomin) on inducing defence mechanism against the pathogen, as recent histological and ultra-structural studies showed that P. cinnamomi was restricted to the outer cortex root fragments pre-treated with capsicien and cryptogein, suggesting that elicitins can stimulate plant defence reactions against P. cinnamomi. To complement these studies and to have a clear view of the nature of the interaction, the role of cinnamomins in the production of the oxidative burst [ROS and ROS scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD)] and in the defence responses was evaluated. Cork oak seedlings were pretreated with alpha-cinnamomin and then inoculated with P. cinnamomi mycelia. Results showed a significant higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H2O2 and O2•-) in elicitin and non-elicitin treated roots in interaction with P. cinnamomi in comparison to the corresponding control. The plant group inoculated with the pathogen after cinnamomin treatment showed an earlier increase in H2O2 production but this was lower as compared with that group inoculated with P. cinnamomi alone. Also, in elicitin pre-treated group generally, a lower level of O2•− production during infection was observed as compared with inoculated roots with P. cinnamomi alone without elicitin treatment. Furthermore, in this study, we evaluated activities of antioxidant enzymes upon challenge with P. cinnamomi, with and without pretreatment with alpha cinnamomin. Results indicated that the activities of defense enzymes POD, SOD and CAT increased after P. cinnamomi inoculation when compared with those in the control group. Also, in the group treated with alpha-cinnamomin followed by P. cinnamomi inoculation, a higher level of enzymatic activities was detected as compared with elicitin non-treated group, which suggest the protective effect of alpha-cinnamomin against the pathogen due to higher elevated levels of defense enzymes POD, SOD and CAT during the infection period. Furthermore, a sensitive qPCR method was applied to measure the pathogen biomass in elicited and non-elicited Q. suber roots challenged with P. cinnamomi to elucidate the effect of cinnamomins on the colonization of P. cinnamomi. Plasmid-based quantification of P. cinnamomi showed a significant decrease in accumulation of the pathogen DNA in cork oak roots after treatment with alpha and beta-cinnamomins which attest the role of cinnamomins in promoting defense responses in cork oak against P. cinnamomi invasion.

Effects of mixture of nanoparticles under different salinity in the clams Ruditapes philippinarum and Ruditapes decussatus

Dissertação de mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidadde do Algarve, 2015

Drug repurposing in the treatment of Melanoma Brain Metastasis

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Molecular e Microbiana, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Stress oxydatif, fonction mitochondriale et maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin

CONTEXTE: Bien que la dysfunction mitochondriale et le stress oxydant jouent des rôles prépondérants dans plusieurs conditions pathologiques, ils n’ont pas été étudiés de façon extensive au niveau du tube digestif qui est constamment exposé aux oxydants (provenant de l’alimentation) et à divers agents pathogènes. L’ingestion simultanée de sels ferreux et d’acide ascorbique peut causer le dommage des macromolécules par oxydation. Le ‘’Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor’’ (Nrf2) est un important facteur de transcription sensible au potentiel redox et qui protège contre le stress oxydant en induisant des gènes anti-oxydants et de detoxification par sa liaison à l’élément de réponse antioxydante (ARE). Les fonctions anti-oxydantes et anti-inflammatoires de Nrf2 ont été décrites dans une variété de types cellulaires et de tissus. Cependant son rôle est très peu connu au niveau du tube digestif. OBJECTIFS: Les objectifs sont d’évaluer comment la peroxydation lipidique médiée par le fer/ascorbate (FE/ASC) affecte les fonctions mitochondriales dans les cellules Caco-2/15, et de déterminer l’ampleur de l’implication de Nrf2. MÉTHODES: Le stress oxydant a été induit dans les cellules Caco2/15 en les traitant avec 0.2mm/2mm de FE/ASC. L’augmentation de l’expression de Nrf2 a été obtenue suite au prétraitement des cellules Caco2/15 avec 50 μM d’Olitpraz (OPZ), un puissant activateur. L’invalidation du gène de Nrf2 a été réalisée dans les cellules par transfection avec un vecteur lentiviral contenant un shRNA contre Nrf2. RÉSULTATS: Nos résultats montrent que le traitement des cellules Caco-2/15 avec du FE/ASC (0.2 mm/2 mm) augmente les niveaux du malondialdehyde (MDA), réduit la production d’ATP, entraîne une surcharge mitochondriale de calcium, active l’expression protéique du cytochrome C et de l’AIF (apoptotic inducing factor), réduit l’activité des complexes I, II, 2 III et IV de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale, augmente les niveaux de 8-OHdG, un marqueur des dommages à l’ADN mitochondrial, diminue la DNA glycosylase, et altère les expressions génique et protéique des facteurs de transcription mitochondriaux (mtTFA, mtTFB1, mtTFB2). De plus, nos observations montrent que l’induction et l’activation de Nrf2 dans les cellules Caco-2/15 résultent en: une augmentation des enzymes anti-oxydantes endogènes (catalase, glutathion peroxydase, et superoxyde dismutase), une réduction du facteur nucléaire NFκβ et de TNF-α, une augmentation de la production d’ ATP et de l’activité des complexes respiratoires (I, II, III, IV) et de PGC-1α, et une régulation des niveaux de la prohibitine mitochondriale, du Bcl-2 anti-apoptotique et de l’occludine. CONCLUSION: Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats montrent que l’exposition aigüe des cellules Caco-2/15 à la peroxydation par le FE/ASC entraîne des effets pathologiques sur les fonctions mitochondriales et l’intégrité de l’ADN, qui sont abolis par l’induction de Nrf2. Il en ressort que Nrf2 joue un rôle majeur dans la protection de l’épithélium intestinal contre le stress oxydant.

Contribution of antioxidant enzymes to toxicity assessment in fluvial biofilms

Per tal d’avaluar l’impacte de la contaminació en els ecosistemes aquàtics, aquesta tesi es centra en una aproximació multi-biomarcador en els biofilms. En complement dels biomarcadors clàssics, es va demostrar que les activitats dels enzims antioxidants (AEA): catalasa, ascorbat peroxidasa i glutatió reductasa eren biomarcardors d'estrès oxidatiu en els biofilms. Tot i que les AEA poden veure's influenciades amb la mateixa mesura per factors naturals (edat del biofilm, llum de colonització o d'exposició) i contaminants (herbicides i farmacèutics), aquestes AEA permeten entendre millor l'efecte dels contaminants. Cal remarcar que assajos de toxicitat aguda es poden utilitzar per comparar la capacitat antioxidant entre comunitats i conèixer la seva pre-exposició a l'estrès oxidatiu. Aquesta aproximació multi-biomarcador a nivell de comunitat és especialment interessant per avaluar la toxicitat dels contaminants emergents (β-blockers) sobre espècies no-diana. Per tal de millorar-la, també es va verificar la possibilitat de mesurar l'expressió gènica en biofilms.

Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer

Oxygen-free radicals, more generally known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognised for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. The "two-faced" character of ROS is substantiated by growing body of evidence that ROS within cells act as secondary messengers in intracellular signalling cascades, which induce and maintain the oncogenic phenotype of cancer cells, however, ROS can also induce cellular senescence and apoptosis and can therefore function as anti-tumourigenic species. The cumulative production of ROS/RNS through either endogenous or exogenous insults is termed oxidative stress and is common for many types of cancer cell that are linked with altered redox regulation of cellular signalling pathways. Oxidative stress induces a cellular redox imbalance which has been found to be present in various cancer cells compared with normal cells; the redox imbalance thus may be related to oncogenic stimulation. DNA mutation is a critical step in carcinogenesis and elevated levels of oxidative DNA lesions (8-OH-G) have been noted in various tumours, strongly implicating such damage in the etiology of cancer. It appears that the DNA damage is predominantly linked with the initiation process. This review examines the evidence for involvement of the oxidative stress in the carcinogenesis process. Attention is focused on structural, chemical and biochemical aspects of free radicals, the endogenous and exogenous sources of their generation, the metal (iron, copper, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, cadmium, arsenic, nickel)-mediated formation of free radicals (e.g. Fenton chemistry), the DNA damage (both mitochondrial and nuclear), the damage to lipids and proteins by free radicals, the phenomenon of oxidative stress, cancer and the redox environment of a cell, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and the role of signalling cascades by ROS; in particular. ROS activation of AP-1 (activator protein) and NF-kappa B (nuclear factor kappa B) signal transduction pathways, which, in turn lead to the transcription of genes involved in cell growth regulatory pathways. The role of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase (Cu. Zn-SOD. Mn-SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, carotenoids, thiol antioxidants (glutathione, thioredoxin and lipoic acid), flavonoids, selenium and others) in the process of careinogenesis as well as the antioxidant interactions with various regulatory factors, including Ref-1, NF-kappa B, AP-1 are also reviewed. 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Peripheral Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer`s Disease

Oxidative stress has been associated with normal aging and Alzheimer`s disease (AD). However, little is known about oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients who present a high risk for developing AD. The aim of this study was to investigate plasma production of the lipid peroxidation marker, malonaldehyde (MDA) and to determine, in erythrocytes, the enzymatic antioxidant activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in 33 individuals with MCI, 29 with mild probable AD and 26 healthy aged subjects. GR/GPx activity ratio was calculated to better assess antioxidant defenses. The relationship between oxidative stress and cognitive performance was also evaluated by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). AD patients showed higher MDA levels than both MCI and healthy elderly subjects. MCI subjects also exhibited higher MDA levels compared to controls. Catalase and GPx activity were similar in MCI and healthy individuals but higher in AD. GR activity was lower in MCI and AD patients than in healthy aged subjects. Additionally, GR/GPx ratio was higher in healthy aged subjects, intermediate in MCI and lower in AD patients. No differences in GST activity were detected among the groups. MMSE was negatively associated with MDA levels (r = -0.31, p = 0.028) and positively correlated with GR/GPx ratio in AD patients (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). MDA levels were also negatively correlated to GR/GPx ratio (r = -0.31, p = 0.029) in the AD group. These results suggest that high lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant defenses may be present early in cognitive disorders.

Occupational airborne contamination in South Brazil: 2. Oxidative stress detected in the blood of workers of incineration of hospital residues

One of the most useful methods for elimination of solid residues of health services (SRHS) is incineration. However, it also provokes the emission of several hazardous air pollutants such as heavy metals, furans and dioxins, which produce reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. The present study, which is parallel to an accompanied paper (Avila Jr. et al., this issue), investigated several enzymatic and non-enzymatic biomarkers of oxidative stress in the blood (contents of vitamin E, lipoperoxidation = TBARS, reduced glutathione = GSH, oxidized glutathione = GSSG, and activities of glutathione S-transferase = GST, glutathione reductase = GR, glutathione peroxidase = GPx, catalase = CAT and superoxide dismutase = SOD), in three different groups (n = 20 each) exposed to airborne contamination associated with incineration of SRHS: workers directly (ca. 100 m from the incinerator) and indirectly exposed (residents living ca. 5 km the incineration site), and controls (non-exposed subjects). TBARS and GSSG levels were increased whilst GSH, TG and alpha-tocopherol contents were decreased in workers and residents compared to controls. Increased GST and CAT activities and decreased GPx activities were detected in exposed subjects compared to controls, while GR did not show any difference among the groups. In conclusion, subjects directly or indirectly exposed to SRHS are facing an oxidative insult and health risk regarding fly ashes contamination from SRHS incineration.

Antioxidant therapy attenuates oxidative stress in the blood of subjects exposed to occupational airborne contamination from coal mining extraction and incineration of hospital residues

Coal mining and incineration of solid residues of health services (SRHS) generate several contaminants that are delivered into the environment, such as heavy metals and dioxins. These xenobiotics can lead to oxidative stress overgeneration in organisms and cause different kinds of pathologies, including cancer. In the present study the concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, copper, iron, manganese and zinc in the urine, as well as several enzymatic and non-enzymatic biomarkers of oxidative stress in the blood (contents of lipoperoxidation = TBARS, protein carbonyls = PC, protein thiols = PT, alpha-tocopherol = AT, reduced glutathione = GSH, and the activities of glutathione S-transferase = GST, glutathione reductase = GR, glutathione peroxidase = GPx, catalase = CAT and superoxide dismutase = SOD), in the blood of six different groups (n = 20 each) of subjects exposed to airborne contamination related to coal mining as well as incineration of solid residues of health services (SRHS) after vitamin E (800 mg/day) and vitamin C (500 mg/day) supplementation during 6 months, which were compared to the situation before the antioxidant intervention (Avila et al., Ecotoxicology 18:1150-1157, 2009; Possamai et al., Ecotoxicology 18:1158-1164, 2009). Except for the decreased manganese contents, heavy metal concentrations were elevated in all groups exposed to both sources of airborne contamination when compared to controls. TBARS and PC concentrations, which were elevated before the antioxidant intervention decreased after the antioxidant supplementation. Similarly, the contents of PC, AT and GSH, which were decreased before the antioxidant intervention, reached values near those found in controls, GPx activity was reestablished in underground miners, and SOD, CAT and GST activities were reestablished in all groups. The results showed that the oxidative stress condition detected previously to the antioxidant supplementation in both directly and indirectly subjects exposed to the airborne contamination from coal dusts and SRHS incineration, was attenuated after the antioxidant intervention.

Occupational airborne contamination in south Brazil: 1. Oxidative stress detected in the blood of coal miners

Reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of coal dust-induced toxicity. The present study investigated several oxidative stress biomarkers (Contents of lipoperoxidation = TBARS, reduced = GSH, oxidized = GSSG and total glutathione = TG, alpha-tocopherol, and the activities of glutathione S-transferase = GST, glutathione reductase = GR, glutathione peroxidase = GPx, catalase = CAT and superoxide dismutase = SOD), in the blood of three different groups (n = 20 each) exposed to airborne contamination associated with coal mining activities: underground workers directly exposed, surface workers indirectly exposed, residents indirectly exposed (subjects living near the mines), and controls (non-exposed subjects). Plasma TBARS were increased and whole blood TG and GSH levels were decreased in all groups compared to controls. Plasma alpha-tocopherol contents showed approximately half the values in underground workers compared to controls. GST activity was induced in workers and also in residents at the vicinity of the mining plant, whilst CAT activity was induced only in mine workers. SOD activity was decreased in all groups examined, while GPx activity showed decreased values only in underground miners, and GR did not show any differences among the groups. The results showed that subjects directly and indirectly exposed to coal dusts face an oxidative stress condition. They also indicate that people living in the vicinity of the mine plant are in health risk regarding coal mining-related diseases.

Antioxidant enzyme activities of iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin (Fe-bLf) in human gut epithelial cells under oxidative stress

Chemoprevention by dietary constituents in the form of functional food has emerged as a novel approach to control inflammatory diseases and cancers. Recently we reported for the first time that iron content is a critical determinant in the anti-tumour activity of bovine milk lactoferrin (bLf). We therefore wanted to evaluate the chemo-preventative efficacy of Apo-bLF and 100% iron-saturated bLF (Fe-bLF) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O 2)-induced colon carcinogenesis, and their influence on antioxidant enzyme activities within colon carcinogenesis. This was undertaken through observing how oxidative stress induced by H2O2 alters antioxidant enzyme activity within HT29 colon cancer cells, and then observing changes in this activity by treatments with the different antioxidants ascorbic acid (AA), Apo-bLF and Fe-bLF. All antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-s-transferase (GsT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) appeared to be increased within HT29 cells, even prior to H2O2 exposure, and all enzymes showed significant decreased activity when cells were treated with the antioxidants AA, Apo-bLF or Fe-bLF, with or without H2O2 exposure. The results indicate that all three antioxidants have the ability to scavenge ROS, lower antioxidant enzyme activities within already excited states, and possibly allow colon cancer cells to be overcome by oxidative stress that would normally be prevented, perhaps leading to damage and potential apoptosis of the cancer cells. In conclusion, the anti-oxidative effects of Apo-bLF and Fe-bLf studied for the first time, show dynamic changes that may allow for necessary protection from imbalanced oxidative conditions, and potential at reducing the ability of cancer cells to protect themselves from oxidative stress states.

Influência do hipotireoidismo no dano oxidativo e nas defesas antioxidantes

O hipotireoidismo é uma doença que tem grande impacto sobre o metabolismo basal dos tecidos, reduzindo o consumo de O2 e geração de energia. Por essa razão, a sua relação com a produção de espécies ativas de oxigênio (EAO) é extremamente importante, uma vez que com a diminuição da utilização de O2, possivelmente, ocorra uma redução na geração das EAO. Portanto, trabalhamos com a hipótese de que havendo decréscimo na síntese de radicais livres, o dano oxidativo ficaria menos evidente nos diferentes tecidos de hipotireoideos. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, pesando cerca de 170 g divididos em dois grupos distintos: hipotireoideos e eutireoideos. O hipotireoidismo foi induzido pelo procedimento cirúrgico denominado de tireoidectomia. Cabe salientar, que os animais eutireoideos foram submetidos somente à simulação da cirurgia (sham operated). Transcorridas quatro semanas da tireoidectomia, os ratos tiveram seu sangue coletado e seus órgãos (coração e fígado) removidos. Foram feitas análises bioquímicas do dano oxidativo através da medida da lipoperoxidação (TBA-RS e Quimiluminescência) e da oxidação das proteínas (dosagem das carbonilas). Medidas de defesas antioxidantes enzimáticas (atividade e concentração das enzimas catalase, superóxido dismutase, glutationa peroxidase e glutationa–S–transferase) e não enzimáticas (através da medida da capacidade antioxidante total -TRAP) também foram realizadas. Os resultados, da quantificação da lipoperoxidação, demonstraram a diminuição das cifras de TBA-RS e Quimiluminescência no sangue e tecido cardíaco dos ratos tireoidectomizados em relação ao grupo eutireoideo. No entanto, no tecido hepático não houve alteração deste parâmetro. A oxidação das proteínas também foi menor no plasma dos animais hipotireoideos. Por outro lado, o TRAP e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes se apresentaram em declínio no grupo hipotireoideo em relação ao grupo eutireoideo, no miocárdio e nos eritrócitos. Todavia, no tecido hepático, somente a catalase demonstrou decréscimo da atividade catalítica nos hipotireoideos. As concentrações das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase e glutationa–S–transferase, medidas por Western Blott, foram menores no coração e sangue, e inalteradas no fígado. Esses resultados sugerem que o estado hipometabólico, causado pela deficiência dos hormônios da tireóide, pode levar à redução dos danos oxidativos aos lipídeos e às proteínas. Entretanto, não podemos afirmar que o estresse oxidativo dos animais hipotireoideos seja inferior aos eutireoideos, porque as defesas antioxidantes também estão reduzidas nestes animais.

Avaliação do estresse oxidativo no desenvolvimento da hipertensão renovascular : papel protetor dos estrogênios

A contribuição dos radicais livres na hipertensão está relacionada com a produção do ânion radical superóxido e sua influência na ativação da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA). Os estrogênios têm um potencial antioxidante bastante relevante, uma vez que esse hormônio esteróide pode interferir no processo de iniciação da lipoperoxidação (LPO), atuando como “scavenger” de radicais livres. Foram objetivos deste trabalho avaliar a influência dos estrogênios na LPO, na capacidade antioxidante total (TRAP), na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e no metabolismo do NO em coração e rins de ratas hipertensas. Procurou-se, ainda, avaliar a progressão temporal do estresse oxidativo sistêmico. Foram utilizadas 60 ratas Wistar, divididas em 4 grupos: normotenso controle (NCO), hipertenso controle (HCO), normotenso castrado (NCA) e hipertenso castrado (HCA). Foi induzida a hipertensão renovascular (modelo Goldblatt 2) por 21 dias e, concomitantemente, realizada a ovariectomia. Num grupo de animais, amostras de sangue foram coletadas no 3º, 10º e 20º dia. Em outros animais, os corações e rins foram homogeneizados, no 21° dia. Na avaliação sistêmica, a quimiluminescência (QL) aumentou do 3º para o 21º dia nos grupos HCO, NCA e HCA em relação ao grupo NCO. A atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) seguiu o mesmo padrão de oscilação. Os níveis de nitratos também aumentaram no 21° dia nos grupos HCO, NCA e HCA. No entanto, no 3° dia mostraram-se menores que os do grupo NCO.A atividade da catalase (CAT) mostrou-se aumentada no 10º dia nos grupos HCO e HCA em relação aos grupos NCO e NCA. Já o TRAP apresentou-se diminuído no 10° dia nos grupos HCO, NCA e HCA em relação ao 3° dia e ao grupo NCO. Nos tecidos, a LPO apresentou-se aumentada no grupo NCA em relação ao grupo NCO e o grupo HCA apresentou-se aumentado em relação aos grupos HCO e NCA . A atividade da SOD em homogeneizado cardíaco apresentou-se aumentada nos grupos hipertensos. A atividade da glutationa peroxidase (GPx) em tecido cardíaco apresentou-se aumentada no grupo HCO em relação aos grupos NCO e HCA. A atividade da CAT em homogeneizado cardíaco apresentou-se aumentada nos grupos HCO e NCA em relação ao grupo NCO. No rim a CAT apresentou-se aumentada nos grupos castrados. A atividade da glutationa S-transferase (GST), em coração e rins, apresentou-se aumentada com a hipertensão. O TRAP apresentou-se, em tecido cardíaco, diminuído no grupo HCO e aumentado no grupo HCA. No tecido renal, apenas o grupo NCA apresentou TRAP aumentado. O nível de nitratos em tecido cardíaco apresentou-se menor no grupo HCO e maior no grupo NCA em relação ao grupo NCO. O grupo HCA apresentou-se menor em relação ao grupo NCA. Nos homogeneizados de rins a SOD, a GPx e os nitratos não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Pode-se observar que tanto a hipertensão quanto a castração induziram um aumento de estresse oxidativo sistêmico que progride com o passar do tempo, assim como adaptações do sistema antioxidante enzimático e não enzimático. Nos tecidos, o estresse oxidativo é aumentado pela retirada dos estrogênios, efeito este potencializado quando concomitante à hipertensão. Os dados encontrados neste trabalho confirmam a ação antioxidante dos estrogênios.

Efeito dos ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico sobre alguns parâmetros do sistema glutamatérgico e de estresse oxidativo em cérebro de ratos

A deficiência da enzima desidrogenase de acil-CoA de cadeia curta (SCAD) é um erro inato do metabolismo potencialmente letal que afeta o último ciclo da oxidação de ácidos graxos. O bloqueio da rota na conversão de n-butiril-CoA a acetil-CoA resultante da deficiência enzimática leva ao acúmulo tecidual e aumento da concentração nos líquidos biológicos predominantemente dos ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico. Os pacientes afetados apresentam episódios de acidose metabólica intermitente, hiperamonemia, coma e acidose neonatal com hiperreflexia, miopatia por depósito de lipídios e hipotonia. Os sinais e sintomas dessa doença são variáveis, podendo aparecer em qualquer idade, do nascimento à vida adulta, e em combinações variáveis, freqüentemente levando a episódios ameaçadores à vida de descompensação metabólica depois de um período de ingesta inadequada de calorias e/ou doença intercorrente. Tendo em vista que a patogênese do dano cerebral na deficiência da SCAD é pouco conhecida, no presente estudo investigamos a ação dos ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico sobre alguns parâmetros envolvendo o sistema glutamatérgico e a produção de estresse oxidativo em cérebro de ratos jovens. Observamos inicialmente que o ácido etilmalônico promoveu uma diminuição significativa na captação de L-[3H]glutamato por fatias de córtex nas concentrações de 0,01, 0,1 e 1,0 mM. Já nas técnicas relacionadas à união de L-[3H]glutamato em membranas sinápticas plasmáticas, o ácido provocou uma diminuição da ligação de L-[3H]glutamato às membranas na ausência de sódio em todas as concentrações testadas (0,01 – 1,0 mM) e, quando em presença de sódio, houve diminuição da união somente na concentração de 1,0 mM do ácido. Por outro lado, não foi verificado qualquer efeito desse ácido sobre a captação vesicular de L-[3H]glutamato nas concentrações utilizadas. O ácido metilsucínico comportou-se de forma semelhante ao ácido etilmalônico nos parâmetros de captação de L-[3H]glutamato por fatias e união de L-[3H]glutamato em membranas sinápticas plasmáticas. Houve uma diminuição da captação de glutamato por fatias de córtex cerebral, uma diminuição da união de L-[3H]glutamato na ausência de sódio em todas as concentrações e, na presença de sódio, uma diminuição da captação apenas na concentração de 1,0 mM. Por outro lado, distintamente do que ocorreu com o ácido etilmalônico, na captação vesicular observamos uma diminuição da captação em todas as concentrações testadas. Nossos resultados demonstram, desta forma, alterações importantes no sistema glutamatérgico pelos ácidos acumulados na deficiência da desidrogenase de acil-CoA de cadeia curta. A etapa seguinte foi investigar o efeito dos ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens: medida do potencial antioxidante total (TRAP), medida das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS) e medida de quimiluminescência. Foi verificado que os dois ácidos não afetam a lipoperoxidação, medida através do TBA-RS e quimiluminescência e tampouco as defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas, medidas através do TRAP. Embora não tenhamos medido o efeito dos ácidos sobre as defesas enzimáticas antioxidantes representadas pelas enzimas superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase, os resultados dos parâmetros analisados no presente trabalho sugerem que os ácidos acumulados na deficiência da SCAD não produzem estresse oxidativo.