A six-year descriptive analysis of hospitalisations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions among people born in refugee-source countries

Background: Hospitalisation for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSHs) has become a recognised tool to measure access to primary care. Timely and effective outpatient care is highly relevant to refugee populations given the past exposure to torture and trauma, and poor access to adequate health care in their countries of origin and during flight. Little is known about ACSHs among resettled refugee populations. With the aim of examining the hypothesis that people from refugee backgrounds have higher ACSHs than people born in the country of hospitalisation, this study analysed a six-year state-wide hospital discharge dataset to estimate ACSH rates for residents born in refugee-source countries and compared them with the Australia-born population. Methods: Hospital discharge data between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 2004 from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset were used to assess ACSH rates among residents born in eight refugee-source countries, and compare them with the Australia-born average. Rate ratios and 95% confidence levels were used to illustrate these comparisons. Four categories of ambulatory care sensitive conditions were measured: total, acute, chronic and vaccine-preventable. Country of birth was used as a proxy indicator of refugee status. Results: When compared with the Australia-born population, hospitalisations for total and acute ambulatory care sensitive conditions were lower among refugee-born persons over the six-year period. Chronic and vaccine-preventable ACSHs were largely similar between the two population groups. Conclusion: Contrary to our hypothesis, preventable hospitalisation rates among people born in refugee-source countries were no higher than Australia-born population averages. More research is needed to elucidate whether low rates of preventable hospitalisation indicate better health status, appropriate health habits, timely and effective care-seeking behaviour and outpatient care, or overall low levels of health care-seeking due to other more pressing needs during the initial period of resettlement. It is important to unpack dimensions of health status and health care access in refugee populations through ad-hoc surveys as the refugee population is not a homogenous group despite sharing a common experience of forced displacement and violence-related trauma.

Comparing potentially avoidable hospitalization rates related to ambulatory care sensitive conditions in Switzerland: the need to refine the definition of health conditions and to adjust for population health status.

BACKGROUND: Regional rates of hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) are used to compare the availability and quality of ambulatory care but the risk adjustment for population health status is often minimal. The objectives of the study was to examine the impact of more extensive risk adjustment on regional comparisons and to investigate the relationship between various area-level factors and the properly adjusted rates. METHODS: Our study is an observational study based on routine data of 2 million anonymous insured in 26 Swiss cantons followed over one or two years. A binomial negative regression was modeled with increasingly detailed information on health status (age and gender only, inpatient diagnoses, outpatient conditions inferred from dispensed drugs and frequency of physician visits). Hospitalizations for ACSC were identified from principal diagnoses detecting 19 conditions, with an updated list of ICD-10 diagnostic codes. Co-morbidities and surgical procedures were used as exclusion criteria to improve the specificity of the detection of potentially avoidable hospitalizations. The impact of the adjustment approaches was measured by changes in the standardized ratios calculated with and without other data besides age and gender. RESULTS: 25% of cases identified by inpatient main diagnoses were removed by applying exclusion criteria. Cantonal ACSC hospitalizations rates varied from to 1.4 to 8.9 per 1,000 insured, per year. Morbidity inferred from diagnoses and drugs dramatically increased the predictive performance, the greatest effect found for conditions linked to an ACSC. More visits were associated with fewer PAH although very high users were at greater risk and subjects who had not consulted at negligible risk. By maximizing health status adjustment, two thirds of the cantons changed their adjusted ratio by more than 10 percent. Cantonal variations remained substantial but unexplained by supply or demand. CONCLUSION: Additional adjustment for health status is required when using ACSC to monitor ambulatory care. Drug-inferred morbidities are a promising approach.

Um estudo da atenção primária à saúde mediante o indicador: Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção ambulatorial (CSAA)

A Atenção Primária à Saúde - APS é reconhecida como o nível fundamental e porta de entrada do sistema de atenção à saúde, sendo o lugar adequado onde pode ser atendida e resolvida a maior parte dos problemas de saúde. É considerada pela OMS como a principal proposta de modelo assistencial. Essa importância da APS leva a necessidade de pesquisas avaliativas dos seus resultados para adequação e melhoria de políticas e planos de ação delineados em relação à mesma. Pesquisas internacionais e nacionais são realizadas, nas quais indicadores relativos às atividades hospitalares estão sendo empregados com o objetivo de medir resultados como efetividade e acesso da APS. Um desses indicadores, desenvolvido por John Billings da Universidade de Nova York, na década de 90, consiste nas condições pelas quais as internações hospitalares por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Ambulatorial (CSAA) deveriam ser evitadas caso os serviços da APS fossem efetivos e acessíveis. Utilizando-se o SIH-AIH/2008 e a lista brasileira de Internações por Condições Sensíveis a Atenção Primária, publicada em 2008, a proposta do presente trabalho é a de estudar os cuidados primários à saúde baseando-se nas ICSAA, na área urbana da cidade de Juiz de Fora-MG. Buscou-se responder sobre os efeitos que ocorrem nessas internações a partir das características individuais dos pacientes, das características das Unidades Básicas de Saúde-UBS (infraestrutura, produção e modelos assistenciais) e das condições sócio-econômicas/ambientais das áreas cobertas por UAPS e descobertas (sem UAPS), com a utilização de modelos multiníveis logísticos com intercepto aleatório. Buscou-se conhecer, também, a distribuição espacial das taxas padronizadas por idade das ICSAA nessas áreas e suas associações com as variáveis contextuais, utilizando-se ferramentas da análise espacial. Os resultados do presente trabalho mostraram que a porcentagem de internações por CSAA, foi de 4,1%. Os modelos assistenciais ESF e o Modelo Tradicional, base da organização da atenção primária no Brasil, não apresentaram no município, impacto significativo nas ICSAA, somente na forma de áreas descobertas tendo como referência as áreas cobertas. Também não foram significativas as variáveis de infraestrutura e produção das UAPS. Os efeitos individuais (idade e sexo) nas ICSAA foram significativos, apresentando probabilidades de significância menores que 1%, o mesmo acontecendo com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Social-IDS, que contempla as condições sociais, econômicas e ambientais das áreas analisadas. A distribuição espacial das taxas padronizadas por idade apresentou padrão aleatório e os testes dos Multiplicadores de Lagrange não foram significativos indicando o modelo de regressão clássico (MQO) como adequado para explicar as taxas em função das variáveis contextuais. Para a análise conjunta das áreas cobertas e descobertas foram fatores de risco: a variável econômica (% dos domicílios com renda até 2 SM), áreas descobertas tendo como referência as áreas cobertas e a região nordeste do município. Para as áreas cobertas as variáveis de produção das UAPS, econômica e a região nordeste apresentaram como fator de risco para as taxas de internação por CSAA.

Internamentos por causas sensíveis a cuidados de ambulatório em contexto de integração vertical

RESUMO - Introdução: A criação das Unidades Locais de Saúde (ULS) em Portugal reconheceu a necessidade de reorganização do sistema para responder a novas exigências, apostando no caminho da integração vertical e da prestação de cuidados globais. A primeira ULS foi criada em Portugal em 1999, actualmente existem sete. Objectivo: Analisar a influência do modelo organizacional dos prestadores no número e tipo de internamentos por causas sensíveis a cuidados de ambulatório (ICSCA). Metodologia: Foram determinados os ICSCA segundo a metodologia do Canadian Institute for Health Information e respectivas taxas padronizadas nos distritos das unidades seleccionadas, entre 2006 e 2010. Utilizou-se o método da diferença das diferenças para a comparação dos períodos pré e pós-ULS, utilizando como caso controle um distrito em que os prestadores estão organizados no modelo clássico, Hospitais+ACES. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 4.446 ICSCA (6,27% do total de internamentos). Existiram em média 296,4 internamentos anuais por distrito, sendo a taxa média 252,7 int.100.000 hab. Após a criação da ULS 1 evitaram-se, em média, mais 36% internamentos (93,3 int. 100.000 hab.). Na ULS 2, pelo contrário, houve um acréscimo de 7% na taxa de internamento (17,6 int. 100.000 hab.). Discussão e conclusão: Não foi encontrado um padrão na variação nas taxas de ICSCA após a criação das ULS. Será necessário alargar o estudo a um maior número de prestadores. A compreensão das razões destes resultados implica o estudo dos indicadores socioeconómicos, epidemiológicos e geográficos das populações, bem como as características dos prestadores (Hospitais e CSP).

Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária no hospital geral de uma microrregião de saúde do município de São Paulo, Brasil

O indicador Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária é adotado no Brasil para avaliação da atenção básica. Considerando a sua recente adoção, este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar o panorama dessas internações em um hospital do município de São Paulo. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico exploratório, tendo como fontes o Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde e uma amostra de prontuários de pacientes internados neste hospital. Para análise, foi utilizada a estatística descritiva. As Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária seguem tendência de redução, sendo as pneumonias bacterianas as que mais internaram no período; maior frequência para a faixa etária de 65 anos de idade e mais, e para o sexo feminino. Internações por Condições Sensíveis, somente, não são suficientes para avaliação da atenção básica, mas permite avaliar a organização da rede de saúde, que deve assegurar continuidade do cuidado em busca do princípio da integralidade.

Trends in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Obesity in U.S. Adults: 2002-2012

Since the 1980s, the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled to over 30 percent of the adult population (Thorpe, 2004). Obesity is a key contributing factor to continually rising national healthcare costs. Addressing its negative implications is essential not only from a cost perspective, but also for the betterment of our nation¿s general health and wellbeing. Obesity is reportedly associated with a 35% increase in inpatient and outpatient spending, as well as a 77% increase in related necessary medications (Sturm, 2002). Obesity, which some have argued should be classified as a disease in itself, has roughly the same association with the development of chronic health conditions as does 20 years of aging (Sturm, 2002). Defined as ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, these obesity-related chronic health diagnoses ¿ like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension ¿ are in turn the primary drivers of current healthcare spending, as well as future predicted health expenditures. It is well established that lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher rates of obesity and the subsequent development of aforementioned obesity-related conditions. Socioeconomic status has traditionally been defined by education, income, and occupation (Adler, 2002); however, this study found empirical evidence for education being the most fundamental of these three SES indicators in determining obesity outcomes. For both men and women, as education levels increased, the likelihood of an individual being obese decreased. However, with less education, there was increased disparity between the obesity rates for men and women. Women consistently saw higher rates of obesity and were more impacted in terms of obesity onset by belonging to a lower SES category than men. In addition, this study assessed whether the impact of one¿s socioeconomic status on obesity-related health outcomes (specifically the negative impact low-SES as measured by education level) has changed over time. Results deriving from annual data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for all years from 2002 to 2012 indicate that the association between low-socioeconomic status and negative health outcomes has not increased in magnitude over the past decade. Instead, obesity rates have increased across the overall U.S. adult population, most likely due to a number of larger external societal factors resulting in increased caloric intake and decreased energy expenditure across every SES group. In addition, while the association between low-SES and obesity has not worsened, a consequence of the Great Recession has been a larger percentage of the U.S. population in lower-SES, which is still consistently subject to the same worse health outcomes.

Hospitalizations for Conditions Sensitive to Primary Care: A Geo-Epidemiological Profile Analysis of in a Hospital in the Sao Paulo State, From July 2010 to June 2011

The primary health care has been recognized as one of the key components of an effective health system. In its most developed form, the primary health care is the first contact with the health system and the site responsible for the organization of health care over time: individuals, their families and the general population; seeks to provide balance between the two goals of a national health system, which are improving the health of the population and provide equitable distribution of resources. Hospitalizations for primary care sensitive conditions (HPCSC) may be associated with deficiencies of service coverage primary health care or its effectiveness. Hospitalization rates can and should represent a warning sign, triggering mechanisms for analysis and search for explanations for these problems. The use of hospitalization data for HPCSC can serve as indicators of inequality in the health system, contributing to the evaluation of the deployment and implementation of health policies.

Supply sensitive services in Swiss ambulatory care: an analysis of basic health insurance records for 2003-2007

Swiss ambulatory care is characterized by independent, and primarily practice-based, physicians, receiving fee for service reimbursement. This study analyses supply sensitive services using ambulatory care claims data from mandatory health insurance. A first research question was aimed at the hypothesis that physicians with large patient lists decrease their intensity of services and bill less per patient to health insurance, and vice versa: physicians with smaller patient lists compensate for the lack of patients with additional visits and services. A second research question relates to the fact that several cantons are allowing physicians to directly dispense drugs to patients ('self-dispensation') whereas other cantons restrict such direct sales to emergencies only. This second question was based on the assumption that patterns of rescheduling patients for consultations may differ across channels of dispensing prescription drugs and therefore the hypothesis of different consultation costs in this context was investigated.

Nutritional risk of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in the ambulatory care setting : a prospective study

Background Cancer itself can alter the metabolic and physiologic of the body's nutritional needs. As a result, some patients experience some degree of weight loss before the start of the treatment. Aim The aim of the study was to determine at which chemotherapy treatment cycle patients with cancer begin to exhibit signs and symptoms of malnutrition. Methods A prospective descriptive correlational design was used to assess the nutritional risk of 111 patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy in the ambulatory setting. The data were collected by using a nutritional screening tool. Findings The prevalence of malnutrition risk was 45% in patients undergoing the first cycle of chemotherapy. Patients who received the first three cycles of chemotherapy were 2.62 times more likely to develop malnutrition than those who received seven or more cycles. The risk of developing malnutrition varies depending on the type of cancer, the types of chemotherapy regime, the number of chemotherapy cycles, body mass index and the stage of cancer. Conclusion The study found about half of the patients had developed signs and symptoms of nutritional risk at cycle one. Hence, nutritional support may be required even before the start of chemotherapy.

Exploring the effects of change on nursing practice in acute ambulatory care settings : a qualitative study

As a result of the current changes taking place in the delivery of acute care services, the emergence of acute ambulatory care (AAC) settings is expanding. According to a literature review, the volume, acuity, and complexity of patient care in these settings is increasing while the time the patients spend under the care of nurses is decreasing. Two forces, hospital downsizing and advancing technology, are identified as the major contributors to the shift in acute care delivery. The effects that these changes are having on the clinical nursing practice of registered nurses working in AAC settings are not known. Given that AAC settings are rapidly expanding, it can be anticipated that the delivery of nursing care will continue to be compressed into a shorter time frame. Therefore, the following qualitative research question was formulated: What are the problems and issues related to clinical nursing practice in acute ambulatory settings? The purpose of this study was to explore the problems and issues associated with change and clinical nursing practice including the educational needs of nurses working in MC settings. Specific objectives of the study included the following: (a) to explore the problems and issues related to nursing practice in select AAC settings; (b) to explore the similarities and differences in perspectives related to role expectation between nurse managers, nurse educators, and staff nurses; and (c) to develop a conceptual framework that will guide the construction of an instrument needed for further research. This study used semistructured individual interviews and focus group sessions to collect data from the three categories of registered nurses. More specifically, data were collected from one nurse manager, two charge nurses, two nurse educators and fifteen staff nurses, working in three different MC settings of a major teaching hospital. Collected data were separately analyzed by the researcher and an external rater following grounded theory methodology. By using open and axial coding, the problems and issues identified by nurses were grouped into several major and minor themes. In final analysis, by using selective coding, the four core themes (intensification, moderation, frustration, and adaptation) were extracted. Each core theme was presented and discussed in relation to hospital downsizing and advancing technology. The relationships among the four core themes were discussed and depicted in a model termed the "Impact and Consequence Model on Nursing Practice in MC Settings." Implications for further research are discussed and research hypotheses, based on the research findings, are presented.

Geographic variation in the cost of ambulatory care in Switzerland

Swiss health care is relatively costly. In order better to understand the drivers of spending, this study analyses geographic variation in per capita consultation costs for ambulatory care.

Ambulatory care adverse events and preventable adverse events leading to a hospital admission.

BACKGROUND: Most healthcare in the US is delivered in the ambulatory care setting, but the epidemiology of errors and adverse events in ambulatory care is understudied. METHODS: Using the population-based data from the Colorado and Utah Medical Practices Study, we identified adverse events that occurred in an ambulatory care setting and led to hospital admission. Proportions with 95% CIs are reported. RESULTS: We reviewed 14,700-hospital discharge records and found 587 adverse events of which 70 were ambulatory care adverse events (AAEs) and 31 were ambulatory care preventable adverse events (APAEs). When weighted to the general population, there were 2608 AAEs and 1296 (44.3%) APAEs in Colorado and Utah, USA, in 1992. APAEs occurred most commonly in physicians' offices (43.1%, range 46.8-27.8), the emergency department (32.3%, 46.1-18.5) and at home (13.1%, 23.1-3.1). APAEs in day surgery were less common (7.1%, 13.6-0.6) but caused the greatest harm to patients. The types of APAEs were broadly distributed among missed or delayed diagnoses (36%, 50.2-21.8), surgery (24.1%, 36.7-11.5), non-surgical procedures (14.6%, 25.0-4.2), medication (13.1%, 23.1-3.1) and therapeutic events (12.3%, 22.0-2.6). Overall, 10% of the APAEs resulted in serious permanent injury or death. The proportion of APAEs that resulted in death was 31.8% for general internal medicine, 22.5% for family practice and 16.7% for emergency medicine. CONCLUSION: An estimated 75,000 hospitalisations per year are due to preventable adverse events that occur in outpatient settings in the US, resulting in 4839 serious permanent injuries and 2587 deaths.

Prescribed medicines in ambulatory care settings : a comparison of use, expenditures, and sources of payment, 1977 and 1987 /

"August 1995"--P. [4] of cover.