Variabilidade qualitativa de aguas pluviais coletadas em telhado e sua importancia na concepcao do sistema de tratamento

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a qualidade e a variabilidade de águas pluviais escoadas e armazenadas. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas, correlacionais e de componentes principais. As coletas de águas pluviais foram feitas nas dependências da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, situada no campus de Rio Claro. Para este estudo, foram utilizadas amostras de 43 precipitações, coletadas entre março de 2010 e abril de 2012. Os resultados apontam que a concepção de sistemas de tratamento de águas pluviais deve ser realizada considerando a grande variabilidade de qualidade entre eventos de chuva. Os resultados da análise de componentes principais indicam que a grande variabilidade das águas pluviais coletadas é influenciada, sobretudo, pela deposição de sólidos durante o período de estiagem e pela decomposição de matéria orgânica, requerendo tecnologias de operação flexíveis.

Avaliação da qualidade de águas pluviais armazenadas e estudos de tratabilidade empregando filtro de pressão com diferentes meios filtrantes visando ao aproveitamento para fins não potáveis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise da chuva e vazão da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Pardo

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Proposta metodológica para a correção do coeficiente de retorno de esgoto sanitário em unidades com sistemas de aproveitamento de água pluvial

The use of rainwater for non-potable purposes generates a reduction in the consumption of treated water, however, this reduction is not observed in the generation of wastewater, as this is independent of the water source. In Brazil, the pricing on the services of collection and treatment of sewage, in general, is based on the coefficient of return of the sewage disposal system, which has a relation sewer / water proportional to the consumption of treated water measured at the consumer unit. The use of rainwater originating from utilization systems infer on the coefficient, underestimating the volume of wastewater generated. Therefore, this study presents a methodology for setting the coefficient of return. Different roof areas, reservoir volumes and rates of water consumption situations were simulated. The behavior of adjustment of the coefficient of return were also analyzed for the average area per capita roof (m² / inhabitant) of Rio Claro - SP. As a result, it can be seen that the adjustment of the coefficient of return is directly proportional to the increase of the roof areas and the volumes of reservoirs, and inversely proportional to the total water demand. The corrected coefficient of return showed the minimum value of 0.83 and a maximum value of 1.45, this variation corresponds to the maximum ratio between the demands of total water and rainwater, since the exploitation of rain water should be used only for non-potable uses, according to NBR 15527 / 07. To the municipality of Rio Claro - SP was noted an adjustment of the coefficient of return ranging from 0.99 to 6.61

Utilização de água pluvial para fins não potáveis: análise do atendimento da demanda pelo método de eficiências para dimensionamento de reservatório para diferentes regimes pluviométricos brasileiros

Brazil has about 12 % of a life´s essential resource: the superficial fresh water of the planet. However, today it is possible to observe the bad management of this resource, generating serious consequences on the quality that results in the loss of the use´s availability. In this scenario, the catchment of rainwater for undrinkable use is an alternative that has been broadly studied for the scientific community. When planning a system of rainwater catchment, the sizing of the required volume of the tank that will keep the water has a fundamental importance for the project, seeing that the supersizing of the tank can bring high costs and the undersizing can bring shortage in the water supply. This paper used a methodology based on two concepts: the harvesting efficiencies and the attending efficiencies of the system. This method takes as principle that exist a perfect demand that minimize the repayment time, condition that happened when the efficiencies are equal. Brazilian’s cities with different weathers and different rainfalls where chosen to simulate the attending for different demands for a typical residence. The data where parameterized according to the roof area and the number of residents, that way is possible that a future conference can be easily done and it also ensure results closer to the reality. The results showed that cities with a lower period of drought, even those with high level of rainfall on the raining mouths, have lower potential of water supply. The cities where the rainfall is more constant and also more high, even small roofs areas and small tank´s volumes – about half of the size compare to the cities with less propitious conditions – can generate high levels of water saving. With an eye to promote the environmental sustainability, the investment on projects for the catchment of rainwater is a good alternative

Pluviosidade, circulação atmosférica e vazão hídrica na bacia do rio Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil

This research sought to understand the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall and its effect on water dynamics on a regional basis, taking into account the pace of climate paradigm. The study area covers the entire river basin of the Itajai and its surroundings understood, roughly, between parallels 26° and 28° south latitude and 48° and 50° 30' west longitude, place of constant heavy rains and floods. In this region, pluviometric and fluviometric data were obtained, the variables of rainfall and water flow, which were compiled and analyzed using spreadsheets in order to get the series with more homogeneous data as possible for good analysis, the period between 1953 and 1982. This historical period has passed in principle by an analysis which sought to highlight the variability and distribution of rainfall and water flow in the basin-level annual, techniques which were used that allowed the choice of standard year representative (rainy, dry , usual) series. These obtained years (1957, 1968 and 1971, respectively) underwent a detailed analysis on the monthly level, providing good interpretation of the dynamic behavior of rain associated with dynamic water flow for these representative years

Estudo da tratabilidade de água pluvial utilizando coagulante natural a base de tanino visando fins não potáveis

This paper aimed to study the treatability of rainwater collected in Rio Claro, SP, using natural coagulant tannin based. The tannin was compared with other too primary coagulants, namely ferric chloride and corn starch. Assays were performed in laboratory scale using equipment known as Jarteste and aimed to study the conditions most suitable dosage and coagulation pH. First tests were conducted to compare the coagulating and determination of the conditions to be used in the following tests, taking as a criterion the greatest efficiency for water treatment. Also performed were performed tests to construct the tannin coagulation diagram, using the optimal concentration found in the previous phase, by varying the dosage of coagulant and the pH of clotting in order to determine the isoefficiency regions for apparent color and turbidity. Finally, tests were performed cyclically filtration with filter paper. Preliminary tests indicated that the vegetable tannin concentration 3% (m/m) from the commercial solution was presented the best set of results (84.3% removal of apparent color and 82.51% removal of turbidity) compared to ferric chloride (66.25% removal efficiency and apparent color of turbidity 67.82%) and starch (73.68% removal efficiency apparent color and turbidity to 67.19%). The coagulation diagrams indicate that the best region to work with vegetable tannin 3% is where the coagulant dosage ranges from 15 mg/L to about 37.5 mg/L and coagulation pH ranging from about 6.5 to 7.5. The cyclic filtration showed to be not efficient for the best dosage of coagulant, due to the process of clogging of the filter paper, but proved to be efficient for other dosages. Thus, for the waters studied, the results indicate that the natural coagulant based tannin is an alternative to conventional coagulants, possessing benefits of technical and environmental

Aproveitamento de Água de Chuva Para Fins Não Potável

Over the years, water has become an increasingly valuable resource and scarce, this situation is attributed to factors such as population growth, poor distribution and increasing degradation of water resources as a result of indiscriminate human activities in the middle environment, making their dwindling availability and increasing its cost. I n this context , the use of rainwater for non-potable purposes begins to be stimulated in Brazil , as a measure to preserve this resource , while in countries such as Japan and Germany , this technique has already been used for a long time. The ability to capture rainwater reduces the demand for sanitation companies, also resulting in cost reduction with the water bill and the risk of flooding in the event of heavy rains. The stored water is used only for non-potable purposes, such as toilets, taps into the garden, for washing vehicles and clothing. This work was developed with the aim of presenting the importance of rational use of water, associated with viability constructive economic and consumption of the installation of rain water harvesting, and for that, considered four case studies. From this study, it was found that the implementation of this system has led to a reduction in costs of water and sewer consumption poses no hazard to the user and its installation does not require significant changes in building construction, however, in relation to the economy, should be made a detailed analysis in each case for investment to bring a suitable financial return within the lifetime of the system

Tecnologias de captação e aproveitamento de água de chuva para residências uni familiares

Water scarcity is becoming an increasing problem and more evident worldwide, rainwater utilization is characterized for being one of the simplest and cheapest solutions to preserve drinking water and is a known alternative technology and used to promote sustainability in buildings and reducing pressure on surface waters, it would also reduce runoff and can minimize flooding. The rainwater, while not potable may be used in potable water usage activities, and may thus saving 30 to 40% of potable water. In this work one can see the importance of the capture and use of rainwater (CAAC), bringing economy, to reduce consumption of potable water, reducing the problem of water shortage, and which methods and materials needed to cause its implementation. The work also promoted the characterization of rainwater in the city of Guaratinguetá (SP) and studied its potential use in public housing, calculating the volume needed for implementation of the tank and the cost to implement all rainwater utilization system, but because it is a region with a median rainfall index and the popular houses present an area of small water capitation, the result was not satisfactory. The cost for implementation was high and the financial return was well above average. The government should encourage and support more CAAC, as not thinking about the financial side is advisable to be widespread throughout the country, the benefits it can bring

Estimativa da correção do coeficiente de retorno de esgoto sanitário em habitações com sistemas de aproveitamento de água pluvial: estudo de caso da cidade de Bauru (SP)

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil e Ambiental - FEB

junho teve chuva acima da média e o dia mais frio do ano.

2016

"Diagnóstico de suelos y aguas superficiales de la subcuenca del Río Waswalí, Matagalpa, Nicaragua"

El estudio se desarrolló en la subcuenca intermunicipal del Río Waswalí, Matagalpa y Jinotega. El objetivo principal fue determinar las restricciones, limitantes y potencialidades de los recursos edáficos y recursos hídricos superficiales, con el fin de proponer la mejor organización funcional del territorio y la posibilidad de usos múltiples, que contribuya a mejorar la calidad y nivel de vida de sus habitantes. La metodología empleada consistió en: la caracterización del estado actual de los recursos edáficos e hídricos superficiales, mediante el diagnostico biofísico el cual se realizó en las ocho microcuencas adscritas al área de estudio. Entre los resultados: Se evidenció que los suelos en la subcuenca han sido utilizados de manera incorrecta 59.79% del área de la subcuenca esta sobreutilizada, aumentando en los últimos años de forma general por factores socioeconómicos y políticos entre estos la falta de planificación y/o explotación inadecuada de los recursos naturales; lo cual ha afectado el ciclo hidrológico provocando la disminución de la disponibilidad del recurso agua y aumentado la vulnerabilidad a eventos que provocan desastres naturales inundaciones, sequías, deslizamientos de tierras. Debido al paisaje heterogéneo existe una mezcla generalizada de usos de suelo, identificando cuatro categorías de las cuales predominan el pasto más cultivos anuales 64.01 % del área total y solo un 35.92 está con café con sombra y bosque, encontrándose en diferentes estados de intervención por las actividades desarrolladas, con el propósito de garantizar la subsistencia alimentaria. Respecto a los recursos híd ricos superficiales según los parámetros morfométricos de la subcuenca permiten que la respuesta ante los eventos lluviosos sea de forma moderada. Así la pendiente media de la subcuenca es del 28%, lo que favorece los procesos erosivos. Según los balances hídricos el período de déficit de agua inicia en la segunda semana de diciembre y finaliza en mayo así mismo estos cálculos nos indican que el almacenamiento máximo (reserva más exceso), aumenta a medida que se da la época lluviosa que corresponde a partir de junio a noviembre. La oferta hídrica es positiva en el área sin embargo, la mayor cantidad de agua se pierde por escorrentía. El Río Apalilí es el que más agua aporta al cauce principal (Río Waswalí).

Estudio de adopción de tecnologías de conservación de suelos y aguas y especies pecuarias en las playitas, Tamalapa, Darío, Matagalpa

El presente estudio se desarrolló en el municipio de Darío, departamento de Matagalpa en el periodo 2002 -2003, con el propósito de determinar el grado de adopción de tecnologias de Conservación de Suelos y Aguas (CSA) y mejoramiento de la producción avícola, porcina y vacuna (MPAPV). Las tecnologias estudiadas fueron introducidas a través del proyecto Desarrollo Sostenible las Playitas Tamalapa, ejecutado en 1998 en las comunidades: Los Llanos, Tamalapa, Pueblo Nuevo, Ojo de Agua, Los Rostranes, El Tempisque y Puertas Viejas. La muestra de estudio fue de 63 agricultores. La información se obtuvo mediante la aplicación individual de una encuesta de adopción y a través de la observación en campo. En el estudio se definieron criterios para delimitar la adopción. Se determinó el porcentaje de adoptadores y se analizaron las razones que promovieron y limitaron la adopción. Los principales resultados fueron: el grado de adopción para las tecnologías de CSA fue bajo, 31.7% y para las de MPAPV fue de un 34.3 %. Las razones principales de los agricultores para adoptar en CSA, fueron: la eficiencia de la obra para conservar suelo y agua, la información sobre las obras y las actitudes conservacionistas presentes en algunos productores. En MPAPV se encontraron las siguientes razones: la necesidad de solucionar algunos problemas familiares y el conocimiento sobre las especies. El análisis de las razones de los agricultores para no adoptar en CSA fueron: falta de interés para conservar y el costo de las labores de mantenimiento de las obras. Para el MPAPV las razones fueron: la no adaptación de las especies al ambiente y al sistema productivo y la falta de conocimiento del manejo.

El reuso de aguas residuales para riego en un cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.) una alternativa ambiental y productiva

Un estudio de reúso de aguas para el riego de una parcela de cultivo de maíz ( Zea mays L.) se realizó en la comunidad de El Aguacate municipio de Jinotepe aprovechando los efluentes de la planta de tra- tamiento de aguas residuales de la ciudad de Jinotepe, con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos de esta práctica sobre las características físicas y químicas del suelo y los rendimientos obtenidos con respecto a una parcela de referencia. El manejo que se dio al cultivo fue el que tra- dicionalmente realizan los agricultores de la zona excepto que no se aplicó ningún fertilizante para aprovechar los nutrientes contenidos en el agua residual tratada. El monitoreo de las características del suelo se realizaron en una etapa inicial, una etapa intermedia y una etapa final del ciclo del cultivo. Los resultados obtenidos indican que estadísticamente las variaciones experimentadas en las característi- cas del suelo en la parcela de estudio no fueron significativas. Por otro lado, la calidad del efluente en cuanto al contenido de nutrientes, compensa el no uso de fertilizantes por cuanto los rendimientos obte- nidos en el estudio superaron hasta en un 60 % la media de rendimien- tos de maíz en la zona reportados que es de 1.61 t/ha