Evolution and Stellar Content of AGN Host Galaxies

In this dissertation, Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and their host galaxies are discussed. Together with transitional events, such as supernovae and gamma-ray bursts, AGN are the most energetic phenomena in the Universe. The dominant fraction of their luminosity originates from the center of a galaxy, where accreting gas falls into a supermassive black hole, converting gravitational energy to radiation. AGN have a wide range of observed properties: e.g. in their emission lines, radio emission, and variability. Most likely, these properties depend significantly on their orientation to our line-of-sight, and to unify AGN into physical classes it is crucial to observe their orientation-independent properties, such as the host galaxies. Furthermore, host galaxy studies are essential to understand the formation and co-evolution of galactic bulges and supermassive black holes. In this thesis, the main focus is on observationally characterizing AGN host galaxies using optical and near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy. BL Lac objects are a class of AGN characterized by rapidly variable and polarized continuum emission across the electromagnetic spectrum, and coredominated radio emission. The near-infrared properties of intermediate redshift BL Lac host galaxies are studied in Paper I. They are found to be large elliptical galaxies that are more luminous than their low redshift counterparts suggesting a strong luminosity evolution, and a contribution from a recent star formation episode. To analyze the stellar content of galaxies in more detail multicolor data, especially observations at blue wavelengths, are essential. In Paper III, optical - near-infrared colors and color gradients are derived for low redshift BL Lac host galaxies. They show bluer colors and steeper color gradients than inactive ellipticals which, most likely, are caused by a relatively young stellar population indicating a different evolutionary stage between AGN hosts and inactive ellipticals. In Paper II, near-infrared imaging of intermediate redshift radio-quiet quasar hosts is used to study their luminosity evolution. The hosts are large elliptical galaxies, but they are systematically fainter than the hosts of radio-loud quasars at similar redshifts, suggesting a link between the luminosity of the host galaxies and the radio properties of AGN. In Paper IV, the characteristics of near-infrared stellar absorption features of low redshift radio galaxies are compared with those of inactive early-type galaxies. The comparison suggests that early-type galaxies with AGN are in a different evolutionary stage than their inactive counterparts. Moreover, radio galaxies are found to contain stellar populations containing both old and intermediate age components.

The VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey: the evolution of type-1 AGN

Quasars and AGN play an important role in many aspects of the modern cosmology. Of particular interest is the issue of the interplay between AGN activity and formation and evolution of galaxies and structures. Studies on nearby galaxies revealed that most (and possibly all) galaxy nuclei contain a super-massive black hole (SMBH) and that between a third and half of them are showing some evidence of activity (Kormendy and Richstone, 1995). The discovery of a tight relation between black holes mass and velocity dispersion of their host galaxy suggests that the evolution of the growth of SMBH and their host galaxy are linked together. In this context, studying the evolution of AGN, through the luminosity function (LF), is fundamental to constrain the theories of galaxy and SMBH formation and evolution. Recently, many theories have been developed to describe physical processes possibly responsible of a common formation scenario for galaxies and their central black hole (Volonteri et al., 2003; Springel et al., 2005a; Vittorini et al., 2005; Hopkins et al., 2006a) and an increasing number of observations in different bands are focused on collecting larger and larger quasar samples. Many issues remain however not yet fully understood. In the context of the VVDS (VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey), we collected and studied an unbiased sample of spectroscopically selected faint type-1 AGN with a unique and straightforward selection function. Indeed, the VVDS is a large, purely magnitude limited spectroscopic survey of faint objects, free of any morphological and/or color preselection. We studied the statistical properties of this sample and its evolution up to redshift z 4. Because of the contamination of the AGN light by their host galaxies at the faint magnitudes explored by our sample, we observed that a significant fraction of AGN in our sample would be missed by the UV excess and morphological criteria usually adopted for the pre-selection of optical QSO candidates. If not properly taken into account, this failure in selecting particular sub-classes of AGN could, in principle, affect some of the conclusions drawn from samples of AGN based on these selection criteria. The absence of any pre-selection in the VVDS leads us to have a very complete sample of AGN, including also objects with unusual colors and continuum shape. The VVDS AGN sample shows in fact redder colors than those expected by comparing it, for example, with the color track derived from the SDSS composite spectrum. In particular, the faintest objects have on average redder colors than the brightest ones. This can be attributed to both a large fraction of dust-reddened objects and a significant contamination from the host galaxy. We have tested these possibilities by examining the global spectral energy distribution of each object using, in addition to the U, B, V, R and I-band magnitudes, also the UV-Galex and the IR-Spitzer bands, and fitting it with a combination of AGN and galaxy emission, allowing also for the possibility of extinction of the AGN flux. We found that for 44% of our objects the contamination from the host galaxy is not negligible and this fraction decreases to 21% if we restrict the analysis to a bright subsample (M1450 <-22.15). Our estimated integral surface density at IAB < 24.0 is 500 AGN per square degree, which represents the highest surface density of a spectroscopically confirmed sample of optically selected AGN. We derived the luminosity function in B-band for 1.0 < z < 3.6 using the 1/Vmax estimator. Our data, more than one magnitude fainter than previous optical surveys, allow us to constrain the faint part of the luminosity function up to high redshift. A comparison of our data with the 2dF sample at low redshift (1 < z < 2.1) shows that the VDDS data can not be well fitted with the pure luminosity evolution (PLE) models derived by previous optically selected samples. Qualitatively, this appears to be due to the fact that our data suggest the presence of an excess of faint objects at low redshift (1.0 < z < 1.5) with respect to these models. By combining our faint VVDS sample with the large sample of bright AGN extracted from the SDSS DR3 (Richards et al., 2006b) and testing a number of different evolutionary models, we find that the model which better represents the combined luminosity functions, over a wide range of redshift and luminosity, is a luminosity dependent density evolution (LDDE) model, similar to those derived from the major Xsurveys. Such a parameterization allows the redshift of the AGN density peak to change as a function of luminosity, thus fitting the excess of faint AGN that we find at 1.0 < z < 1.5. On the basis of this model we find, for the first time from the analysis of optically selected samples, that the peak of the AGN space density shifts significantly towards lower redshift going to lower luminosity objects. The position of this peak moves from z 2.0 for MB <-26.0 to z 0.65 for -22< MB <-20. This result, already found in a number of X-ray selected samples of AGN, is consistent with a scenario of “AGN cosmic downsizing”, in which the density of more luminous AGN, possibly associated to more massive black holes, peaks earlier in the history of the Universe (i.e. at higher redshift), than that of low luminosity ones, which reaches its maximum later (i.e. at lower redshift). This behavior has since long been claimed to be present in elliptical galaxies and it is not easy to reproduce it in the hierarchical cosmogonic scenario, where more massive Dark Matter Halos (DMH) form on average later by merging of less massive halos.

Solving the cooling flow problem through mechanical AGN feedback

A fundamental gap in the current understanding of collapsed structures in the universe concerns the thermodynamical evolution of the ordinary, baryonic component. Unopposed radiative cooling of plasma would lead to the cooling catastrophe, a massive inflow of condensing gas toward the centre of galaxies, groups and clusters. The last generation of multiwavelength observations has radically changed our view on baryons, suggesting that the heating linked to the active galactic nucleus (AGN) may be the balancing counterpart of cooling. In this Thesis, I investigate the engine of the heating regulated by the central black hole. I argue that the mechanical feedback, based on massive subrelativistic outflows, is the key to solving the cooling flow problem, i.e. dramatically quenching the cooling rates for several billion years without destroying the cool-core structure. Using an upgraded version of the parallel 3D hydrodynamic code FLASH, I show that anisotropic AGN outflows can further reproduce fundamental observed features, such as buoyant bubbles, cocoon shocks, sonic ripples, metals dredge-up, and subsonic turbulence. The latter is an essential ingredient to drive nonlinear thermal instabilities, which cause cold gas condensation, a residual of the quenched cooling flow and, later, fuel for the AGN feedback engine. The self-regulated outflows are systematically tested on the scales of massive clusters, groups and isolated elliptical galaxies: in lighter less bound objects the feedback needs to be gentler and less efficient, in order to avoid drastic overheating. In this Thesis, I describe in depth the complex hydrodynamics, involving the coupling of the feedback energy to that of the surrounding hot medium. Finally, I present the merits and flaws of all the proposed models, with a critical eye toward observational concordance.

Coppie di agn in banda x nel campo cosmos

In questo lavoro di tesi, sono state studiate coppie di AGN nel campo COSMOS, selezionate in banda X. Sono state studiate le proprietà multifrequenza del campione trovato ed è stato eseguito un confronto con un campione di AGN isolati.

X-ray properties and evolution of high-redshift AGN, and the gas content of host galaxies

In this thesis, I have investigated the evolution of the high-redshift (z > 3) AGN population by collecting data from some of the major Chandra and XMM-Newton surveys. The final sample (141 sources) is one of the largest selected at z> 3 in the X- rays and it is characterised by a very high redshift completeness (98%). I derived the spectral slopes and obscurations through a spectral anaysis and I assessed the high-z evolution by deriving the luminosity function and the number counts of the sample. The best representation of the AGN evolution is a pure density evolution (PDE) model: the AGN space density is found to decrease by a factor of 10 from z=3 to z=5. I also found that about 50% of AGN are obscured by large column densities (logNH > 23). By comparing these data with those in the Local Universe, I found a positive evolution of the obscured AGN fraction with redshift, especially for luminous (logLx > 44) AGN. I also studied the gas content of z < 1 AGN-hosting galaxies and compared it with that of inactive galaxies. For the first time, I applied to AGN a method to derive the gas mass previously used for inactive galaxies only. AGN are found to live preferentially in gas-rich galaxies. This result on the one hand can help us in understanding the AGN triggering mechanisms, on the other hand explains why AGN are preferentially hosted by star-forming galaxies.

Tracing AGN accretion and star formation in Herschel galaxies

In this Thesis, we study the physical properties and the cosmic evolution of AGN and their host galaxies since z∼3. Our analysis exploits samples of star forming galaxies detected with Herschel at far-IR wavelengths (from 70 up to 500 micron) in different extragalactic surveys, such as COSMOS and the deep GOODS (South and North) fields. The broad-band ancillary data available in COSMOS and the GOODS fields, allows us to implement Herschel and Spitzer photometry with multi-wavelength ancillary data. We perform a multicomponent SED-fitting decomposition to decouple the emission due to star formation from that due to AGN accretion, and to estimate both host-galaxy parameters (such as stellar mass, M* and star formation rate, SFR), and nuclear intrinsic bolometric luminosities. We use the individual estimates of AGN bolometric luminosity obtained through SED-fitting decomposition to reconstruct the redshit evolution of the AGN bolometric luminosity function since z∼3. The resulting trends are used to estimate the overall AGN accretion rate density at different cosmic epochs and to trace the first ever estimate of the AGN accretion history from an IR survey. Later on, we focus our study on the connection between AGN accretion and integrated galaxy properties. We analyse the relationships of AGN accretion with galaxy properties in the SFR-M* plane and at different cosmic epochs. Finally, we infer what is the parameter that best correlates with AGN accretion, comparing our results with previous studies and discussing their physical implications in the context of current scenarios of AGN/galaxy evolution.

Searching for outflows signatures in sdss spectra of x-ray selected, obscured agn in the cosmos field

Partendo dal campione di AGN presente nella survey di XMM-COSMOS, abbiamo cercato la sua controparte ottica nel database DR10 della Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), ed il match ha portato ad una selezione di 200 oggetti, tra cui stelle, galassie e quasar. A partire da questo campione, abbiamo selezionato tutti gli oggetti con un redshift z<0.86 per limitare l’analisi agli AGN di tipo 2, quindi siamo giunti alla selezione finale di un campione di 30 sorgenti. L’analisi spettrale è stata fatta tramite il task SPECFIT, presente in IRAF. Abbiamo creato due tipi di modelli: nel primo abbiamo considerato un’unica componente per ogni riga di emissione, nel secondo invece è stata introdotta un’ulteriore com- ponente limitando la FWHM della prima ad un valore inferiore a 500 km\s. Le righe di emissione di cui abbiamo creato un modello sono le seguenti: Hβ, [NII]λλ 6548,6581, Hα, [SII]λλ 6716,6731 e [OIII]λλ 4959,5007. Nei modelli costruiti abbiamo tenuto conto della fisica atomica per quel che riguarda i rapporti dei flussi teorici dei doppietti dell’azoto e dell’ossigeno, fissandoli a 1:3 per entrambi; nel caso del modello ad una componente abbiamo fissato le FWHM delle righe di emissione; mentre nel caso a due componenti abbiamo fissato le FWHM delle componenti strette e larghe, separatamente. Tenendo conto del chi-quadro ottenuto da ogni fit e dei residui, è stato possibile scegliere tra i due modelli per ogni sorgente. Considerato che la nostra attenzione è focalizzata sulla cinematica dell’ossigeno, abbiamo preso in considerazione solo le sorgenti i cui spettri mostravano la riga suddetta, cioè 25 oggetti. Su questa riga è stata fatta un’analisi non parametrica in modo da utilizzare il metodo proposto da Harrison et al. (2014) per caratterizzare il profilo di riga. Sono state determinate quantità utili come il 2 e il 98 percentili, corrispondenti alle velocità massime proiettate del flusso di materia, e l’ampiezza di riga contenente l’80% dell’emissione. Per indagare sull’eventuale ruolo che ha l’AGN nel guidare questi flussi di materia verso l’esterno, abbiamo calcolato la massa del gas ionizzato presente nel flusso e il tasso di energia cinetica, tenendo conto solo delle componenti larghe della riga di [OIII] λ5007. Per la caratterizzazione energetica abbiamo considerato l’approccio di Cano-Diaz et al (2012) e di Heckman (1990) in modo da poter ottenere un limite inferiore e superiore della potenza cinetica, adottando una media geometrica tra questi due come valore indicativo dell’energetica coinvolta. Confrontando la potenza del flusso di gas con la luminosità bolometrica dell’AGN, si è trovato che l’energia cinetica del flusso di gas è circa lo 0.3-30% della luminosità dell’AGN, consistente con i modelli che considerano l’AGN come principale responsabile nel guidare questi flussi di gas.

Ricerca di AGN oscurati nei Chandra Deep Fields

La forma spettrale dell’X-ray background richiede l’esistenza di un grande numero di AGN mediamente oscurati, oltre alla presenza di AGN fortemente oscurati, la cui densità di colonna supera il limite Compton (Nh>10^24 cm^(-2)). A causa della loro natura, questi oggetti risultano di difficile osservazione, per cui è necessario adottare un approccio multi-banda per riuscire a rivelarli. In questo lavoro di tesi abbiamo studiato 29 sorgenti osservate nel CDF-S e 10 nel CDF-N a 0.07AGN oscurati (di cui alcuni possibili Compton Thick) all’interno di un campione più ampio di galassie con formazione stellare osservate con Herschel (lunghezza d’onda 70-500 um) e selezionate per lo studio del rapporto tra il tasso di accrescimento sul buco nero presente al centro degli AGN e il tasso di formazione stellare della galassia ospite al variare del tempo cosmico. Abbiamo analizzato gli spettri X del campione di 29+10 sorgenti utilizzando i dati Chandra relativi a 7 Ms di osservazioni nel CDF-S e a 2 Ms nel CDF-N alla ricerca di indicazioni di oscuramento (Nh>10^23, spettro piatto, riga del ferro): a seguito di questa analisi sono state individuate 9 sorgenti che presentano indicazioni di forte oscuramento. Dallo studio del rapporto tra la luminosità X (2-10 keV) e quella MIR (12.3um) dedotta dal SED-fitting, si è ottenuta una conferma della possibile presenza di forte oscuramento nelle 9 sorgenti selezionate a seguito dell’analisi spettrale. Abbiamo inoltre confrontato il tasso di formazione stellare dedotto dalla banda X (0.5-8 keV) e da quella IR (8-1000um) per identificare le sorgenti nelle quali l’emissione da AGN risulta essere dominante. A seguito di questa analisi abbiamo identificato 9 sorgenti (le stesse di cui sopra) con indicazione di forte oscuramento; di queste, 3 mostrano chiare indicazioni della presenza di un AGN Compton Thick (Nh>10^24 cm^(-2), riga del ferro intensa, basso rapporto LX/MIR).

An X-ray study of CIV-selected AGN in the COSMOS field

Negli ultimi vent’anni innumerevoli sforzi sono stati compiuti a livello internazionale per ottenere un censimento completo degli “Active Galactic Nuclei” (AGN), ovvero di nuclei galattici attivi, oscurati in banda X. Tale censimento potrebbe rappresentare infatti la soluzione alla problematica del cosiddetto fondo cosmico non risolto in banda X. Gli studi finora condotti sfruttano la forte correlazione fra l'attività del SMBH e l'evoluzione della galassia ospite attraverso osservazioni in banda X hard, nel vicino-medio infrarosso e nell'ottico. Questa tesi si colloca in questo scenario con lo scopo di verificare e confermare l'affidabilità della selezione tramite la riga di emissione del CIV a 1549 Å di AGN oscurati fino a z≈3. Per raggiungere tale obiettivo è stato assunto che il CIV rappresenti un indicatore affidabile della luminosità intrinseca degli AGN e del loro alto potenziale di ionizzazione. Inoltre, allo studio in banda ottica delle sorgenti sono stati associati i dati profondi in banda X per analizzarne le proprietà X e caratterizzarne l’ammontare dell’oscuramento in tale banda in termini di densità di colonna di idrogeno. In particolare, in questo lavoro vengono presentati i risultati dell’analisi in banda X del campione di 192 AGN selezionati nella survey ottica zCOSMOS-Deep, attraverso la riga di emissione del CIV a 1549 Å. Queste 192 sorgenti hanno un redshift medio di 2.2 e una magnitudine media AB in banda B di 23.7. La copertura in banda X del campo selezionato è data dalla survey Chandra COSMOS-Legacy comprendente 4.6 Ms di osservazioni in un’area di 2.2 deg2. I risultati ottenuti in questo progetto di tesi tramite la selezione possono ritenersi soddisfacenti: metà delle AGN di Tipo 2 selezionate con il CIV e rilevate in banda X risultano fortemente oscurate (NH>10^23 cm^(-2) ). Inoltre, le AGN di Tipo 2 non rilevate in banda X risultano consistenti con uno scenario di oggetti oscurati.

El agón entre sofística y filosofía : Entre la esclavitud del alma y la esclavitud del cuerpo

Este trabajo analiza una de las instancias del clásico agón entre sofística y filosofía, tal como aparece planteado en el Fedón de Platón. El eje de mi abordaje está constituido por las diversas relaciones de esclavitud que se pueden establecer entre el alma y el cuerpo. La hipótesis que aspiro a demostrar es que mientras la esclavitud del cuerpo al alma es postulada como la condición filosófica por excelencia, la esclavitud inversa (del alma al cuerpo) admite ser calificada de "sofística". Esto no significa que el sofista sea el creador de tal esclavitud anti-filosófica; la misma no es más que la forma de vida cotidiana del pueblo ateniense, regulada por deseos corporales que persiguen constantemente la consecución del placer. El rol del sofista en este contexto consistiría específicamente en la justificación y profundización de esa disposición preexistente, tanto a través de sus enseñanzas teóricas como de su práctica política

El agón entre Medea y Creonte : De Medea de Eurípides a Una Hoguera en las Tinieblas de Médici e Iñiguez

En esta comunicación se analiza, en el agón entre Medea y Creonte del primer episodio de Medea de Eurípides, cómo la confrontación entre ambos pone en escena la discusión de las nociones de lo justo y lo injusto e implica también la caracterización de lo propio y del "otro". La extranjera enfrenta las decisiones del poder y el gobernante le teme, ya que concibe la alteridad como amenaza. Creonte, el antagonista, termina "colaborando", a su pesar, con las intenciones de Medea. Seguidamente, se realiza el análisis comparativo a partir de su vinculación con la versión libre de Medea escrita por Iñíguez y Médici, tragedia estrenada en Corrientes, en 1987. Se enfoca, en particular, cómo este agón involucra, en este nuevo contexto, la visión del aborigen como "bárbaro" desde los conceptos identitarios del "blanco" en el poder

La exhibición y el episodio de Estesilao en el prólogo de Laques y su referencialidad respecto del Agón dialéctico

Lisímaco y Melesias han invitado a los generales Nicias y Laques a presenciar una exhibición de lucha armada. Con motivo del espectáculo y ante la recomendación de esa disciplina para la educación de sus hijos, los padres deciden consultar la opinión de quienes son considerados especialistas en la materia. Esta especie de simulacro de pelea es el inicio de una conversación acerca de si es beneficioso, o no este aprendizaje. Al diálogo entre los padres y los generales se suma Sócrates. A partir de la discrepancia entre Laques y Nicias y el ingreso de Sócrates comienza a desplegarse una suerte de agón dialéctico. La presente comunicación intenta establecer una analogía entre el comportamiento de Estesilao, el luchador de la exhibición, en un determinado episodio relatado por Laques y el que sostiene Nicias frente a los embates del élenkhos socrático

El Banquete de Platón como un agón de géneros discursivos

En el presente trabajo me interesa sostener que en el Banquete Platón procura reflejar el carácter agonal propio de la mentalidad griega, a través de la intertextualidad entre géneros discursivos que recorre el diálogo. Desde esta perspectiva, para examinar la naturaleza del éros, se torna necesario confrontar las distintas representaciones intelectuales que sobre él existen, las cuales aparecen plasmadas en los diferentes géneros discursivos de la época (retórica, medicina, comedia, tragedia, filosofía, entre otros)

A cena de agón na Alceste de Euripides

In this study, I examine the agon scene in Euripides' Alcestis. The agon is placed in the 4th episode, when Alcestis' corpse has recieved all preparations for the funeral, and Admeto has already accomodated Heracles in the palace, without telling him, however, about the last occurrences. This episode is the biggest of the play with 360 verses, what could cause the prolongation of the action and consequently the decline of the emotional tonus. Nevertheless, Euripides has composed this episode with very diversified elements, that it could be divided in scenes, what confers certain agitily to the events succession that accelerates the end of the play. I took as basis the commentaries by A. M. Dale and by L P. E. Parker, and whenever necessary, I have also recurred to the James Diggle?s and D. J Conacher?s editions. Another important text for the present discussion of the agon in Alcestis is the book by Michael Lloyd, The Agon in Euripides

El agón como el problema platónico : Una lectura deleuziana

Hay todo un entorno del problema griego según Deleuze: el agón. La ciudad ateniense es una rivalidad entre pretendientes. En la obra platónica, a la que Deleuze se refiere a menudo como la Odisea filosófica, el enfrentamiento entre rivales aparece constantemente y en todos los ámbitos, en el amor, los juegos, la política, los tribunales, incluso la filosofía tendrá también sus pretendientes. La pregunta es platónica es, según Deleuze, ¿cómo seleccionar a los pretendientes? La Idea juega el rol de paradigma de autenticidad dentro del método dialéctico cuya función debe ser entendida, según Deleuze, en términos de selección y no de clasificación. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos presentar esta lectura deleuziana a los efectos de evaluar sus alcances