Dynamics of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate produced by phytoplankton in the Chinese seas - Distribution patterns and affecting factors

Distribution of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and/or particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPp) concentrations in the Jiaozhou Bay, Zhifu Bay and East China Sea were investigated during the period of 1994 - 1998. Both DMS and DMSPp levels showed remarkable temporal and spatial variations. High values occurred in the coastal or shelf waters and low values in the offshore waters. The highest levels were observed in spring or summer and lowest in autumn. DMS or DMSPp distribution patterns were associated with water mass on a large geographical scale, while biological and chemical factors were more likely influential on smaller-scale variations. Diatoms could play an important role in total DMS or DMSPp abundance in coastal waters. Nitrate was found to have a two-phase relationship with DMSPp concentrations: positive when nitrate concentration was lower than 1 mumol/L, and negative when it was above. Anthropogenic factors such as sewage input and aquaculture also showed influences on DMS or DMSPp concentration.

Affecting Factors of Public Employees’ Ganizational Commitment

Purpose – The aim of this chapter is to shed some light on the antecedents of organizational commitment, the mediating role of job engagement and job satisfaction as determinants of organizational commitment within the public sector environment, and the effects that national cultural values may have on these relationships. Approach – This paper presents a review of the works that, from both theoretical and empirical points of view, explore the affecting factors of public employees’ organizational commitment in an international setting. Findings – A comprehensive model has been developed, detailing the expectations on the influence that these factors might have on public employees’ level of commitment, either as mediators or moderators. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation is the paper’s theoretical nature; the subsequent implication is a future empirical research that may prove or disprove these theoretical findings. In addition, there are some other possible mediating factors and antecedents which may be of interest for future researchers. Originality/value – This comprehensive review of the extant literature may provide academics and public managers with a deeper comprehension of how organizational commitment might be achieved, and why some practices may or may not be transferrable from one country to another.

锡林河流域一个放牧草原群落土壤呼吸及其影响因子的研究

本文综述了草原群落土壤呼吸研究的理论、方法、最新进展和主要成果。从2001年6月5日到10月15日，在内蒙古锡林河流域的一个典型草原群落放牧地段用气相色谱法对土壤呼吸进行了测定，并同期观测相应的环境因子，分析了它们之间的相互关系，并根据根系生物量和土壤呼吸的相关性外推出根系呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例。同时，采用碱液吸收法对该草原群落和一个沼泽化草甸群落的土壤呼吸进行了比对测定，比较在不同生境下土壤呼吸速率的差异。另外，重点比较了两种常用的土壤呼吸测量方法——碱液吸收法和气相色谱法对典型草原群落土壤呼吸的测量效果。主要研究成果如下： 1．在草原群落，生物量（包括地上和地下生物量）、温度（包括气温和土壤温度）和水分及土壤呼吸的季节变化均呈不规则的波动曲线;土壤呼吸与土壤湿度高度相关，与温度尤其是土壤温度以及地下生物量之间存在着一定的相关性，但和地上生物量及绿色生物量之间几乎没有关系。 2．草原群落和草甸群落土壤呼吸的季节动态基本一致，均出现了两个峰值，分别出现在6月底和7月底，它们的变化范围分别为312.8~1738.9 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1 和 354.6 ~2235.6 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，日平均土壤呼吸速率分别为785.9 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1 和1349.6 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，草甸群落的土壤呼吸速率明显高于草原群落; 3．土壤水分是草原群落土壤呼吸的主要限制因子，但对草甸群落的土壤呼吸变化却基本没有影响;草甸群落中，地上总生物量与土壤呼吸速率间没有显著的相关关系，但地上部分绿色生物量与土壤呼吸间存在着显著的幂函数关系，而在草原群落中，土壤呼吸速率与地上活生物量或地上总生物量的相关关系均很弱。 4．在草原群落，根系呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例为60.7% - 93.3%，平均为82%; 5．碱液吸收法和气相色谱法的测定结果具有很高的相关性（R2=0.7563），它们的季节动态基本一致，变化范围分别为从249.3~1795.1 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1和从312.8~1738.9 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，平均值分别为634.2 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1和802.7 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，碱液吸收法的测量值是气相色谱法的约1.4倍。

放牧与围栏羊草草原土壤呼吸作用研究

基于静态箱式法，在内蒙古典型羊草草原围栏与自由放牧样地对土壤呼吸作用及其影响因子进行连续两年野外对比观测。结果表明，围栏内外土壤呼吸作用的日、季动态差异不大，日动态呈单峰型曲线，高峰值一般出现在午间11：0014：00，最低值出现在凌晨1：003：00。从整个生长季节来看，土壤呼吸作用的最大值出现在6月中旬到7月底，随后逐渐降低。整个观测期间围栏与放牧样地土壤呼吸作用平均值分别是219.18 mg CO2•m-2•h-1和111.27 mg CO2•m-2•h-1，围栏样地土壤呼吸作用明显高于放牧样地，可能与土壤含水量改善和生物量增加有关。对影响土壤呼吸作用的因子分析表明，放牧使土壤含水量和相对湿度明显降低，而对气温、大气CO2浓度和光合有效辐射的影响并不大，且放牧使羊草净光合速率的影响明显增加，而对气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度影响不大。围栏样地土壤呼吸作用与各影响因子的相关性从大到小依次为土壤含水量、净光合速率、气温、相对湿度、大气CO2浓度、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度和光合有效辐射，其中土壤含水量和气温是影响土壤呼吸作用的主要环境因子，净光合速率是主要的生物因子。尽管放牧改变了土壤呼吸速率，但土壤呼吸作用各影响因子的排列顺序基本上没有改变,只是发生了量的变化。选择目前常用的土壤呼吸作用水热因子模型，在放牧与围栏羊草草原分别进行了验证和评估。在低温低湿条件下，土壤呼吸作用主要受温度调控，然而，随着温度升高和水分增加，温度单因子模型不能模拟水分对土壤呼吸作用的激发作用。在干旱半干旱的典型草原区，土壤呼吸作用主要受土壤含水量影响，而如果把温度的调控作用考虑进去能进一步提高模型的预测能力。在围栏样地，水热双因子线性模型的相关系数高于其它模型，可以解释土壤呼吸作用82%以上的变化情况，而对于放牧样地来说，指数模型、指数-乘幂模型和指数-Arrhenius方程的相关系数(R2=0.87-0.88)高于线性模型(R2=0.73-0.79)。 在温室实验中，通过模拟典型草原优势植物种羊草不同密度对土壤呼吸作用的影响，采用根系生物量梯度外推法对羊草种群根呼吸作用与微生物呼吸作用进行了区分。结果表明，羊草根系呼吸速率在生长初期最大, 达到33.5 mg CO2•gDW-1•h-1, 随着植物生长逐渐降低而趋于稳定, 在1.1~2.0 mg CO2•gDW-1•h-1之间变动。整个生长季节根呼吸作用占土壤呼吸总量比例从9.7%逐渐上升到52.9%，平均值为36.8%。尽管随着生长根呼吸速率逐渐降低, 但根系生物量的增加却使根呼吸作用所占比例不断升高。

The evolution of cooperation in asymmetric systems

Explaining "Tragedy of the Commons" of evolution of cooperation remains one of the greatest problems for both biology and social science. Asymmetrical interaction, which is one of the most important characteristics of cooperative system, has not been sufficiently considered in the existing models of the evolution of cooperation. Considering the inequality in the number and payoff between the cooperative actors and recipients in cooperation systems, discriminative density-dependent interference competition will occur in limited dispersal systems. Our model and simulation show that the local but not the global stability of a cooperative interaction can be maintained if the utilization of common resource remains unsaturated, which can be achieved by density-dependent restraint or competition among the cooperative actors. More intense density dependent interference competition among the cooperative actors and the ready availability of the common resource, with a higher intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient, will increase the probability of cooperation. The cooperation between the recipient and the cooperative actors can be transformed into conflict and, it oscillates chaotically with variations of the affecting factors under different environmental or ecological conditions. The higher initial relatedness (i.e. similar to kin or reciprocity relatedness), which is equivalent to intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient, can be selected for by penalizing less cooperative or cheating actors but rewarding cooperative individuals in asymmetric systems. The initial relatedness is a pivot but not the aim of evolution of cooperation. This explains well the direct conflict observed in almost all cooperative systems.

抚仙湖水质的诱变性及其诱变因素分析

　为探讨抚仙湖水质的诱变性及诱变因素,用蚕豆根尖细胞微核检测法,检测抚仙湖水质的诱变性。用 高灵敏度的电感耦合氩等离子体发射光谱法( ICP2AES) 检测水体中5 种诱变性离子浓度。用GC/ MS(色相色谱/ 质谱) 联机检测水体中的有机化学污染物。结果表明:抚仙湖水质具有诱变性,且呈现水域性差异;水质的诱变性 非水体中诱变性离子所致;但与水体中有机化合物的种数有显著的相关性。

Centrifuge modelling on long-term behaviour of tunnels in transitional ground

Long-term settlement of tunnels has caused concerns about its influence on tunnel safety and serviceability. Aiming to investigate the long-term behaviour of tunnels against the background of Shanghai metro line, two cases of centrifuge modelling were conducted, with efforts to expose the mechanism affecting the consolidation of the ground. Evenly layered ground and transitional ground strata were set for each case separately and the settlement, lining load and pore water pressure were checked against elapsed time up to 20 years. The results verified some previous findings concerning the settlement and lining load development trend, however, it was also shown that the transitional ground made the tunnel response more complicated. The research is expected to provide some basis for further research on other affecting factors, such as lining permeability. © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Degradation of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol in aqueous solution by ozonation

This study investigates the ozonation of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in aqueous solution. The affecting factors on the degradation of EE2 were studied and described in details, such as initial EE2 concentration, initial pH value and ozone concentration. In addition, some parameters such as pH. electrical conductivity, mineralization efficiency and degradation products were monitored during the process. The mineralization efficiency of EE2 could reach 53.9%. During the ozonation process the rapid decrease of pH and the sharp increase of electrical conductivity indicated the fort-nation of acidic by-products, small fragments and ions which were confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GUMS) analysis. Results showed that there were intermediate products of smaller molecule with higher polarity produced during the course of EE2 degradation. Then a possible reaction pathway for EE2 degradation involving all intermediates detected is proposed. During the ozonation process EE2 was first oxidized into hydroxyl-semiquinone isomers which were subsequently degraded into low molecular weight compounds such as oxalic acid, malonate, glutarate, and so on. Furthermore. these organic acids are easily oxidized by ozone into carbon dioxide (CO2). This work shows that ozonation process is promising for the removal of EE2. The results can provide some useful information for the potential treatment of EE2 by ozonation in aqueous solution. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

黄土丘陵区土壤基础呼吸对草地植被恢复的响应及其影响因素

为探讨黄土丘陵区草地植被自然恢复过程中土壤微生物活性的变化特征及其影响因素,采用"时空互代"法采集宁夏云雾山自然保护区8个不同植被恢复年限的春、夏两季0～20cm和20～40cm的土样,用室内密闭静态培养—碱液吸收法测定了新鲜和风干土样的基础呼吸。结果表明:土壤基础呼吸随植被恢复年限增加呈增加趋势,土壤呼吸强度和累积呼吸量都表现为植被恢复73年和78年较高,而耕地和植被恢复3年最低。采样季节对呼吸强度测定有较大影响,春季土样能更好地反映土壤微生物活性的变化。风干土样可以通过预培养后测定土壤的呼吸作用,且能更加稳定地反映不同土壤之间的差异。在测定土壤基础呼吸时,利用1d或3d的培养平均值能更稳定地表现不同土壤的特性。累积呼吸量可较呼吸强度更直观地反映不同土壤的微生物活性。土壤有机质和全氮含量与土壤呼吸强度密切相关。

黄土丘陵区小流域土壤水分时空变异

采用定位监测法,对2002—2005年黄土丘陵区小流域土壤水分的时空动态规律及其主要影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,研究区年均土壤水分剖面呈倒"L"型,水分最低点出现在1.0m深处.表层(0~0.2m)和下层(2.4m以下)土壤水分年际间的差异达显著水平,而季节间的显著差异则表现在土壤表层和中层(1.0~2.4m);干旱年的降水不足显著提高了中、下层土壤水分的空间变异性,而丰水年的降水补充作用则显著降低了上层土壤水分的空间变异性,对中、下层土壤水分变异的影响不大.坡向对土壤水分变异的影响最大,其次是土地利用类型,坡位的影响最小.在干旱年或每年雨季开始时,坡向对土壤水分的影响随土层的加深而减弱,土地利用类型的影响则随之增强;在丰水年或每年雨季结束时,土地利用类型只对上层土壤水分状况具有显著影响,且其影响程度小于坡向的影响.

四种园林植物的热值与养分特征

测定了蔷薇科植物美人梅、樱花和木兰科植物白玉兰、广玉兰不同组分的热值、养分和灰分含量,探讨4种植物不同发育阶段根系、枝干和叶等器官的热值分配特征及其影响因子.结果表明:4种植物不同组分干质量热值和去灰分热值在17.02~21.93 kJ.g-1和18.42~22.57 kJ.g-1之间;叶片和细根具有较高的干质量热值和去灰分热值,去灰分热值随着根系和茎干(枝)的发育呈减小趋势.美人梅和樱花的干质量热值和去灰分热值总体上高于白玉兰和广玉兰.细根干质量热值和去灰分热值与其养分和灰分含量呈极显著相关(P<0.01).随着根系的发育,干质量热值和去灰分热值与有机碳含量的相关性逐渐降低,不同器官干质量热值与全氮含量相关性最强.

我国土壤侵蚀状况与主要影响因素分析

我国土壤侵蚀面积达 492万km2 ,占国土总面积的 5 1 .2 % ,已严重影响和制约着国民经济的发展和社会的安定。 1 998年洪灾便是土壤侵蚀对大自然的最大惩罚 ,现已引起社会各界的重视。为了从中吸取经验教训 ,对土壤侵蚀与降雨 ,土壤侵蚀与坡长、坡度 ,土壤侵蚀与植被建设三个大的方面作了系统分析 ,研究土壤侵蚀产生的原因和发展规律 ,从中可以知道这三个方面是影响土壤侵蚀的最为关键因子 ,并找出其对生态环境的危害性 ,提出最佳的综合防治对策 ,将土壤侵蚀的危害降低到最低程度

中国土壤侵蚀影响因素及其危害分析

该文从降雨、地貌、植被、土壤及人为因素等方面对中国土壤侵蚀的影响因素进行了系统分析 ,研究了土壤侵蚀使中国土地资源破坏、粮食减产、灾害发生、土壤肥力下降、水资源环境污染、库塘湖泊淤积、城市安全受到威胁等一系列危害 ,可供水土保持及环境整治决策作参考