Variação espaço-temporal do microfitoplâncton na região da foz do rio Guamá (estuário amazônico), Belém, PA

O sistema hidrográfico de Belém é constituído por dois grandes corpos hídricos: a baía do Guajará e o rio Guamá, cujo divisor de águas é quase imperceptível. A importância do rio Guamá para a cidade de Belém deve-se ao fato de que esse juntamente com os lagos Água Preta e Bolonha, faz parte do Complexo Hídrico do Utinga, manancial que abastece a cidade. O estudo visou caracterizar a variação espaço-temporal da comunidade microfitoplanctônica nessa região, durante um ciclo anual, em período de maior e menor precipitação pluviométrica, em cinco estações de coleta. As amostras qualitativas foram coletadas com rede de plâncton de 20 μm. Para o estudo quantitativo, foram coletadas diretamente na sub-superfície da água com frascos de polietileno de 250 ml. O material biológico foi fixado com solução Transeau. Simultaneamente, foram registrados os parâmetros abióticos na superfície da água. Os fatores hidrológicos não apresentaram variações relevantes entre as estações e os períodos sazonais. Foram identificadas 173 esp��cies, destacando-se as diatomáceas como grupo de maior densidade e que caracteriza o ambiente. Não foram observadas esp��cies dominantes durante o período estudado. Através da abundância relativa, constatou-se que a maioria dos organismos foi considerada rara. A diversidade específica variou de muito baixa a alta, sendo observados baixos índices de diversidade no período menos chuvoso, destacando-se a ocorrência das esp��cies Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenb.) Ralfs, Actinoptychus sp. e Cyclotella sp. Já a densidade fitoplanctônica apresentou variação temporal definida, sendo registrados os maiores florescimentos durante o período mais chuvoso. Quanto à variação espacial, não houve um padrão em relação aos períodos sazonais. As euglenofíceas foram pouco freqüentes ou esporádicas e se restringiram ao período menos chuvoso, já os dinoflagelados estiveram presentes nos dois períodos, embora considerados organismos marinhos, foram registradas duas esp��cies do gênero Peridinium. A comunidade fitoplanctônica não apresentou diferenças significativas entre as estações de coleta, provavelmente devido à hidrodinâmica e à forte drenagem fluvial do rio Guamá.

Siliceous microfossil assemblage and accumulation rate variations across the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum at ODP Site 171-1051

The Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO; ~ 40 million years ago [Ma]) is one of the most prominent transient global warming events in the Paleogene. Although the event is well documented in geochemical and isotopic proxy records at many locations, the marine biotic response to the MECO remains poorly constrained. We present new high-resolution, quantitative records of siliceous microplankton assemblages from the MECO interval of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1051 in the subtropical western North Atlantic Ocean, which are interpreted in the context of published foraminiferal and bulk carbonate stable isotope (d18O and d13C) records. High diatom, radiolarian and silicoflagellate accumulation rates between 40.5 and 40.0 Ma are interpreted to reflect an ~ 500 thousand year (kyr) interval of increased nutrient supply and resultant surface-water eutrophication that was associated with elevated sea-surface temperatures during the prolonged onset of the MECO. Relatively low pelagic siliceous phytoplankton sedimentation accompanied the peak MECO warming interval and the termination of the MECO during an ~ 70 kyr interval centered at ~ 40.0 Ma. Following the termination of the MECO, an ~ 200-kyr episode of increased siliceous plankton abundance indicates enhanced nutrient levels between ~ 39.9 and 39.7 Ma. Throughout the Site 1051 record, abundance and accumulation rate fluctuations in neritic diatom taxa are similar to the trends observed in pelagic taxa, implying either similar controls on diatom production in the neritic and pelagic zones of the western North Atlantic or fluctuations in sea level and/or shelf accommodation on the North American continental margin to the west of Site 1051. These results, combined with published records based on multiple proxies, indicate a geographically diverse pattern of surface ocean primary production changes across the MECO. Notably, however, increased biosiliceous accumulation is recorded at both ODP Sites 1051 and 748 (Southern Ocean) in response to MECO warming. This may suggest that increased biosiliceous sediment accumulation, if indeed a widespread phenomenon, resulted from higher continental silicate weathering rates and an increase in silicic acid supply to the oceans over several 100 kyr during the MECO.

Distribution of biological, anthropogenic, and volcanic constituents in the San Francisco Bay Coastal System

Although conventional sediment parameters (mean grain size, sorting, and skewness) and provenance have typically been used to infer sediment transport pathways, most freshwater, brackish, and marine environments are also characterized by abundant sediment constituents of biological, and possibly anthropogenic and volcanic, origin that can provide additional insight into local sedimentary processes. The biota will be spatially distributed according to its response to environmental parameters such as water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, organic carbon content, grain size, and intensity of currents and tidal flow, whereas the presence of anthropogenic and volcanic constituents will reflect proximity to source areas and whether they are fluvially- or aerially-transported. Because each of these constituents have a unique environmental signature, they are a more precise proxy for that source area than the conventional sedimentary process indicators. This San Francisco Bay Coastal System study demonstrates that by applying a multi-proxy approach, the primary sites of sediment transport can be identified. Many of these sites are far from where the constituents originated, showing that sediment transport is widespread in the region. Although not often used, identifying and interpreting the distribution of naturally-occurring and allochthonous biologic, anthropogenic, and volcanic sediment constituents is a powerful tool to aid in the investigation of sediment transport pathways in other coastal systems.

(Table 2) Taxonomic composition of diatoms from bottom deposits of the Kronotsky Bay

Eocene diatom and silicoflagellate complexes from deposits of the Kronotsky Bay are presented. Pro tempore they are the most ancient finds of fossil phytoplankton with silica skeletons in the Northwest Pacific. More than 130 diatom species belonging to 59 genera and 24 silicoflagellate species belonging to 5 genera have been determined. Three Middle Eocene complexes (of the Lisitzinia kanayai, Lisitzinia inconspicua var. trilobata, and Praecymatosira monomembranaceae zones) and one presumably Middle-Late Eocene complex (of the zone with Rylandsia conniventa) of diatoms have been identified. For the first time a large silicoflagellate complex attributable to the Dictyocha hexacantha zone is presented. It is assumed that the complexes formed mainly in bathyal conditions at relatively high (close to sub-tropical) temperatures of surface waters.