Analyse carbone de deux régimes et recommandations pour réduire l'impact environnemental de l'alimentation

L’impact environnemental global relié à l’alimentation présente un bilan sombre. L’agriculture industrielle est l’un des secteurs les plus polluants. Y sont associés, entre autres, la déplétion des ressources hydriques, la perte et l’érosion des sols, la dérive et la contamination par les pesticides, la perte de biodiversité, la déforestation, les déséquilibres des cycles de nutriments, la consommation de carburants fossiles, d’importantes émissions de gaz à effet de serre et la pollution des cours d’eau. Les choix alimentaires des Québécois sont directement reliés à ces impacts, puisque notre nourriture est en grande partie produite par l’agriculture industrielle. L’objectif de cet essai est de comparer les régimes locavores et végétaliens qui se présentent comme alternative pour réduire l’impact environnemental associé à l’alimentation. Le contexte de l’étude est au mois de janvier, au Québec. En regard aux impacts environnementaux des choix alimentaires et des modes de production, des recommandations visant la réduction de l’impact de l’alimentation sur l’environnement seront effectuées. L’exploration des régimes végétaliens et locavores dans un contexte hivernal québécois permet de déterminer quels sont les bénéfices et désavantages qui y sont associés sur le plan des gaz à effet de serre. Le transport sur des milliers de kilomètres de la plupart des aliments d’un régime végétalien en janvier génère un impact. Le régime locavore, quant à lui, inclut la consommation de viande, aliment pointé du doigt pour la forte pollution qu’elle engendre. Les conclusions de l’essai montrent que le régime végétalien présente un plus faible impact en termes de gaz à effet de serre que le régime locavore, lorsqu’il est pratiqué au mois de janvier au Québec. Les résultats indiquent que la consommation de viande et de produits animaux dans le régime locavore contribue à l’augmentation de l’impact de ce dernier. De plus, les aliments provenant de serres chauffées aux énergies fossiles présentaient aussi un bilan très négatif, par exemple la laitue. Les quantités de gaz à effet de serre émis pour une semaine de régime, en fonction des recommandations du Guide alimentaire canadien, étaient de 13,8 % supérieures pour le régime locavore. Au regard des résultats obtenus et du bilan environnemental de l’agriculture industrielle, plusieurs recommandations ont été proposées. La transition du système alimentaire vers des solutions locales et avec des circuits courts est à privilégier. Un changement dans les modes culturaux de la production conventionnelle à grande échelle vers des productions plus petites, biologiques et pratiquées selon des méthodes respectueuses de l’environnement est aussi souhaitable. Le changement des habitudes des consommateurs est essentiel, tant sur le plan du choix des aliments que sur le choix des marchands et de la façon de consommer. Finalement, toutes les parties prenantes impliquées dans la chaîne alimentaire sont invitées à dialoguer et à mettre en place des actions afin de réduire l’impact dévastateur de l’alimentation sur l’environnement.

Transforming agriculture through pervasive wireless sensor networks

A large-scale, outdoor, pervasive computing system based on the Fleck hardware platform applies sensor network technology to farming. Comprising static and animal-borne mobile nodes, the system measures the state of a complex, dynamic system comprising climate, soil, pasture, and animals. This data supports prediction of the land's future state and improved management outcomes through closed-loop control. This article is part of a special issue, Building a Sensor-Rich World.

Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Tropical and Temperae Agriculture: The Need for a Full-Cost Accounting of Global Warming Potentials

Agriculture's contribution to radiative forcing is principally through its historical release of carbon in soil and vegetation to the atmosphere and through its contemporary release of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CHM4). The sequestration of soil carbon in soils now depleted in soil organic matter is a well-known strategy for mitigating the buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere. Less well-recognized are other mitigation potentials. A full-cost accounting of the effects of agriculture on greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to quantify the relative importance of all mitigation options. Such an analysis shows nitrogen fertilizer, agricultural liming, fuel use, N2O emissions, and CH4 fluxes to have additional significant potential for mitigation. By evaluating all sources in terms of their global warming potential it becomes possible to directly evaluate greenhouse policy options for agriculture. A comparison of temperate and tropical systems illustrates some of these options.

Nitrogen fertilizer management for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation in intensive corn (Maize) production: an emissions reduction protocol for US Midwest agriculture

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major greenhouse gas (GHG) product of intensive agriculture. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) rate is the best single predictor of N2O emissions in row-crop agriculture in the US Midwest. We use this relationship to propose a transparent, scientifically robust protocol that can be utilized by developers of agricultural offset projects for generating fungible GHG emission reduction credits for the emerging US carbon cap and trade market. By coupling predicted N2O flux with the recently developed maximum return to N (MRTN) approach for determining economically profitable N input rates for optimized crop yield, we provide the basis for incentivizing N2O reductions without affecting yields. The protocol, if widely adopted, could reduce N2O from fertilized row-crop agriculture by more than 50%. Although other management and environmental factors can influence N2O emissions, fertilizer N rate can be viewed as a single unambiguous proxy—a transparent, tangible, and readily manageable commodity. Our protocol addresses baseline establishment, additionality, permanence, variability, and leakage, and provides for producers and other stakeholders the economic and environmental incentives necessary for adoption of agricultural N2O reduction offset projects.

Measuring and decomposing changes in agricultural productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and cumulative exergy efficiency: Application to OECD agriculture

This paper uses an aggregate quantity space to decompose the temporal changes in nitrogen use efficiency and cumulative exergy use efficiency into changes of Moorsteen–Bjurek (MB) Total Factor Productivity (TFP) changes and changes in the aggregate nitrogen and cumulative exergy contents. Changes in productivity can be broken into technical change and changes in various efficiency measures such as technical efficiency, scale efficiency and residual mix efficiency. Changes in the aggregate nitrogen and cumulative exergy contents can be driven by changes in the quality of inputs and outputs and changes in the mixes of inputs and outputs. Also with cumulative exergy content analysis, changes in the efficiency in input production can increase or decrease the cumulative exergy transformity of agricultural production. The empirical study in 30 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development from 1990 to 2003 yielded some important findings. The production technology progressed but there were reductions in technical efficiency, scale efficiency and residual mix efficiency levels. This result suggests that the production frontier had shifted up but there existed lags in the responses of member countries to the technological change. Given TFP growth, improvements in nutrient use efficiency and cumulative exergy use efficiency were counteracted by reductions in the changes of the aggregate nitrogen contents ratio and aggregate cumulative exergy contents ratio. The empirical results also confirmed that different combinations of inputs and outputs as well as the quality of inputs and outputs could have more influence on the growth of nutrient and cumulative exergy use efficiency than factors that had driven productivity change. Keywords: Nutrient use efficiency; Cumulative exergy use efficiency; Thermodynamic efficiency change; Productivity growth; OECD agriculture; Sustainability

Sequestration through forestry and agriculture

Current climate mitigation policies have not fully resolved contentious issues regarding the inclusion of carbon sequestration through changes in forestry and agricultural management practices. Terrestrial carbon sinks could be a low-cost mitigation option that fosters conservation and development, yet issues related to accurately documenting the amount of carbon sequestered undermine confidence that emission offsets through sequestration are equivalent to emission reductions. From an atmospheric perspective, net of CO2 removals through sequestration are equivalent to emission reductions over a given period of time. But carbon will not remain sequestered in biomass or soils indefinitely and investments in sequestration could stifle investments in reducing emissions from other sources. Many international climate agreements cap emissions from some countries or sectors but enable participation of uncapped countries or sectors for forestry and agricultural sequestration. This structure can prompt emission increases in parts of the uncapped entities that weaken the value of emission reductions earned through sequestration. This has been a minor issue under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. Reduced emissions through deforestation and degradation is susceptible to the same problems. The purpose of this article is to review the science, politics, and policy that form the basis of arguments for and against the inclusion forestry and agricultural sequestration as a component of current and future international climate mitigation policies.

The Prehistory of Potyviruses: Their Initial Radiation Was during the Dawn of Agriculture

Background: Potyviruses are found world wide, are spread by probing aphids and cause considerable crop damage. Potyvirus is one of the two largest plant virus genera and contains about 15% of all named plant virus species. When and why did the potyviruses become so numerous? Here we answer the first question and discuss the other. Methods and Findings: We have inferred the phylogenies of the partial coat protein gene sequences of about 50 potyviruses, and studied in detail the phylogenies of some using various methods and evolutionary models. Their phylogenies have been calibrated using historical isolation and outbreak events: the plum pox virus epidemic which swept through Europe in the 20th century, incursions of potyviruses into Australia after agriculture was established by European colonists, the likely transport of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus in cowpea seed from Africa to the Americas with the 16th century slave trade and the similar transport of papaya ringspot virus from India to the Americas. Conclusions/Significance: Our studies indicate that the partial coat protein genes of potyviruses have an evolutionary rate of about 1.1561024 nucleotide substitutions/site/year, and the initial radiation of the potyviruses occurred only about 6,600 years ago, and hence coincided with the dawn of agriculture. We discuss the ways in which agriculture may have triggered the prehistoric emergence of potyviruses and fostered their speciation.

Health matters for subscribers to community-supported agriculture

There are a variety of reasons and motivations for people to subscribe to community-supported agriculture (CSA) schemes, many of which include social, ethical, environmental, and economical benefits. The global rise of food allergies and food related health issues in recent years has led to a growing number of initiatives particularly in developing countries to raise more awareness of the current situation amongst individuals, organisations, and government bodies, and to plan for its implications for the existing food and health systems. Based on a mixed method research conducted in Australia, this paper argues that personal health matters are one of the key motivators for consumers to seek out alternative food systems, particularly CSA initiatives. In addition, it presents the willingness for consumers to seek out information about the food they consume and proposes that technology plays a key role in being used as a conduit to share and investigate information relating to alternative food systems. Further research is required to determine the variety of benefits and opportunities alternative food systems can provide consumers with food related health issues.