948 resultados para Aluminum sulfate.


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The tridecameric Al-polymer [AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12]7+ was prepared by forced hydrolysis of Al3+ up to an OH/Al molar ratio of 2.2. Under slow evaporation crystals were formed of Al13-nitrate. Upon addition of sulfate the tridecamer crystallised as the monoclinic Al13-sulfate. These crystals have been studied using near-infrared spectroscopy and compared to Al2(SO4)3.16H2O. Although the near-infrared spectra of the Al13-sulfate and nitrate are very similar indicating similar crystal structures, there are minor differences related to the strength with which the crystal water molecules are bonded to the salt groups. The interaction between crystal water and nitrate is stronger than with the sulfate as reflected by the shift of the crystal water band positions from 6213, 4874 and 4553 cm–1 for the Al13 sulfate towards 5925, 4848 and 4532 cm–1 for the nitrate. A reversed shift from 5079 and 5037 cm–1 for the sulfate towards 5238 and 5040 cm–1 for the nitrate for the water molecules in the Al13 indicate that the nitrate-Al13 bond is weakened due to the influence of the crystal water on the nitrate. The Al-OH bond in the Al13 complex is not influenced by changing the salt group due to the shielding by the water molecules of the Al13 complex.

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Thin aluminum oxide films were deposited by a new and simple physicochemical method called chemical liquid phase deposition (CLD) on semiconductor materials. Aluminum sulfate with crystallized water and sodium bicarbonate were used as precursors for film growth, and the control of the system's pH value played an important role in this experiment. The growth rate is 12 nm/h with the deposition at [Al-2(SO4)(3)]=0.0837 mol.L-1, [NaHCO3]=0.214 mol.L-1, 15 degreesC. Post-growth annealing not only densifies and purifies the films, but results in film crystallization as well. Excellent quality of Al2O3 films in this work is supported by electron dispersion spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, X-ray diffraction spectrum and scanning electron microscopy photograph.

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Coagulation/flocculation process was applied in the polishing treatment of molasses wastewater on a bench-scale. Important operating variables, including coagulant type and dosage, solution pH, rapid mixing conditions as well as the type and dosage of polyeletrolytes were investigated based on the maximum removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color, residual turbidity and settling characteristics of flocs. HPSEC was utilized to evaluate the removal of molecular weight fractions of melanoidins-dominated organic compounds. Experimental results indicate that ferric chloride was the most effective among the conventional coagulants, achieving 89% COD and 98% color eliminations; while aluminum sulfate was the least effective, giving COD and color reductions of 66% and 86%, respectively. In addition to metal cations, counter-ions exert significant influence on the coagulation performance since Cl--based metal salts attained better removal efficiency than SO42--based ones at the optimal coagulant dosages. Coagulation of molasses effluent is a highly pH-dependent process, with better removal efficiency achieved at lower pH levels. Rapid mixing intensity, rather than rapid mixing time, has relatively strong influence on the settling characteristics of flocs formed. Lowering mixing intensity resulted in increasing settling rate but the accumulation of floating flocs. When used as coagulant aids, synthetic polyelectrolytes showed little effects on the improvement in organic removal. On the other hand, cationic polyacrylamide was observed to substantially enhance the settleability of flocs as compared to anionic polyacrylamide. The effects of rapid mixing conditions and polymer flocculants on the coagulation performance were discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Experience in the use of stabilization ponds shows that this is a system with low cost, easy operation and maintenance and suitable for tropical countries. One of its disadvantages is due to high concentrations of suspended solids, mainly due to algal biomass in the effluents. Accordingly, the dissolved air flotation has been shown to be an efficient post-treatment technology. However, the efficiency of this process is related to coagulation and flocculation steps, as well as the adjustment of the involved variables in the process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the algae removal efficiency from wastewater stabilization ponds and the influence of the factors involved in the process using dissolved air flotation. For this, we used primary facultative and maturation effluents of ETE Ponta Negra in Natal. We did tests of coagulation, flocculation and flotation with the samples, using the equipment flotatest. In this process were tested coagulants aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, and varied the factors pH, coagulant concentration, polymer concentration and rate of recirculation. At the end of the experiments were analyzed turbidity, suspended solids, color, COD and chlorophyll "a". These results were submitted to descriptive statistics to verify the efficiency of the process in general, and regression analysis to identify models that describe the process and demonstrate the factors that have greater influence on flotation. After step methodology, high values were found removal efficiency of suspended solids, reaching values greater than 90% in the best cases. It was concluded that flotation is more efficient in the facultative pond effluent using ferric chloride, and the variability of algae may negatively influence the process. Regression analyzes showed that pH is the most influential variable in the coagulation-flocculation-flotation, and its optimal value among the tested is 5.5 for both coagulants

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Avaliou-se a qualidade química da cama de frango submetida, por três lotes consecutivos de criação, a diferentes condicionadores químicos. Foram utilizadas 1320 aves, 440 por lote, em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (Trat. 1 - cama sem tratamento; Trat. 2 - cama tratada com sulfato de alumínio; Trat. 3 - cama tratada com gesso agrícola; Trat. 4 - cama tratada com superfosfato simples e Trat. 5 - cama tratada com cal hidratada) e quatro repetições. As amostras de cama foram coletadas no 42º dia de utilização. Não houve influência dos condicionadores (P>0,05) sobre a matéria seca. O sulfato de alumínio reduziu (P<0,002) o valor de pH (7,42; 7,07 e 6,00, respectivamente no primeiro, segundo e terceiro lotes) e reduziu (P<0,05) a quantidade de amônia volatilizada (3,14; 1,36 e 1,79mg/100g, respectivamente no primeiro, segundo e terceiro lotes), quando comparado aos outros tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o sulfato de alumínio pode ser adicionado à cama de frango para manter o pH baixo e inibir a volatilização da amônia.

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Estudou-se o efeito de condicionadores químicos na cama de frango sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte criados em três lotes consecutivos. Foram utilizadas 1320 aves, 440 em cada lote, em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (Trat. 1 - cama sem tratamento; Trat. 2 - cama tratada com sulfato de alumínio; Trat. 3 - cama tratada com gesso agrícola; Trat. 4 - cama tratada com superfosfato simples e Trat. 5 - cama tratada com cal hidratada) e quatro repetições. As aves e as rações foram pesadas no início e no final do período experimental para obtenção do peso final, do consumo de ração, da conversão alimentar e da viabilidade. O uso dos condicionadores não influenciou (P>0,05) o peso final, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar. A adição do sulfato de alumínio e do superfosfato simples reduziu (P<0,05) a viabilidade das aves. Não é necessário o uso dos condicionadores na cama de frango reutilizada até o terceiro lote.

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Acicular monodispersed Fe1-xREx (RE= Nd, Sm,Eu,Tb;x=0, 0.05, 0.10) metallic nanoparticles (60 +/- 5 nm in length and axial ratio similar to6) obtained by reduction of alumina-coated goethite nanoparticles-containing rare earth (RE) under hydrogen flow are reported. Alumina and maghemite thin layers on particle surface were used to protect the goethite particles against sintering and oxidation, respectively. Al and RE additions were obtained by successive heterocoagulation reactions. Aluminum sulfate (10 at.% based on Fe) was dissolved in water and the pH adjusted to 12.5 with NaOH solution. Goethite particles were suspended in this solution and CO2 gas was blown into the slurry to neutralize it to a pH 8.5 or less. Particles were purified and dehydrated to effect transformation to alumina-coated hematite nanoparticles, which were re-suspended in aqueous solution in which RE sulfate (0-0.15 at.% based on Fe) has been dissolved, and the pH increased by ammonia aqueous solution addition. Resulted alumina-coated RE-doped hematite nanoparticles were reduced to metal at 450 degreesC/12 h under hydrogen flow and passivated with nitrogen-containing ethanol vapor at room temperature. Acicular monodispersed metallic nanoparticle systems were obtained and the presence of Al and RE were confirmed by induced-coupled plasma spectrometry analysis. X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and magnetization data are in agreement with the nanosized alpha-Fe core in a bcc structure, having a spinel structure, gammaFe(2)O(3), with thickness similar to1.5 run on particle surface. Main magnetic parameters showed saturation magnetization decreases and significant increasing in the coercive field with the RE composition increases. Magnetic properties of these particles, similar to40% smaller than those commercially available, suggest a decrease in the bit-size for high-density magnetic or magneto-optics recording media application. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Diphasic gel in the mullite composition was prepared from a colloidal sol of boehmite mixed with a hydrolyzed tetraethoxisilane (TEOS) solution. The boehmite sol was obtained by peptization of a poorly crystallized or very small mean crystallite size (∼34 Å) precipitate, resulting from the reaction between solutions of aluminum sulfate and sodium hydroxide. Ultrasound was utilized in the processes of the TEOS hydrolysis and the boehmite peptization, and also for complete homogenization of the mixture to gel. The wet gel is almost clear and monolithic. The gel transparency is lost on drying, when syneresis has ended, so that the interlinked pore structure starts to empty and is recovered upon water re-absorption. Cracking closely accompanies this critical drying process. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that the solid structure of the gel is composed of an amorphous silica phase, as a matrix, and a colloidal sized crystalline phase of boehmite. Upon heat treatment, the boehmite phase within the gel closely follows the same transition sequence as in pure alumina shifted towards higher temperatures. Orthorhombic mullite formation was detected at 1300°C. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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A industrialização da madeira gera grande quantidade de resíduos, que são lançados no meio ambiente, e não são aproveitados em sua totalidade, ou quando no máximo são utilizados para geração de energia causando também poluição ambiental. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar por meio de ensaios físicos, mecânicos e análise da interface fibra-matriz, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, a utilização dos resíduos da indústria madeireira para moldagem de chapas de cimento-madeira. Foram avaliadas a compatibilidade de seis espécies de dicotiledôneas nativas da Amazônia, e a mistura delas em partes iguais, com ensaios de compressão axial em corpos-de-prova cilíndricos, para escolha daquelas de melhor desempenho para aplicação em chapas. Os resíduos foram utilizados ao natural e submetidos ao tratamento de lavagem em água quente por duas horas, para verificação da influência deste tratamento. O cimento utilizado foi o CP V ARI, com a relação cimento/madeira 3: 1 ,em massa juntamente com os aditivos aceleradores de pega sulfato de alumínio a 3% e cloreto de cálcio a 3% e 5%. Os resultados do ensaio de compressão axial indicaram três espécies com potencial para uso em chapas, com o tratamento lavagem combinado com o acelerador de pega cloreto de cálcio a 5%. A espécie Cedrela odorata L. (Cedro), apresentou o melhor desempenho nos ensaios físicos e mecânicos, superando especificações de fabricantes de chapas, sendo, potencialmente o resíduo mais indicado para utilização em chapas de cimento-madeira.

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Analisa o efeito de três tratamentos físicos empregados em resíduos de serraria no comportamento à compressão de compósitos cimentomadeira.Foi utilizado resíduo de composição variada (dicotiledôneas) coletado em serrarias da Zona Metropolitana de Belém, e estudou-se o efeito dos seguintes tratamentos: secagem em estufa, banho térmico e a mineralização com sulfato de alumínio. O aporte inicial da pesquisa foi o levantamento do referencial teórico como suporte para o programa experimental. Em seguida, os materiais constituintes do compósito foram caracterizados segundo as Normas Brasileiras vigentes, e depois de homogeneizados, foram conduzidos ensaios no estado fresco. Os ensaios no estado endurecido foram realizados de forma tal que a característica mecânica observada para a avaliação do efeito dos referidos tratamentos foi a resistência à compressão. Os resultados de tensão na compressão indicaram que os resíduos utilizados são inibitórios à hidratação do cimento, bem como influenciam negativamente a resistência à compressão; tais efeitos estão relacionados com a absorção de água pelos resíduos de madeira, e posterior liberação na matriz. Os resíduos tratados com secagem em estufa proporcionaram as menores resistências à compressão observadas para os compósitos confeccionados; o tratamento de banho térmico e o tratamento de mineralização apresentaram melhor desempenho que o primeiro, contudo, mostraram-se estatisticamente equivalentes a partir de 3 dias de idade, fazendo com que a instância decisória em utilizar um ou outro recaia sobre variáveis distintas do desempenho à compressão.

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA