克隆植物的分布及其与环境和物种多样性的关系

　　中国植被的1860个样方资料的统计结果表明，克隆植物存在于不同类型的生态系统中，并在大部分生态系统中占有重要地位。同非克隆植物相比，克隆植物大多具有更强的适应环境压力的能力。在高纬度、高海拔地区，克隆植物的丰富度较高。在寒冷、低氮含量、养分贫瘠的生境中出现频率较高。在高山草甸、冻原、高山裸岩和砾石稀疏植被带等胁迫生境中克隆植物占的比例较高。克隆植物中，具有不同克隆生长器官的植物在不同生境中出现频率不同。根起源克隆植物在低纬度、低海拔，以及较温暖、湿润的生境中丰富度较高，相反，茎起源克隆植物在高纬度、高海拔，较寒冷、干旱的生境中丰富度较高。根起源克隆植物中，根出条型植物的生境条件和根起源克隆植物的相同，出现在灌丛、阔叶林和竹林中的频率较高;茎起源克隆植物中，根茎型植物的生境条件和茎起源植物的相同，出现在水生植被、草甸和草原中的频率较高，而匍匐茎型植物在较温暖、湿润、阴蔽的生境中出现频率较高。不同克隆生长构型的植物对生境的适应性不同。密集型克隆植物在高纬度、高海拔，寒冷、养分贫瘠生境中较丰富，如高山灌丛、草原，荒漠草原;同密集型克隆植物相比，游击型克隆植物在低纬度、低海拔，相对温暖、湿润的生境中丰富度较高，如水生植被、草甸。 　　在低植物密度生境中，物种多样性随密集型和游击型克隆植物相对重要值的增加而增加。在高植物密度生境中，高度密集的密集型克隆分株，阻止其它物种的定居，容易形成局部垄断的格局，从而降低群落物种多样性。当游击型克隆植物进入高密度生境中时，它会借助于其分散分株的空间扩展优势迅速在生境中取得优势地位，排斥其它物种，导致物种多样性的降低。群落中克隆性与多样性的关系同植物的克隆生长构型和克隆植物种群内部的调节机制，以及植物的生境状况有关系。在低密度生境中，物种多样性随克隆植物重要性的增加而增加，在高密度生境中，物种多样性随克隆植物重要性的增加而降低。克隆性与多样性的关系还需要通过生态学实验深入研究。

长白山阔叶红松林主要树种对水分胁迫的生理生态响应

本文系统研究了长白山阔计卜红松林主要树种红松、水曲柳、胡桃揪和锻树在模拟水分胁迫下的生理生态变化。研究表明：（l）土壤水分胁迫对供试树种的生比清况有显：影响。在轻度水分胁迫下（Mw），红松和水曲柳的地下生物量／地上生物量值比对照组（CK）高，而胡桃揪和锻树的地下生物燮／地上生物量比对照组（CK）低。在重度水分胁迫下（LW），供试树种中只有红松的地下生物量／地上生物量比对照组高。（2）土壤水分胁迫对供试树种的生理生态指标有显著影响。在轻度水分胁迫下（Mw），红松和水曲柳的光合速率和水分利用效率比对照组（CK）高，胡桃揪和锻树的光合速率和水分利用效率比对照组（CK）低。在重度水分胁迫下（LW）供试树种的光合速率和水分利用效率都比对照组低。（3）在正常水分条件下（CK），水曲柳光合速率曰变化呈单峰曲线，轻度（Mw）和重度水分胁迫（LW）下均呈"双峰"曲线。正常水分条件下（C）水分利用率的日变化呈双峰曲线，轻度和重度水分胁迫下呈现波动趋势，无明显的波峰和波谷。（4）水曲柳的光合速率和水分利用效率与各因素间多元线性回归的结果表明，三种水分处理下的蒸腾速率、气温、叶温、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、光合有效辐射均对光合速率，水分利用效率有一定影响，但影响程度有所差别。（5）土壤水分胁迫对水曲柳、胡桃揪和锻树的初始荧光（Fo）、可变荧光（Fv）、最大荧光（Fm）的影响不大，但却显著影响各树种的PSII原初光能转换效率（Fv／Fm）和PSII潜在活性（Fv/Fo）。（6）土壤水分胁迫影响供试树种几！中的养分含量，但影响程度是不同的，水分胁迫对磷、钾素含量的影响比对氮的大。土壤水分亏缺对各树种叶中的Ca元素无显著影响。红松、胡桃揪和极树叶片中的Mg含量随着土壤水分胁迫的加重也随之逐渐减小，但水曲柳在轻度水分胁迫下叶中的Mg含量最高，关于这一现象还有待以后开展深入的研究。

厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器处理发酵废水的中试研究

一体化反应器由于投资少、占地小、管理运行方便等优点而备受青睐。但现有的一体化反应器大都适用于处理中低浓度废水，耐受负荷普遍偏低。本课题研制出新型高效的厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器，旨在通过反应器结构优化、高效微生物载体研制、配合高效微生物菌剂技术处理中高浓度有机废水，实现高效和低耗，降低设备造价，提高反应器运行稳定性。 首先开展了菌剂对废水的适配试验。采用15种不同的微生物菌剂，以葡萄糖配水、中药提取废水、啤酒废水、氨氮配水为基质，分别测定了微生物菌剂的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷速率，以其为指标比较了各菌剂对废水的适配性。根据结果选择活性高的14＃、8＃、10＃菌剂，在试验室进行了菌剂对废水的连续处理试验，取得良好的处理效果，为菌剂在厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器的小试、中试中的应用奠定了基础。 经小试研究后，又对厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器进行了处理发酵废水的中试研究。试验结果表明，反应器启动快，系统有机负荷2.72 kgCODm-3d-1时整个反应器去除率保持在84.5％～93.19％，在30多天内一次启动成功。冲击负荷试验中，系统总有机负荷最高可达到8.88 kgCODm-3d-1，系统去除率稳定在88.10％～96.88%，说明反应器处理效率高，抗冲击能力强。稳定运行期间，COD去除率可达90％以上，各项指标都能达到国家排放标准。 此外，对反应器配套系统高效菌剂、高分子复合颗粒载体进行了研究。结果显示，菌剂与反应器适配良好，各功能区形成了丰富、高活性的微生物，厌氧区颗粒污泥TS高达83.9 gL-1，VS/TS为56.9％～57.4％，比产甲烷活性为280～350 mLCH4 gvss-1d-1；好氧区固定化微生物TS高达1.921 gL-1，VS/TS为94.02～94.30％。对载体性能的研究表明，此高分子复合颗粒载体密度适中，易于流化，不易流失；粗糙多空，易于挂膜；且无生物毒害作用，稳定安全，是一种优良的生物载体。反应器各功能区对废水的降解过程分析，说明了反应器、菌剂、载体适配良好，在其协同作用下，实现了污染物的高效降解。 The integrated reactors were popular because of their characteristics such as little investment, small occupation of land, convenient of manage and running etc. But the present integrated reactors were mostly applied for treating wastewater of low concentration, the load tolerance was generally on the low side. A new type integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor was developed, which was conducted to treating organic wastewater of middle or high concentration by optimization of reactor structure, development of efficient microbe carrier and adaptation of high active microbial blends, to achieve high efficiency and low consume, reduce equipment cost, enhance running stabilization of reactor. The adaptability test of microbial blends on different wastewater was carried on firstly. Oxygen consumption rate and anaerobic specific activity of methane producing of 15 different microbial blends were measured separately taking glucose artificial wastewater, Chinese herb extracting wastewater, brewery wastewater and ammonia nitrogen artificial wastewater as substrate, by which the adaptabilities of different microbial blends to wastewater were compared. According to the results high active microbial blends 14#, 8# and 10# were selected and used in the continuous treatment of wastewater in the laboratory and had obtained good effect, which had laid a foundation for application microbial blends to small scale test and pilot test of integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor. After the small scale test, the pilot test of the integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor treating fermentation wastewater was carried on. The test results showed fast initiation of the reactor. When system organic load reached 2.72 kgCODm-3d-1the COD removal rate of the reactor was stable between 84.5%～93.19% and it initiated successfully in more than 30 days at a time. In the load shock test the maximum organic load of system could reach to 8.88 kgCODm-3d-1 and the COD removal rate could be stable between 88.10%~96.88% which indicated that the reactor was efficient for treating wastewater and had strong resistance to shock load. At stable running period the COD removal rate of the reactor was over 90% and each index of wastewater could reach to the national discharge standards. In addition, the high active microbial blends and the macromolecule compound granule carrier, the matching system of the reactor was studied. It showed that the microbial blends adapted well to the reactor and abundant and high active microbes were formed in each functional field. The TS of granule sludge in anaerobic field was as high as 83.9 gL-1, the VS/TS was 56.9%~57.4%, the specific activity of methane producing was 280~350 mLCH4 gvss-1d-1. And the TS of immobilized biological granule was as high as 1.921 gL-1, the VS/TS was 94.02%~94.30%. Study on the carrier showed that the self-made macromolecular compound granule carrier was moderate of density, easy of fluidization, unease of running off, rough and porous, easy of films fixation, no bio-toxic, stable and safe, was a kind of superior carrier. Analysis of degradation process in each functional field confirmed the reactor, microbial blends and carriers were in good adaptation and wastewater was decontaminated by their cooperation.

Características Culturais da Petrobrás e da Eletrobrás que Favorecem suas Adaptabilidades

Esta dissertação pretende explorar, descrever e analisar características das culturas da Petrobras e da Eletrobrás relacionadas às suas adaptabilidades e concluir quais delas podem favorecer a adaptabilidade destas empresas. Desenvolve-se a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que identifica características culturais teóricas de adaptabilidade organizacional, de uma pesquisa bibliográfica das principais políticas públicas que influenciaram estas empresas e de entrevistas, acerca das suas culturas organizacionais, com pessoas ligadas a elas.