Bromenium-Catalysed Tandem Ring Opening/Cyclisation of Vinylcyclopropanes and Vinylcyclobutanes: A Metal-Free 3+2+1]/4+2+1] Cascade for the Synthesis of Chiral Amidines and Computational Investigation

We present a detailed study of a 3+2+1] cascade cyclisation of vinylcyclopropanes (VCP) catalysed by a bromenium species (Brd+?Xd-) generated in situ, which results in the synthesis of chiral bicyclic amidines in a tandem one-pot operation. The formation of amidines involves the ring-opening of VCPs with Br?X, followed by a Ritter-type reaction with chloramine-T and a tandem cyclisation. The reaction has been further extended to vinylcyclobutane systems and involves a 4+2+1] cascade cyclisation with the same reagents. The versatility of the methodology has been demonstrated by careful choice of VCPs and VCBs to yield bicyclo4.3.0]-, -4.3.1]- and -4.4.0]amidines in enantiomerically pure form. On the basis of the experimental observations and DFT calculations, a reasonable mechanism has been put forth to account for the formation of the products and the observed stereoselectivity. We propose the existence of a p-stabilised homoallylic carbocation at the cyclopropane carbon as the reason for high stereoselectivity. DFT studies at B3LYP/6-311+G** and M06-2X/6-31+G* levels of theory in gas-phase calculations suggest the ring-opening of VCP is initiated at the p-complex stage (between the double bond and Br?X). This can be clearly perceived from the solution-phase (acetonitrile) calculations using the polarisable continuum model (PCM) solvation model, from which the extent of the ring opening of VCP was found to be noticeably high. Studies also show that the formation of zero-bridge bicyclic amidines is favoured over other bridged bicyclic amidines. The energetics of competing reaction pathways is compared to explain the product selectivity.

Effect of 3,4-ethylenedioxy-extension of thiophene core on the DNA/RNA binding properties and biological activity of bisbenzimidazole amidines

Novel bisbenzimidazoles (4-6), characterized by 3,4-ethylenedioxy-extension of thiophene core, revealed pronounced affinity and strong thermal stabilization effect toward ds-DNA. They interact within ds-DNA grooves as dimmers or even oligomers and agglomerate along ds-RNA. Compounds 4-6 have shown moderate to strong antiproliferative effect toward panel of eight carcinoma cell lines. Compound 5 displayed the best inhibitory potential and in equitoxic concentration (IC(50) = 1 x 10 (6) M) induced accumulation of cells in G2/M phase after 48 h of incubation. Fluorescence microscopy showed that 5 entered into live HeLa cells within 30 min, but did not accumulate in nuclei even after 2.5 h. Compound 5 inhibited the growth of Trypanosome cruzi epimastigotes (IC(50) = 4.3 x 10 (6) M). (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A comparative solid state C-13 NMR and thermal study of CO2 capture by amidines PMDBD and DBN

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

An investigation into reactivity and selectivity in cycloadditions of 1,3-dipoles with formamidines

The objective of this research was to investigate the synthesis of nitrile oxides and to study their reactivity in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with formamidines. Chapter one looks at the literature surrounding the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. It explores the generation of 1,3-dipoles (mainly nitrile oxides) and dipolarophiles (predominantly amidines). It discusses the potential synthetic uses of the 1,3-dipolar cycloadducts. It examines both and inter- and intra-molecular cycloaddition reactions. It recognises the use of the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions as a successful method in building natural products and oxadiazolines. The decomposition of oxadiazolines as a route to nitriles is also outlined in this chapter. Chapter two discusses the results of this research candidate. The preparation of nitrile oxide precursors - hydroximoyl halides - is outlined at first. The generation of nitrile oxides is then demonstrated, followed by the preparation of furoxans. Methods for preparing the reference materials (nitriles and ureas), which result from decomposition of oxadiazolines, then follow. The preparation of series of Δ2-1,2,4- oxadiazolines via the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction is illustrated in this chapter. The selectivity of the addition of nitrile oxides to dipolarophiles was tested by competition reactions, which are also described in this chapter. NMR techniques were used in the study of the kinetics of the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions used for the preparation of a series of Δ2-1,2,4-oxadiazolines, which is addressed in this chapter. Chapter three charts the experimental procedures followed to gain results which are discussed in chapter two. It also outlines all analytical data produced during the course of this research.

BIIL 284 reduces neutrophil numbers but increases P. aeruginosa bacteremia and inflammation in mouse lungs

BACKGROUND: A clinical study to investigate the leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4))-receptor antagonist BIIL 284 in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients was prematurely terminated due to a significantly increased risk of adverse pulmonary events. We aimed to establish the effect of BIIL284 in models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection, thereby contributing to a better understanding of what could have led to adverse pulmonary events in CF patients.

METHODS: P. aeruginosa DNA in the blood of CF patients during and after acute pulmonary exacerbations and in stable patients with non-CF bronchiectasis (NCFB) and healthy individuals was assessed by PCR. The effect of BIIL 284 treatment was tested in an agar bead murine model of P. aeruginosa lung infection. Bacterial count and inflammation were evaluated in lung and other organs.

RESULTS: Most CF patients (98%) and all patients with NCFB and healthy individuals had negative P. aeruginosa DNA in their blood. Similarly, the P. aeruginosa-infected mice showed bacterial counts in the lung but not in the blood or spleen. BIIL 284 treatment decreased pulmonary neutrophils and increased P. aeruginosa numbers in mouse lungs leading to significantly higher bacteremia rates and lung inflammation compared to placebo treated animals.

CONCLUSIONS: Decreased airway neutrophils induced lung proliferation and severe bacteremia in a murine model of P. aeruginosa lung infection. These data suggest that caution should be taken when administering anti-inflammatory compounds to patients with bacterial infections.

1,1-enediamines and β-substituted enamines in heterocyclic synthesis

The work in this thesis mainly deals with l,l-enediamines and ~ -substituted enamines (push-pull olefines) and their reactions, leading to the formation of a number of heterocycles. Various ~-substituted enamines were prepared by a 'one pot synthesis' in which a l,l-enediamine presumably acts as an intermediate. These enamines, various substituted crotonamides and propenamides, were made by using two different orthoesters, various secondary and primary amines and cyanoacetamide. Their structures, mechanism of formation and geometry are discussed. A synthetic route to various unsymmetrically substituted pyridines was examined. Two substituted pyridinones were obtained by using two different ~-substituted enamines and cyanoacetamide. In one case a dihydropyridine was isolated. This dihydropyridine, on heating in acidic conditions, gave a pyridinone, which confirmed this dihydropyridine as an intermediate in this pyridine synthesis. A new synthetic method was used to make highly substituted pyridinones, which involved the reaction of l,l-enediamines with the ~-substituted enamines. A one pot synthesis and an interrupted one pot synthesis were used to make these pyridinones. Two different orthoesters and three different secondary amines were used. Serendipitous formation of a pyrimidinone was observed when pyrrolidine was used as the secondary amine and triethyl orthopropionate was used as the orthoester. In all cases cyanoacetamide was used as the carbon acid. This pyridine synthesis was designed with aI, l-enediamine as the Michael donor and the ~ -substituted enamines as Michael acceptors. Substituted ureas were obtained in two cases, which was a surprise. Some pyrimidines were made by reacting two substituted enamines with two different amidines. When benzamidine was used, the expected pyrimidines were obtained. But, when 2-benzyl-2-thiopseudourea (which is also an amidine) was used, of the two expected pyrimidines, only one was obtained. In the other case, an additional substitution reaction took place in which the S-benzyl group was lost. An approach to quinazolone and benzothiadiazine synthesis is discussed. Two compounds were made from 1, I-dimorpholinoethene

Bis-and tris (amidine) fluoroboron cations and related systems studies by Multinuclear NMR and fast atom bombardment mass spectometry

The formation and the isolation of fluoroboron salts, (D2BF2+)(PF6-), (DD'BF2+)(PF6-) and (D3BF2+)(PF6-)2, have been carried out. 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5,4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and 1,5-diazabicyclo[4,3,O]non-5-ene (DBN), extremely strong organic bases, were introduced into the fluoroboron cation systems and induced a complicated redistribution reaction in the D/BF3/BC13 systems. The result was the formation of all BFnCI4-n-, D.BFnCI3-n and fluoroboron cation species which were detected by 19p and 11B NMR spectrometry. The displacement reaction of CI- from these D.BFnCI3-n (n = 1 and 2) species by the second entering ligand is much faster than in other nitrogen donor containing systems which have been previously studied. Tetramethylguanidine, oxazolines and thiazolines can also produce similar reactions in D/BF3/BCI3 systems, but no significant BFnC4-n- species were observed. As well as influences of their basicity and their steric hindrance, N=C-R(X) (X = N, 0 or S) and N=C( X)2 (X = N or S) structures of ligands have significant effects on the fonnationof fluoroboron cations and the related NMR parameters. D3BF2+ and some D2BF2+ show the expected inertness, but (DBU)2BF2+ shows an interestingly high reactivity. (D2BF2+)(X-) formed from weak organic bases such as pyridine can react with stronger organic bases and form DD'BF2+ and D'2BF2+ in acetone or nitromethane. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry is doubly meaningful to this work. Firstly, FABMS can be directly applied to the complicated fluoroboron cation containing solution systems as an excellent complementary technique to multinuclear NMR. Secondly, the gas-phase ion substitution reaction of (D2BF2+)(PF6-) with the strong organic bases is successfully observed in a FABMS ion source when the B-N bond is not too strong in these cations.

Complexes pinceurs de cobalt et de nickel : synthèse, caratérisation, réactivité

Plusieurs nouveaux complexes pinceurs de cobalt et de nickel ont été préparés avec le ligand pinceur de type POCOP : 2,6-(i-Pr2PO)2C6H4. Dans le cas du cobalt, une nouvelle voie de synthèse a été développée. Contrairement au cas du nickel, il s’agit ici de cobalt au degré d’oxydation +III. Les composés obtenus sont paramagnétiques. En outre, le dérivé bromé est instable à la lumière et se décompose en perdant un brome pour former le complexe pinceur de Co(II). La réactivité de ces complexes a été étudiée. Pour ce qui est du nickel, la catalyse de l’hydroamination a été élargie aux dérivés de l’acrylonitrile et aux amines aromatiques. En outre, la réaction d’hydroaryloxylation a été étudiée dans les mêmes conditions. Enfin, avec le 4-cyanostyrène et le cinnamonitrile, la formation d’amidines a été observée. Un complexe pinceur portant cette amidine a été isolé. Enfin, le cation réagit avec des anions fortement coordonnants tels le cyanure ou l’isocyanate. En outre, l’anion triflate peut être déplacé par l’eau, l’acrylonitrile et ses dérivés. Enfin, une réactivité particulière a été observée avec la morpholine, l’acétone et un mélange 1:1 aniline/triéthylamine.

Nouveaux complexes pinces POCOP, NHCCOP, PIMCOP et PIMIOCOP, et complexes cyclométallés de Ni(II) : synthèse, caractérisation et réactivité.

Cette thèse traite de la chimie des complexes pinces de Ni(II) ainsi que des complexes cyclométallés de Ni(II) comportant au moins un motif phosphinite. Elle se divise en trois parties. La première concerne la synthèse, la caractérisation, le mécanisme de formation et la réactivité des complexes pinces de Ni(II) à base de ligand de type POCOP 1,3-(i-Pr2PO)2C6H4. De nouveaux ligands de type R-(POCOP) = κP,κC,κP-{Rn-2,6-( R'2PO)2C6H4-n}; Rn = 4-OMe, 4-Me, 4-CO2Me, 3-OMe, 3- CO2Me, 3,5-t-Bu2 ; R' = i-Pr, t-Bu ont été synthétisés suite à l'addition de chlorophosphine ClPR'2 à une solution de résorcinol ou dérivés en présence de base. La synthèse des complexes R-(POCOP)Ni(Br) s'effectue à partir du ligand correspondant en présence de base, et de {NiBr2(NCiPr)}n. Ce nouveau précurseur de nickel est synthétisé à partir de brome de nickel métallique dans l'isobutyronitrile. Il est stable sous atmosphère inerte et sa solubilité dans les solvants polaires permet d'étudier les synthèses des complexes en milieu homogène. Le mécanisme de formation des complexes portant des ligand pinces (PCsp3P) 1,3-(i- Pr2PCH2CH2)2CH2, (POCsp3OP) 1,3-(i-Pr2POCH2)2CH2, (PCsp2P) 1,3-(i- Pr2PCH2)2C6H4, Rn-(POCsp2OP) 1,3-(i-Pr2PO)2C6H4-n via nickellation du lien C-H a été investigué avec une méthode de réaction de compétition. Cette étape a été déterminée comme étant de nature électrophile. Les complexes résultants ont été complètement caractérisés. Une corrélation a notamment été effectuée entre le déplacement chimique du Cipso en spectroscopie RMN 13C et le potentiel d'oxydation Eox en voltamétrie cyclique. Une nouvelle méthode de synthèse directe verte "one pot" a été mise en place. En faisant réagir à 75 °C un mélange hétérogène de II résorcinol, de chlorodiisopropylphosphine et de nickel métallique en poudre, on obtient le complexes pince (POCOP)Ni(Cl) avec des rendements allant jusqu'à 93%. La réactivité de ces complexes POCOP a été investiguée pour des réactions de fluorination et trifluorométhylation des halogénures d'alkyle. La synthèse du (POCOP)Ni(F) a lieu à partir de précurseur (POCOP)Ni(X) (X=Br, Cl), en présence d'un large excès de fluorure d'argent AgF. Ce complexe catalyse la fluorination du bromure de benzyle et peut être converti en (POCOP)Ni(CF3) en présence de réactif du Ruppert, Me3SiCF3. La réaction entre (POCOP)Ni(CF3) et le bromure de benzyle dans les solvants aromatiques mène à la conversion totale du complexe en (POCOP)Ni(Br) et à l'inattendue benzylation du solvant aromatique utilisé. La seconde partie concerne la synthèse des nouveaux complexes non symétriques à base de ligands comportant un motif imidazolo-phosphine (PIMCOP) 3-[2-(R2P)-C3H2N2]-(R2PO)-C6H3, imidazoliophosphine (PIMIOCOP) 3-[2-(R2P)-3- (CH3)-C3H2N2]-(R2PO)-C6H3] et carbène N-hétérocyclique (NHCCOP). La double déprotonation du 3-hydroxyphenyl-imidazole suivi de l'addition de deux équivalents de chlorodiphenylphosphine mène à l'obtention du ligand PIMCOP 3-[3-(CH3)- C3H2N2]-(R2PO)-C6H3. L'étape de nickellation a lieu comme dans le cas des composés (POCOP)Ni. La méthylation du motif imidazole du (PIMCOP)Ni(Br) par le triflate de méthyle MeOTf, donne le dérivé (PIMIOCOP)Ni(Br). Ce dernier est converti en (NHCCOP)Ni(Br) après l'addition de chlorure de tétraéthylamonium NEt4Cl. Les analogues i-Pr2P de ces complexes sont synthétisés en remplaçant ClPPh2 par ClPiPr2. On obtient les espèces cationiques [(PIMCOP)Ni(NCCH3)][OTf], [(PIMIOCOP)Ni(NCCH3)][OTf]2 et III [(NHCCOP)Ni(NCCH3)][OTf] suite à l'addition en solution dans l'acétonitrile de triflate d'argent AgOTf. Ces espèces ont été utilisés comme catalyseurs pour la synthèse d'amidine à partir de benzonitrile et de diverse amines aliphatiques. Enfin des complexes orthonickellés trans-Ni[(ĸ2-P,C-P(OC6H4)-(iPr2)( iPr2P(OC6H5))]Br à base de phosphinite ont été synthétisés et caractérisés. Les ligands sont synthétisés par réaction d'un phénol et de chlorodiisopropylphosphine en présence de base. L'ajout de {NiBr2(NCiPr)}n et de triéthylamine permet l'orthométallation via une étape de nickellation C-H. Un intermédiaire trans- [NiBr2{PiPr2(OC6H5)}2] de cette réaction a été isolé. Le complexe dimère peut réagir avec des espèces électrophiles mener à l'ortho-fonctionnalisation de la phosphinite.

Study of the carbon dioxide chemical fixation-activation by guanidines

Fixation of CO(2) is one of the most important priorities of the scientific community dedicated to reduce global warming. In this work, we propose new methods for the fixation of CO2 using the guanidine bases tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]-pyrimidine (TBD). In order to understand the reactions occurring during the CO(2) fixation and release processes, we employed several experimental methods, including solution and solid-state NMR, FTIR, and coupled TGA-FTIR. Quantum mechanical NMR calculations were also carried out. Based on the results obtained, we concluded that CO(2) fixation with both TMG and TBD guanidines is a kinetically reversible process, and the corresponding fixation products have proved to be useful as transcarboxylating compounds. Afterward, CO(2) thermal releasing from this fixation product with TBD was found to be an interesting process for CO(2) capture and isolation purposes. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

INVESTIGAÇÃO ELETROQUÍMICA E CALORIMÉTRICA DA INTERAÇÃO DE NOVOS AGENTES ANTITUMORAIS BISCATIÔNICOS COM DNA

ELECTROCHEMICAL AND CALORIMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF INTERACTION OF NOVEL BISCATIONIC ANTICANCER AGENTS WITH DNA. Biscationic amidines bind in the DNA minor groove and present biological activity against a range of infectious diseases. Two new biscationic compounds (bis-alpha,omega-S-thioureido, amino and sulfide analogues) were synthesized in good yields and fully characterized, and their interaction with DNA was also investigated. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to measure the thermodynamic properties of binding interactions between DNA and these ligands. A double stranded calf thymus DNA immobilized on an electrode surface was used to study the possible DNA-interacting abilities of these compounds towards dsDNA in situ. A remarkable interaction of these compounds with DNA was demonstrated and their potential application as anticancer agents was furthered.

Investigação eletroquímica e calorimétrica da interação de novos agentes antitumorais biscatiônicos com DNA

Biscationic amidines bind in the DNA minor groove and present biological activity against a range of infectious diseases. Two new biscationic compounds (bis-α,ω-S-thioureido, amino and sulfide analogues) were synthesized in good yields and fully characterized, and their interaction with DNA was also investigated. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to measure the thermodynamic properties of binding interactions between DNA and these ligands. A double stranded calf thymus DNA immobilized on an electrode surface was used to study the possible DNA-interacting abilities of these compounds towards dsDNA in situ. A remarkable interaction of these compounds with DNA was demonstrated and their potential application as anticancer agents was furthered.

Entwicklung von neuen Olefin-Polymerisationskatalysatoren für die automatisierte Evaluierung

Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten vier neue Ligandsysteme fürPolymerisationskatalysatoren entwickelt werden, dieisoelektronisch zu Cp-Liganden (L2X-Ligand) oder Ligandenvon ansa-Metallocenen (L4X2-Ligand) sind. Dazu zählensubstituierte Azacyclopentadiene, 2-(Amionomethyl)thiophene,donorfunktionalisierte Amidine und1,4-Dithiabutan-verbrückte Bis(phenole).Alle Liganden wurden erfolgreich komplexiert. Bis auf diePyrrolkomplexe zeigten alle Komplexe zum Teil sehr hohePolymerisationsaktivitäten. Die Bis(phenolato)-Katalysatorenpolymerisieren Styrol isotaktisch und bieten Anwendungen fürverschiedene Copolymerisationsexperimente.Die neu entwickelten Katalysatoren haben sich trotz ihrerCp-isoelektronischen Ligandsysteme höchst unterschiedlichbezüglich ihrer Eignung als Polymerisations-Katalysatorengezeigt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird deutlich, dass nebenden elektronischen Gegebenheiten ebenso sterische wiegeometrische Einflüsse von Bedeutung sind. Für die Zukunftwird das Aufklären der Struktur-Wirkungs-Beziehung einewichtige Herausforderung bleiben. Ferner konnten meisten Syntheseschritte so ausgearbeitetwerden, dass High Throughput Experimente im Automatenmöglich sind.

Facile ketene-ketene and ketene-ketenimine rearrangements: A study of the 1,3-migration of alpha-substituents interconverting alpha-imidoylketenes and alpha-oxoketenimines, a pseudopericyclic reaction

Theoretical calculations (B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G*) of the 1,3 migration of NR2 transforming alpha-oxoketenimines 1 to alpha-imidoylketenes 3 and vice versa indicate that this process is a pseudo-pericyclic reaction with a low activation energy (NH2 97 kJ mol(-1), N(CH3)(2) 62 kJ mol(-1)). The oxoketenimines were found to be more stable (by 18-35 kJ mol(-1)) which is in line with experimental observations. The hindered amine rotation in the amide and amidine moieties adjacent to the cumulenes are important in the migration of the NR2 group, as one of the rotation transition states is close to the 1,3 migration pathway. This gives an interesting potential energy surface with a valley-ridge inflection (VRI) between the orthogonal hindered amine rotation and 1,3 migration transition states. The imidoylketene may also undergo ring closure to an azetinone 5; however, this is metastable, and under the conditions that allow the 1,3-migration, the oxoketenimine 1 will be favored. The imine NH E/Z-interconversion of the ketenimine group takes place by inversion and has a low activation barrier (similar to40 kJ mol(-1)). In all the amidines examined the E/Z-interconversion of the imine function was predicted to be by rotation with a high barrier (>80 kJ mol(-1)), in contrast to all other reported imine E/Z-interconversions which are by inversion.