O contrato de transporte aéreo

The international conventions and agreements on civil liability emerged with the purpose of regulating the liability of the air carrier, bearing in mind two essential factors: i) the need to protect passengers interests, and ii) to ensure the continuous development of an incipient activity by limiting the compensation amounts. This research will focus on the analysis of the nature of the contract of air carriage, as well as the air carrier's liability regime regarding damages endured by passengers that may result from the non-performance of the contract.

La disciplina della gestione aeroportuale e dei servizi aeroportuali nel diritto dei trasporti europeo e nazionale

Dopo gli indubbi sviluppi politici e legali tendenti all’uniformazione è inevitabile non sostenere che anche il mercato della gestione delle infrastrutture e del trasporto aereo a terra costituisce un fattore determinante del trasporto aereo con una più stretta necessità di uniformazione del quadro regolamentare. La gestione aeroportuale e i servizi connessi è collocata all’interno del diritto aereo. Perché si configuri il “trasporto aereo” (nozione dinamica base che caratterizza il diritto del trasporto aereo) si ha la necessità di un accordo tra due paesi – un permesso di volo designato – una finestra di orario di decollo e atterraggio e la regolamentazione delle relative attività connesse, affinché si svolgano in situazione di safety, quale conditio sine qua non di tutte le attività di aviazione. Tuttavia, la migliore dottrina sente il bisogno di una trattazione separata della materia diritto aereo in senso stretto e quella della disciplina aeroportuale, benché i due ambiti sono tra di loro contigui. Questo è legittimato da esigenze contrapposte fra gli operatori dei due settori. In ultima considerazione possiamo sostenere che gli sviluppi legislativi, sia nel diritto aeronautico e in quello marittimo, portano all’abbraccio della impostazione di un diritto dei trasporti inclusivo di ogni forma dell’attuazione del fenomeno trasporto, scollegandosi al solo fenomeno dell’esercizio nautico quale elemento caratterizzante della disciplina. Quale futuro legislativo si prospetta per la gestione del bene aeroporto? Quale sarà la sua dimensione legale su questioni importanti sulle quali esiste una normazione europea come l’allocazione delle bande orarie, tasse aeroportuali e assistenza a terra oppure su quelle che hanno un carattere prevalentemente nazionale? E infine, quale sarebbe la strada da seguire per regolare il nuovo mercato aeroportuale che è passato dalla idea della competizione per il mercato esplorando anche la competizione nel mercato, con aeroporti che si comportano come operatori in concorrenza tra loro?

First and second law thermodynamic analysis of air and oxy-steam biomass gasification

Gasification is an energy transformation process in which solid fuel undergoes thermochemical conversion to produce gaseous fuel, and the two most important criteria involved in such process to evaluate the performance, economics and sustainability of the technology are: the total available energy (exergy) and the energy conserved (energy efficiency). Current study focuses on the energy and exergy analysis of the oxy-steam gasification and comparing with air gasification to optimize the H-2 yield, efficiency and syngas energy density. Casuarina wood is used as a fuel, and mixture of oxygen and steam in different proportion and amount is used as a gasifying media. The results are analysed with respect to varying equivalence ratio and steam to biomass ratio (SBR). Elemental mass balance technique is employed to ensure the validity of results. First and second law thermodynamic analysis is used towards time evaluation of energy and exergy analysis. Different component of energy input and output has been studied carefully to understand the influence of varying SBR on the availability of energy and irreversibility in the system to minimize the losses with change in input parameters for optimum performance. The energy and exergy losses (irreversibility) for oxy-steam gasification system are compared with the results of air gasification, and losses are found to be lower in oxy-steam thermal conversion; which has been argued and reasoned due to the presence of N-2 in the air-gasification. The maximum exergy efficiency of 85% with energy efficiency of 82% is achieved at SBR of 0.75 on the molar basis. It has been observed that increase in SBR results in lower exergy and energy efficiency, and it is argued to be due to the high energy input in steam generation and subsequent losses in the form of physical exergy of steam in the product gas, which alone accounts for over 18% in exergy input and 8.5% in exergy of product gas at SBR of 2.7. Carbon boundary point (CBP), is identified at the SBR of 1.5, and water gas shift (WGS) reaction plays a crucial role in H-2 enrichment after carbon boundary point (CBP) is reached. Effects of SBR and CBP on the H-2/CO ratio is analysed and discussed from the perspective of energy as well as the reaction chemistry. Energy density of syngas and energy efficiency is favoured at lower SBR but higher SBR favours H-2 rich gas at the expense of efficiency. Copyright (C) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Investigation on average void fraction for air/non-Newtonian power-law fluids two-phase flow in downward inclined pipes

The present work has been carried out to investigate on the average void fraction of gas/non-Newtonian fluids flow in downward inclined pipes. The influences of pipe inclination angle on the average void fraction were studied experimentally. A simple correlation, which incorporated the method of Vlachos et al. for gas/Newtonain fluid horizontal flow, the correction factor of Farooqi and Richardson and the pipe inclination angle, was proposed to predict the average void fraction of gas/non-Newtonian power-law stratified flow in downward inclined pipes. The correlation was based on 470 data points covering a wide range of flow rates for different systems at diverse angles. A good agreement was obtained between theory and data and the fitting results could describe the majority of the experimental data within ±20%.

The Air Force law review

Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche, v. 40 (1996)-

National emission standards study : report : appendix : a report to the Congress of the United States by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, in compliance with Public Law 90-148 : Clean Air Act, as amended.

Includes bibliographies.

Law of the air /

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Air Gondwana : Using ICT to create an authentic learning environment to teach basic negotiation skills

In recent years greater emphasis has been placed by many Law Schools on teaching not only the substantive content of the law but also the skills needed for the practice of the law. Negotiation is one such skill. However, effective teaching of negotiation may be problematic in the context of large numbers of students studying in a variety of modes and often juggling other time commitments. This paper examines the Air Gondwana program, a blended learning environment designed to address these challenges. The program demonstrates that ICT can be used to create an authentic learning experience which engages and stimulates students.

Assessment of corneal dynamics with high-speed swept source optical coherence tomography combined with an air puff system

We present a novel method and instrument for in vivo imaging and measurement of the human corneal dynamics during an air puff. The instrument is based on high-speed swept source optical coherence tomography (ssOCT) combined with a custom adapted air puff chamber from a non-contact tonometer, which uses an air stream to deform the cornea in a non-invasive manner. During the short period of time that the deformation takes place, the ssOCT acquires multiple A-scans in time (M-scan) at the center of the air puff, allowing observation of the dynamics of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces as well as the anterior lens surface. The dynamics of the measurement are driven by the biomechanical properties of the human eye as well as its intraocular pressure. Thus, the analysis of the M-scan may provide useful information about the biomechanical behavior of the anterior segment during the applanation caused by the air puff. An initial set of controlled clinical experiments are shown to comprehend the performance of the instrument and its potential applicability to further understand the eye biomechanics and intraocular pressure measurements. Limitations and possibilities of the new apparatus are discussed.

Eco-crime and air pollution

This chapter applies emerging discourses of eco-crime and green criminology to issues of air pollution. Of course there are various forms of pollution, but this chapter will focus on the contamination and regulation of 'the air we breathe'.

Crime is in the air : air pollution and regulation in the UK

This latest briefing by Professor Reece Walters in the What is crime? series, draws attention to an area of harm that is often absent from criminological debate. He highlights the human costs of air pollution and failed attempts to adequately regulate and control such harm. Arguing for a cross disciplinary ‘eco-crime’ narrative, the author calls for greater understanding of the far-reaching consequences of air pollution which could set in train changes which may lead to a ‘more robust and meaningful system of justice’. Describing current arrangements in place to control and regulate air pollution, Walters draws attention to the lack of neutrality in current arrangements and the bias ‘towards the economic imperatives of free trade over and above the centrality of environmental protection’. While attention is often given to direct and individualised instances of ‘crime’, the serious consequences of air pollution are frequently neglected. The negative effects of pollution on health and well-being are often borne by people already experiencing a range of other disadvantages. In a global and national context, it is often the poor who are affected most. Ultimately, political and economic imperatives have historically helped to shape legal and regulatory regimes. Whether this is an inherent flaw in current systems or something that can be overcome in favour of dealing with more wide-ranging harms is an area that requires further discussion and debate.