alpha-particle production in (6)He+(120)Sn collisions

The collision (6)He+ (120)Sn has been investigated at four energies near the Coulomb barrier. A large yield of a particles has been detected, with energies around the energy of the scattered (6)He beam. The energy and angular distributions of the a particles have been analyzed and compared with breakup and neutron transfer calculations.

Comparison of (120)Sn((6)He, (6)He)(120)Sn and (120)Sn(alpha,alpha)(120)Sn elastic scattering and signatures of the (6)He neutron halo in the optical potential

Cross sections of (120)Sn(alpha,alpha)(120)Sn elastic scattering have been extracted from the alpha-particle-beam contamination of a recent (120)Sn((6)He,(6)He)(120)Sn experiment. Both reactions are analyzed using systematic double-folding potentials in the real part and smoothly varying Woods-Saxon potentials in the imaginary part. The potential extracted from the (120)Sn((6)He,(6)He)(120)Sn data may be used as the basis for the construction of a simple global (6)He optical potential. The comparison of the (6)He and alpha data shows that the halo nature of the (6)He nucleus leads to a clear signature in the reflexion coefficients eta(L) : The relevant angular momenta L with eta(L) >> 0 and eta(L) << 1 are shifted to larger L with a broader distribution. This signature is not present in the alpha-scattering data and can thus be used as a new criterion for the definition of a halo nucleus.

alpha-Spectroscopic factor of (16)O(gs) from the (12)C((16)O,(12)C)(16)O reaction

Elastic scattering angular distributions of (16)O + (12)C in the center of mass energy range from 8.55 MeV to 56.57 MeV have been analyzed considering the effect of the exchange of an alpha particle between projectile and target leading to the same nuclei of the entrance channel (elastic-transfer). An alpha particle spectroscopic factor for the ground state of the (16)O was determined. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

alpha alpha scattering in halo effective field theory

We study the two-alpha-particle (alpha alpha) system in an Effective Field Theory (EFT) for halo-like systems. We propose a power Counting that incorporates the subtle interplay of strong and electromagnetic forces leading to a narrow resonance at an energy of about 0.1 MeV. We investigate the EFT expansion in detail, and compare its results with existing low-energy aa phase shifts and previously determined effective-range parameters. Good description of the data is obtained with a surprising amount of fine-tuning. This scenario can be viewed as an expansion around the limit where, when electromagnetic interactions are turned off, the (8)Be ground state is at threshold and exhibits conformal invariance. We also discuss possible extensions to systems with more than two alpha particles. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The alpha-cluster model applied to 74Ge.

There are few studies using cluster models in the nuclei around the intermediate and heavy mass regions. The alpha-cluster model is based on the interaction between an alpha particle and a nucleus chosen as a core. This model can be applied to nuclear system where alpha-cluster stability is expected and the application in light and intermediate mass nuclei was able to give consistent descriptions of experimental data.

Measurement of isotopic uranium in water for compliance monitoring by liquid scintillation counting with alpha/beta discrimination

A simple and inexpensive method is described for analysis of uranium (U) activity and mass in water by liquid scintillation counting using $\alpha$/$\beta$ discrimination. This method appears to offer a solution to the need for an inexpensive protocol for monitoring U activity and mass simultaneously and an alternative to the potential inaccuracy involved when depending on the mass-to-activity conversion factor or activity screen.^ U is extracted virtually quantitatively into 20 ml extractive scintillator from a 1-$\ell$ aliquot of water acidified to less than pH 2. After phase separation, the sample is counted for a 20-minute screening count with a minimum detection level of 0.27 pCi $\ell\sp{-1}$. $\alpha$-particle emissions from the extracted U are counted with close to 100% efficiency with a Beckman LS6000 LL liquid scintillation counter equipped with pulse-shape discrimination electronics. Samples with activities higher than 10 pCi $\ell\sp-1$ are recounted for 500-1000 minutes for isotopic analysis. Isotopic analysis uses events that are automatically stored in spectral files and transferred to a computer during assay. The data can be transferred to a commercially available spreadsheet and retrieved for examination or data manipulation. Values for three readily observable spectral features can be rapidly identified by data examination and substituted into a simple formula to obtain $\sp{234}$U/$\sp{238}$U ratio for most samples. U mass is calculated by substituting the isotopic ratio value into a simple equation.^ The utility of this method for the proposed compliance monitoring of U in public drinking water supplies was field tested with a survey of drinking water from Texas supplies that had previously been known to contain elevated levels of gross $\alpha$ activity. U concentrations in 32 samples from 27 drinking water supplies ranged from 0.26 to 65.5 pCi $\ell\sp{-1}$, with seven samples exceeding the proposed Maximum Contaminant Level of 20 $\mu$g $\ell\sp{-1}$. Four exceeded the proposed activity screening level of 30 pCi $\ell\sp{-1}$. Isotopic ratios ranged from 0.87 to 41.8, while one sample contained $\sp{234}$U activity of 34.6 pCi $\ell\sp{-1}$ in the complete absence of its parent, $\sp{238}$U. U mass in the samples with elevated activity ranged from 0.0 to 103 $\mu$g $\ell\sp{-1}$. A limited test of screening surface and groundwaters for contamination by U from waste sites and natural processes was also successful. ^

Monte-Carlo dosimetry on a realistic cell monolayer geometry exposed to alpha particles

The energy and specific energy absorbed in the main cell compartments (nucleus and cytoplasm) in typical radiobiology experiments are usually estimated by calculations as they are not accessible for a direct measurement. In most of the work, the cell geometry is modelled using the combination of simple mathematical volumes. We propose a method based on high resolution confocal imaging and ion beam analysis (IBA) in order to import realistic cell nuclei geometries in Monte-Carlo simulations and thus take into account the variety of different geometries encountered in a typical cell population. Seventy-six cell nuclei have been imaged using confocal microscopy and their chemical composition has been measured using IBA. A cellular phantom was created from these data using the ImageJ image analysis software and imported in the Geant4 Monte-Carlo simulation toolkit. Total energy and specific energy distributions in the 76 cell nuclei have been calculated for two types of irradiation protocols: a 3 MeV alpha particle microbeam used for targeted irradiation and a 239Pu alpha source used for large angle random irradiation. Qualitative images of the energy deposited along the particle tracks have been produced and show good agreement with images of DNA double strand break signalling proteins obtained experimentally. The methodology presented in this paper provides microdosimetric quantities calculated from realistic cellular volumes. It is based on open-source oriented software that is publicly available.

A function using cubic splines for the analysis of alpha--particles spectra from silicon detectors

A function based on the characteristics of the alpha-particle lines obtained with silicon semiconductor detectors and modi"ed by using cubic splines is proposed to parametrize the shape of the peaks. A reduction in the number of parameters initially considered in other proposals was carried out in order to improve the stability of the optimization process. It was imposed by the boundary conditions for the cubic splines term. This function was then able to describe peaks with highly anomalous shapes with respect to those expected from this type of detector. Some criteria were implemented to correctly determine the area of the peaks and their errors. Comparisons with other well-established functions revealed excellent agreement in the "nal values obtained from both "ts. Detailed studies on reliability of the "tting results were carried out and the application of the function is proposed. Although the aim was to correct anomalies in peak shapes, the peaks showing the expected shapes were also well "tted. Accordingly, the validity of the proposal is quite general in the analysis of alpha-particle spectrometry with semiconductor detectors.

Diffusing alpha particles radiation treatment optimization in clinical settings

Alpha-particle emitters, notably used in 224Ra-DaRT, have emerged as effective in overcoming radiation resistance and providing targeted cancer therapy. These emitters cause DNA double-strand breaks, visualizable in human lymphocytes. The 224Ra DaRT technique, using a decay chain from seeds, extends alpha particle range, achieving complete tumor destruction while sparing healthy tissue. This thesis examines a biokinetic model, validated with patient data, and a feasibility study on skin squamous cell carcinomas are discussed. The study reports 75% tumor complete response rate and 48% patients experiencing acute grade 2 toxicity, resolving within a month. An observed abscopal effect (AE), where tumor regression occurs at non-irradiated sites, is examined, highlighting DaRT's potential in triggering anti-tumor immune responses. This effect, coupled with DaRT's high-linear energy transfer (LET), suggests its superiority over low-LET radiation in certain clinical scenarios. Improvements to DaRT, including the use of an external radio-opaque template for treatment planning, are explored. This advancement aids in determining source numbers for optimal tumor coverage, enhancing DaRT’s safety. The thesis outlines a typical DaRT procedure, from tumor measurements to source assessment and administration, emphasizing the importance of precise seed positioning. Furthermore, the thesis discusses DaRT's potential in treating prostate cancer, a prevalent global health issue, by offering an alternative to traditional salvage therapies. DaRT seeds, delivering alpha particle-based interstitial radiation, require precision in seed insertion due to their limited tissue range. In conclusion, the thesis advocates for DaRT's role in treating solid tumors, emphasizing its improved radiobiological potency and potential benefits over beta and gamma source-based therapies. Ongoing studies are assessing DaRT's feasibility in treating various solid tumors, including pancreatic, breast, prostate, and vulvar malignancies, suggesting a promising future in cancer treatment.

Thixocasting of an A356 alloy: Fluidity, porosity distribution and thermomechanical fatigue behavior

An extensive set of experiments was performed on a semi-solid A356 alloy in order to assess its flow behavior, mechanical properties, microstructural evolution and porosity level. Three different microstructural conditioning techniques (raw material preparation) were employed: deformation recrystallization, magnetohydrodynamic stirring and low temperature pouring. Measurement of microstructural parameters such as Al-alpha particle size, shape factor, contiguity and entrapped liquid showed a relative equivalency among the various conditioning techniques. It was found that the strongest influence on semi-solid slurry fluidity is exerted by the mould temperature. Tensile properties and porosity levels were measured on a demonstration part produced with different slurry ingate velocities. Results showed similar strength levels among all thixocast samples, a strong correlation between elongation and pore volume fraction and porosity levels much lower than the typical figure for permanent mould or die cast Al-Si alloys. Finally, thermomechanical fatigue tests results were much more favorable to the semi-solid material when compared with the conventionally cast alloy, a result attributed to lower porosity, spheroidal shape of the Al-alpha phase, and refined Si eutectic particles. alpha 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films.

The biological uptake of plutonium (Pu) in aquatic ecosystems is of particular concern since it is an alpha-particle emitter with long half-life which can potentially contribute to the exposure of biota and humans. The diffusive gradients in thin films technique is introduced here for in-situ measurements of Pu bioavailability and speciation. A diffusion cell constructed for laboratory experiments with Pu and the newly developed protocol make it possible to simulate the environmental behavior of Pu in model solutions of various chemical compositions. Adjustment of the oxidation states to Pu(IV) and Pu(V) described in this protocol is essential in order to investigate the complex redox chemistry of plutonium in the environment. The calibration of this technique and the results obtained in the laboratory experiments enable to develop a specific DGT device for in-situ Pu measurements in freshwaters. Accelerator-based mass-spectrometry measurements of Pu accumulated by DGTs in a karst spring allowed determining the bioavailability of Pu in a mineral freshwater environment. Application of this protocol for Pu measurements using DGT devices has a large potential to improve our understanding of the speciation and the biological transfer of Pu in aquatic ecosystems.

Étude de la réponse du détecteur ATLAS-MPX aux neutrons rapides

Les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX sont des détecteurs Medipix2-USB recouverts de convertisseurs de fluorure de lithium et de polyéthylène pour augmenter l’efficacité de détection des neutrons lents et des neutrons rapides respectivement. Un réseau de quinze détecteurs ATLAS-MPX a été mis en opération dans le détecteur ATLAS au LHC du CERN. Deux détecteurs ATLAS-MPX de référence ont été exposés à des sources de neutrons rapides 252 Cf et 241 AmBe ainsi qu’aux neutrons rapides produits par la réaction 7Li(p, xn) pour l’étude de la réponse du détecteur à ces neutrons. Les neutrons rapides sont principalement détectés à partir des protons de recul des collisions élastiques entre les neutrons et l’hydrogène dans le polyéthylène. Des réactions nucléaires entre les neutrons et le silicium produisent des particules-α. Une étude de l’efficacité de reconnaissance des traces des protons et des particules-α dans le détecteur Medipix2-USB a été faite en fonction de l’énergie cinétique incidente et de l’angle d’incidence. L’efficacité de détection des neutrons rapides a été évaluée à deux seuils d’énergie (8 keV et 230 keV) dans les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX. L’efficacité de détection des neutrons rapides dans la région du détecteur couverte avec le polyéthylène augmente en fonction de l’énergie des neutrons : (0.0346 ± 0.0004) %, (0.0862 ± 0.0018) % et (0.1044 ± 0.0026) % pour des neutrons rapides de 2.13 MeV, 4.08 MeV et 27 MeV respectivement. L’étude pour déterminer l’énergie des neutrons permet donc d’estimer le flux des neutrons quand le détecteur ATLAS-MPX est dans un champ de radiation inconnu comme c’est le cas dans le détecteur ATLAS au LHC.

Discrimination d'événements par analyse des signaux enregistrés par le projet PICASSO

La matière sombre est un mystère dans le domaine de l’astrophysique depuis déjà plusieurs années. De nombreuses observations montrent que jusqu’à 85 % de la masse gravitationnelle totale de l’univers serait composée de cette matière de nature inconnue. Une théorie expliquant cette masse manquante considérerait les WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), particules stables, non chargées, prédites par des extensions du modèle standard, comme candidats. Le projet PICASSO (Projet d’Identification des CAndidats Supersymétriques à la matière Sombre) est une expérience qui tente de détecter directement le WIMP. Le projet utilise des détecteurs à gouttelettes de fréon (C4F10) surchauffées. La collision entre un WIMP et le noyau de fluor crée un recul nucléaire qui cause à son tour une transition de phase de la gouttelette liquide à une bulle gazeuse. Le bruit de ce phénomène est alors capté par des senseurs piézoélectriques montés sur les parois des détecteurs. Le WIMP n’est cependant pas la seule particule pouvant causer une telle transition de phase. D’autres particules environnantes peuvent former des bulles, telles les particules alpha où même des rayons gamma . Le système d’acquisition de données (DAQ) est aussi en proie à du bruit électronique qui peut être enregistré, ainsi que sensible à du bruit acoustique extérieur au détecteur. Finalement, des fractures dans le polymère qui tient les gouttelettes en place peut également causer des transitions de phase spontanées. Il faut donc minimiser l’impact de tous ces différents bruit de fond. La pureté du matériel utilisé dans la fabrication des détecteurs devient alors très importante. On fait aussi appel à des méthodes qui impliquent l’utilisation de variables de discrimination développées dans le but d’améliorer les limites d’exclusion de détection du WIMP.

Nouvelles limites sur la détection directe de la matière sombre avec l’expérience PICASSO

Les observations astronomiques et cosmologiques suggèrent fortement la présence d’une matière exotique, non-relativiste et non-baryonique qui représenterait 26% du contenu de masse-énergie de l’Univers actuel. Cette matière dite sombre et froide serait compo- sée de particules neutres, massives et interagissant faiblement avec la matière ordinaire (WIMP : Weakly Interactive Massive Particles). Le projet PICASSO (Projet d’Identification des CAndidats Supersymétriques de la matière SOmbre) est une des expériences installées dans le site souterrain de SNOLAB à Sudbury en Ontario, qui tente de détecter directement un des candidats de la matière sombre, proposé dans le cadre des extensions supersymétriques du modèle standard : le neutralino. Pour cela, PICASSO utilise des détecteurs à gouttelettes surchauffées de C4F10, basés sur le principe de la chambre à bulles. Les transitions de phase dans les liquides surchauffés peuvent être déclenchées par le recul du 19 F, causé par une collision élastique avec les neutralinos. La nucléation de la gouttelette génère une onde sonore enregistrée par des senseurs piézo-électriques. Cette thèse présentera les récents progrès de l’expérience PICASSO qui ont conduit à une augmentation substantielle de sa sensibilité dans la recherche du neutralino. En effet, de nouvelles procédures de fabrication et de purification ont permis de réduire à un facteur de 10, la contamination majeure des détecteurs, causée par les émetteurs alpha. L’étude de cette contamination dans les détecteurs a permis de localiser la source de ces émetteurs. Les efforts effectués dans le cadre de l’analyse des données, ont permis d’améliorer l’effet de discrimination entre des évènements engendrés par les particules alpha et par les reculs nucléaires. De nouveaux outils d’analyse ont également été implémentés dans le but de discriminer les évènements générés par des particules de ceux générés par des bruits de fond électroniques ou acoustiques. De plus, un mécanisme important de suppression de bruit de fond indésirable à haute température, a permis à l’expérience PICASSO d’être maintenant sensible aux WIMPs de faibles masses.

Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus

High-energy nuclear collisions create an energy density similar to that of the Universe microseconds after the Big Bang(1); in both cases, matter and antimatter are formed with comparable abundance. However, the relatively short-lived expansion in nuclear collisions allows antimatter to decouple quickly from matter, and avoid annihilation. Thus, a high-energy accelerator of heavy nuclei provides an efficient means of producing and studying antimatter. The antimatter helium-4 nucleus ((4)(He) over bar), also known as the anti-alpha ((alpha) over bar), consists of two antiprotons and two antineutrons (baryon number B = -4). It has not been observed previously, although the alpha-particle was identified a century ago by Rutherford and is present in cosmic radiation at the ten per cent level(2). Antimatter nuclei with B -1 have been observed only as rare products of interactions at particle accelerators, where the rate of antinucleus production in high-energy collisions decreases by a factor of about 1,000 with each additional antinucleon(3-5). Here we report the observation of (4)<(He) over bar, the heaviest observed antinucleus to date. In total, 18 (4)(He) over bar counts were detected at the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC; ref. 6) in 10(9) recorded gold-on-gold (Au+Au) collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 200 GeV and 62 GeV per nucleon-nucleon pair. The yield is consistent with expectations from thermodynamic(7) and coalescent nucleosynthesis(8) models, providing an indication of the production rate of even heavier antimatter nuclei and a benchmark for possible future observations of (4)(He) over bar in cosmic radiation.