Mammals and agri-environment schemes: hare haven or pest paradise?

1. Agri-environment schemes (AESs) are designed to create landscape-scale improvements in biodiversity. While the specific aims of AESs do not always include the enhancement of species of conservation concern, associated conservation strategies, such as the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, often rest on the assumption that AESs enhance environmental conditions and thereby improve the conservation status of target species. However, there is little evidence for the general efficacy of AESs in this respect. 2. To evaluate the effects of the Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) scheme, a widespread AES in Northern Ireland, a spotlight survey of the relative abundance of three mammal species, Irish hare Lepus timidus hibernicus, European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus and red fox Vulpes vulpes, was conducted. Of these, the Irish hare is a priority species for conservation action and the focus of a species action plan, while rabbit and fox are commonly considered agricultural pests. The effects of ESA designation and habitat on each species were assessed at 150 ESA and 50 non-ESA sites, matched for landscape characteristics. 3. The ESA scheme had no demonstrable effect on the abundance of Irish hares, and this agri-environment scheme did not target the landscape and habitat variables associated with hares. 4. In contrast, the abundance of rabbits and foxes was significantly greater within ESAs than the wider countryside. Agricultural factors such as reduced livestock stocking density, reduced overgrazing and field boundary enhancements may create more favourable conditions for both species. Aside from the implications for farm economics, the proliferation of rabbit populations within conservation areas may raise issues concerning the grazing of important plant communities, while increases in fox populations may adversely affect ground-nesting birds and other animal species of conservation concern. 5. Synthesis and applications: The abundance of rabbits and foxes corroborates recent work that suggests AESs may benefit common species but can not be relied upon to encourage rarer species. The Irish hare species action plan relies on agri-environment schemes to enhance the species’ status and realize the target of increasing the hare population by 2010 by promoting suitable habitat. However, the ESA scheme is unlikely to help in achieving these objectives. Targeted and evidence-based agri-environment prescriptions are clearly required in order to ensure the realization of species-specific conservation targets.

Vers des aménagements multifonctionnels en zone d'intensification agricole : portée et limites des politiques et pratiques québécoises

Certains territoires caractérisés par une concentration et une intensification de l’agriculture se trouvent aujourd’hui devant des défis environnementaux et sociaux, notamment en ce qui a trait à la qualité des cadres de vie. À cet effet, une panoplie de mesures agroenvironnementales et de cohabitation (lois, programmes, etc.) sont aujourd’hui à la disposition des professionnels de l’aménagement au Québec. Cette recherche s’interroge sur le potentiel de ces outils à réintroduire le caractère multifonctionnel des territoires, c'est-àdire à assurer la prise en compte simultanée de plusieurs fonctions. Pour ce faire, la mise en oeuvre hypothétique de scénarios d’aménagement multifonctionnel issus d’une recherche antérieure est utilisée comme test. La première étape identifie et analyse les outils favorisant la multifonctionnalité des territoires agricoles et formule des hypothèses quant aux blocages qui pourraient limiter la mise en oeuvre des scénarios multifonctionnels. La deuxième étape teste ces hypothèses en faisant intervenir des groupes de discussion rassemblant divers professionnels de l’aménagement à l’échelle supra locale (municipalité régionale de comté). Les résultats témoignent du potentiel des projets d’aménagement conçus à l’échelle du territoire, notamment ceux visant des regroupements de producteurs. Toutefois, l’étude montre que les blocages ne tiennent pas seulement aux caractéristiques des outils en place, mais aussi à la réticence des professionnels à prendre en compte la notion de cadre de vie en zone d’intensification agricole. Quant à l’utilité pour le monde de la pratique de scénarios d’aménagement multifonctionnel issus d’une recherche universitaire, elle s’en trouverait grandement accrue dans un contexte où les professionnels de l’aménagement participeraient à leur construction.

Identity-based strong designated verifier signature schemes: Attacks and new construction

A strong designated verifier signature scheme makes it possible for a signer to convince a designated verifier that she has signed a message in such a way that the designated verifier cannot transfer the signature to a third party, and no third party can even verify the validity of a designated verifier signature. We show that anyone who intercepts one signature can verify subsequent signatures in Zhang-Mao ID-based designated verifier signature scheme and Lal-Verma ID-based designated verifier proxy signature scheme. We propose a new and efficient ID-based designated verifier signature scheme that is strong and unforgeable. As a direct corollary, we also get a new efficient ID-based designated verifier proxy signature scheme.

Numerical schemes and multivariate extrapolation of a two-dimensional anomalous sub-diffusion equation

Anomalous dynamics in complex systems have gained much interest in recent years. In this paper, a two-dimensional anomalous subdiffusion equation (2D-ASDE) is considered. Two numerical methods for solving the 2D-ASDE are presented. Their stability, convergence and solvability are discussed. A new multivariate extrapolation is introduced to improve the accuracy. Finally, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the schemes and confirm the theoretical analysis.