Thermal tweezers for manipulation of adatoms and nanoparticles on surfaces heated by interfering laser pulses

We conduct the detailed numerical investigation of a nanomanipulation and nanofabrication technique—thermal tweezers with dynamic evolution of surface temperature, caused by absorption of interfering laser pulses in a thin metalfilm or any other absorbing surface. This technique uses random Brownian forces in the presence of strong temperature modulation (surfacethermophoresis) for effective manipulation of particles/adatoms with nanoscale resolution. Substantial redistribution of particles on the surface is shown to occur with the typical size of the obtained pattern elements of ∼100 nm, which is significantly smaller than the wavelength of the incident pulses used (532 nm). It is also demonstrated that thermal tweezers based on surfacethermophoresis of particles/adatoms are much more effective in achieving permanent high maximum-to-minimum concentration ratios than bulk thermophoresis, which is explained by the interaction of diffusing particles with the periodic lattice potential on the surface. Typically required pulse regimes including pulse lengths and energies are also determined. The approach is applicable for reproducing any holographically achievable surfacepatterns, and can thus be used for engineering properties of surfaces including nanopatterning and design of surface metamaterials.

Surface fluxes of Si and C adatoms at initial growth stages of SiC quantum dots

Self-assembly of highly stoichiometric SiC quantum dots still remains a major challenge for the gas/plasma-based nanodot synthesis. By means of a multiscale hybrid numerical simulation of the initial stage (0.1-2.5 s into the process) of deposition of SiCSi (100) quantum dot nuclei, it is shown that equal Si and kst atom deposition fluxes result in strong nonstoichiometric nanodot composition due to very different surface fluxes of Si and C adatoms to the quantum dots. At this stage, the surface fluxes of Si and C adatoms to SiC nanodots can be effectively controlled by manipulating the SiC atom influx ratio and the Si (100) surface temperature. It is demonstrated that at a surface temperature of 800 K the surface fluxes can be equalized after only 0.05 s into the process; however, it takes more then 1 s at a surface temperature of 600 K. Based on the results of this study, effective strategies to maintain a stoichiometric ([Si] [C] =1:1) elemental ratio during the initial stages of deposition of SiCSi (100) quantum dot nuclei in a neutral/ionized gas-based process are proposed.

Diffusivity of adatoms on plasma-exposed surfaces determined from the ionization energy approximation and ionic polarizability

Microscopic surface diffusivity theory based on atomic ionization energy concept is developed to explain the variations of the atomic and displacement polarizations with respect to the surface diffusion activation energy of adatoms in the process of self-assembly of quantum dots on plasma-exposed surfaces. These polarizations are derived classically, while the atomic polarization is quantized to obtain the microscopic atomic polarizability. The surface diffusivity equation is derived as a function of the ionization energy. The results of this work can be used to fine-tune the delivery rates of different adatoms onto nanostructure growth surfaces and optimize the low-temperature plasma based nanoscale synthesis processes.

Surface Stress Induced By Adatoms Adsorption On Solid Surfaces

Based on the statistical thermodynamics theory, a theoretical model of adsorbate induced surface stress of adatoms adsorption on solid surface is presented. For the low coverage, the interaction between the adsorbed molecules is entirely negligible and the adsorption induced surface stress is found to be the function of the coverage and the adsorption energy change with strain. For the high coverage, the adsorbate-adsorbate interaction contributes to the adsorption-induced surface stress effectively. In the case of carbon adsorption on the Ni(100) surface, the value of 0.5 is obtained as a characteristic coverage to decide whether to take the interaction between the adsorabtes into consideration and the results also show that the adsorption induces a compressive surface stress.

Current-induced migration of surface adatoms during GaN growth by molecular beam epitaxy

The influence of electric fields on surface migration of Gallium (Ga) and Nitrogen (N) adatoms is studied during GaN growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). When a direct current (DC) is used to heat the sample, long distance migration of Ga adatoms and diffusion asymmetry of N adatoms at steps are observed. On the other hand, if an alternating current (AC) is used, no such preferential adatom migration is found. This effect is attributed to the effective positive charges of surface adatoms. representing an effect of electro-migration. The implications of such current-induced surface migration to GaN epitaxy are subsequently investigated. It is seen to firstly change the distribution of Ga adatoms on a growing surface, and thus make the growth to be Ga-limited at one side of the sample but N-limited at the other side. This leads to different optical qualities of the film and different morphologies of the surface. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Current-induced migration of surface adatoms during GaN growth by molecular beam epitaxy

The influence of electric fields on surface migration of Gallium (Ga) and Nitrogen (N) adatoms is studied during GaN growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). When a direct current (DC) is used to heat the sample, long distance migration of Ga adatoms and diffusion asymmetry of N adatoms at steps are observed. On the other hand, if an alternating current (AC) is used, no such preferential adatom migration is found. This effect is attributed to the effective positive charges of surface adatoms. representing an effect of electro-migration. The implications of such current-induced surface migration to GaN epitaxy are subsequently investigated. It is seen to firstly change the distribution of Ga adatoms on a growing surface, and thus make the growth to be Ga-limited at one side of the sample but N-limited at the other side. This leads to different optical qualities of the film and different morphologies of the surface. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Tetrahexahedral Pt Nanocrystal Catalysts Decorated with Ru Adatoms and Their Enhanced Activity in Methanol Electrooxidation

Tetrahexahedral Pt nanocrystals (THH Pt NCs) bound by well-defined high index crystal planes offer exceptional electrocatalytic activity, owing to a high density of low-coordination surface Pt sites. We report, herein, on methanol electrooxidation at THH Pt NC electrodes studied by a combination of electrochemical techniques and in situ FTIR spectroscopy. Pure THH Pt NC surfaces readily facilitate the dissociative chemisorption of methanol leading to poisoning by strongly adsorbed CO. Decoration of the stepped surfaces by Ru adatoms increases the tolerance to poisoning and thereby reduces the onset potential for methanol oxidation by over 100 mV. The Ru modified THH Pt NCs exhibit greatly superior catalytic currents and CO2 yields in the low potential range, when compared with a commercial PtRu alloy nanoparticle catalyst. These results are of fundamental importance in terms of model nanoparticle electrocatalytic systems of stepped surfaces and also have practical significance in the development of surface tailored, direct methanol fuel cell catalysts.

Theory of enhanced magnetic anisotropy induced by Pt adatoms on two-dimensional Co clusters supported on a Pt(111) substrate

Calculations are reported of the magnetic anisotropy energy of two-dimensional (2D) Co nanostructures on a Pt(111) substrate. The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) of the 2D Co clusters strongly depends on their size and shape, and rapidly decreases with increasing cluster size. The PMA calculated is in reasonable agreement with experimental results. The sensitivity of the results to the Co-Pt spacing at the interface is also investigated and, in particular, for a complete Co monolayer we note that the value of the spacing at the interface determines whether PMA or in-plane anisotropy occurs. We find that the PMA can be greatly enhanced by the addition of Pt adatoms to the top surface of the 2D Co clusters. A single Pt atom can induce in excess of 5 meV to the anisotropy energy of a cluster. In the absence of the Pt adatoms the PMA of the Co clusters falls below 1 meV/Co atom for clusters of about 10 atoms whereas, with Pt atoms added to the surface of the clusters, a PMA of 1 meV/Co atom can be maintained for clusters as large as about 40 atoms. The effect of placing Os atoms on the top of the Co clusters is also considered. The addition of 5d atoms and clusters on the top of ferromagnetic nanoparticles may provide an approach to tune the magnetic anisotropy and moment separately.

Electronic charge transfer between ceria surfaces and gold adatoms: a GGA+U investigation

We use density functional theory calculations with Hubbard corrections (DFT+U) to investigate electronic aspects of the interaction between ceria surfaces and gold atoms. Our results show that Au adatoms at the (111) surface of ceria can adopt Au0, Au+ or Au� electronic configurations depending on the adsorption site. The strongest adsorption sites are on top of the surface oxygen and in a bridge position between two surface oxygen atoms, and in both cases charge transfer from the gold atom to one of the Ce cations at the surface is involved. Adsorption at other sites, including the hollow sites of the surface, and an O–Ce bridging site, is weaker and does not involve charge transfer. Adsorption at an oxygen vacancy site is very strong and involves the formation of an Au� anion. We argue that the ability of gold atoms to stabilise oxygen vacancies at the ceria surface by moving into the vacancy site and attracting the excess electrons of the defect could be responsible for the enhanced reducibility of ceria surfaces in the presence of gold. Finally, we rationalise the differences in charge transfer behaviour from site to site in terms of the electrostatic potential at the surface and the coordination of the species.

Magnetism of C adatoms on BN nanostructures : implications for functional nanodevices

Spin-polarized density functional calculations reveal that magnetism can be induced by carbon adatoms on boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and BN hexagonal sheets. As a result of the localization of impurity states, these hybrid sp-electron systems are spin-polarized, with a local magnetic moment of 2.0 μB per C adatom regardless of the tube diameter and the bonding between the C atom and the BNNTs/BN sheets. An analysis of orbital hybridization indicates that two valence electrons participate in the bonding and the remaining two electrons of the C adatom are confined at the adsorption site and contribute to the magnetism accordingly. The effective interaction distance between the C-induced magnetic moments is evaluated. In terms of the diffusion barrier and the adsorption energy of C adatoms on the BN nanotubes/ sheets, a fabrication method for BN-C-based functional nanodevices is proposed, and a series of virtual building blocks for functional devices are illustrated.

Effect of inter-adatoms correlations on the local density of states of graphene

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Electrocatalytic effect of Pb and Sn adatoms on the oxidation of 1-propanol on platinized platinum electrodes: Determination of the apparent activation energy

The electrocatalytic oxidation of 1-propanol was investigated on platinum electrodes modified by submonolayers of Pb and Sn in acid media. An increase of oxidation rates observed for both Pb and Sn, and the influence of theta values was investigated. The values of the apparent activation energy evaluated from the Arrhenius plots concerning the electrochemical oxidation of 1-propanol on modified platinzed platinum electrodes, reveal a significant decrease in the presence of upd Sn and Ph adatoms. A decrease from 56 to 26 U mol(-1) in the presence of Sn. and from 78 to 25 U mol(-1) for Ph adatoms are some illustrative values which reflect the promoting effect of the upd adatoms.

Spin dynamics of current-driven single magnetic adatoms and molecules

A scanning tunneling microscope can probe the inelastic spin excitations of a single magnetic atom in a surface via spin-flip assisted tunneling in which transport electrons exchange spin and energy with the atomic spin. If the inelastic transport time, defined as the average time elapsed between two inelastic spin flip events, is shorter than the atom spin-relaxation time, the scanning tunnel microscope (STM) current can drive the spin out of equilibrium. Here we model this process using rate equations and a model Hamiltonian that describes successfully spin-flip-assisted tunneling experiments, including a single Mn atom, a Mn dimer, and Fe Phthalocyanine molecules. When the STM current is not spin polarized, the nonequilibrium spin dynamics of the magnetic atom results in nonmonotonic dI/dV curves. In the case of spin-polarized STM current, the spin orientation of the magnetic atom can be controlled parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic moment of the tip. Thus, spin-polarized STM tips can be used both to probe and to control the magnetic moment of a single atom.