Secondary metabolites produced by Propionicimonas sp (ENT-18) induce histological abnormalities in the sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a highly aggressive pathogen that causes great economic losses, especially in temperate climates. Several biological control agents are available, but actinobacteria have seldom been used to control this fungus. Our objective was to evaluate the efficiency and ultrastructural effects of the secondary metabolites produced by the ant-associated actinobacterium Propionicimonas sp. ENT-18 in controlling the sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum. We demonstrated total inhibition of sclerotia treated with 62.5 mu g/10 mu l of an ethyl acetate extract of compounds produced by ENT-18, and calculated an LC(50) of 1.69 mu g/sclerotia. Histological and ultrastructural analysis indicated that the cells of the treated sclerotia were severely damaged, suggesting direct action of the biomolecule(s) produced by the actinobacterium ENT-18 on the cell structure of the medullae and rind cell wall. This is the first report demonstrating a novel property of Propionicimonas sp.-antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum.

Chitin-degrading enzymes from an actinomycete ectosymbiont of Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Isolation and characterization of actinobacteria ectosymbionts from Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

The ectosymbiont actinobacterium Pseudonocardia was isolated from the integument of Acromyrmex leaf-cutter ants and seems to play a crucial role in maintaining asepsis of the nest. Currently, there has been an intensive search for Pseudonocardia associated with several attine species, but few studies have indicated that other actinobacteria may be associated with these ants as well. We therefore characterized the culturable actinobacteria community associated with the integument of the fungus-growing ant Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus Forel, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ectosymbionts were isolated using four different media and characterized by morphological and molecular (16S rDNA) methods. A total of 20 strains were isolated, of which 17 were characterized as Streptomyces spp., and one isolate each as Pseudonocardia, Kitassatospora and Propionicimonas. Unlike other Acromyrmex species, A. subterraneus brunneus is associated with a diversity of actinobacteria. Even though Pseudonocardia is present on this leaf-cutting ant`s integument, the number and diversity of Streptomyces spp. found differs from those of previous studies with other attine ants and suggest that different culturing approaches are needed to characterize the true diversity of microbes colonizing the integument of attine ants. Moreover, understanding the diversity of the culturable actinobacteria associated with A. subterraneus brunneus should increase our knowledge of the evolutionary relationship of this intricate symbiotic association. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Controle De Acromyrmex laticeps nigrosetosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), em eucaliptal no Pará, com Iscas Granuladas com Sulfluramida ou Clorpirifós

Este trabalho foi realizado em reflorestamento de eucalipto da Jari Celulose S.A., no município de Almerim, Pará, de setembro de 1996 a janeiro de 1997. Objetivou-se testar a eficiência de duas iscas granuladas à base de sulfluramida e outra à base de clorpirifós, nas dosagens de 4, 6, 8 e 10 gramas por metro quadrado de formigueiro, para o controle de Acromyrmex laticeps nigroselosus Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). As duas iscas com sulfluramida, nas dosagens testadas, apresentaram acima de 99,0% de transporte e nenhuma devolução. Todos os formigueiros tratados, com essas iscas, estavam mortos na avaliação final, enquanto a eficiência da isca com clorpirifós variou de 55,56 a 66,67%, para as diferentes dosagens testadas. As iscas à base de sulfluramida podem ser recomendadas para o controle de A. laticeps nigrosetosus na região do trópico úmido do Brasil.

Aloetismo em Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), durante o forrageamento, cultivo do jardim de fungo e devolução dos materiais forrageados

As formigas cortadeiras apresentam uma sofisticada divisão de trabalho durante o forrageamento, cultivo do jardim de fungo e devolução dos materiais forrageados. Materiais com diferentes graus de hidratação e dureza (esponja floral, isopor, plástico e argila) foram oferecidos a duas colônias de laboratório de Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus Forel, 1911. As diferentes categorias de tamanho de operárias foram observadas durante a execução de 14 subtarefas. Probabilidade relativa de desempenho e as curvas aloéticas foram usadas para verificar a flexibilidade comportamental e os padrões comportamentais estereotipados das operárias. Os padrões comportamentais possibilitaram estabelecer papeis dentro de prováveis subcastas.

Caracterização de ninhos e tamanho de colônia de Acromyrmex rugosus (F. Smith) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Attini) em restingas de Ilhéus, BA, Brasil

Oito ninhos de Acromyrmex rugosus foram escavados para estudar sua estrutura e estimar sua população. Esses ninhos eram sempre encontrados escondidos por plantas; apresentaram pequena quantidade de solo e tinham 1 ou 2 entradas; uma delas tinham a forma de um "U" invertido. Internamente, o número de câmaras foi variável e o volume de fungo foi pequeno(X=196 ml). O total da população do ninho foi aproximadamente, 895 indivíduos.

The evolution of personally disadvantageous punishment among cofoundresses of the ant Acromyrmex versicolor

Cofoundresses of the desert fungus garden ant Acromyrmex versicolorexhibit a forager specialist who subsumes all foraging risk priorto first worker eclosion (Rissing et al. 1989). In an experimentdesigned to mimic a "cheater" who refuses foraging assignment whenher lot, cofoundresses delayed/failed to replace their forager,often leading to demise of their garden (Rissing et al. 1996). Thecheater on task assignment is harmed, but so too is the punisher,as all will die without a healthy garden. In this paper we studythrough simulation the cofoundress interaction with haploid, asexualgenotypes which either replace a cheater or not (punishment), underboth foundress viscosity (likely for A. versicolor) and randomassortment. We find replacement superior to punishment only whenthere is no foraging risk and cheating is not costly to groupsurvival. Generally, punishment is evolutionarily superior,especially as forager risk increases, under both forms of dispersal.

The genome of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior suggests key adaptations to advanced social life and fungus farming.

We present a high-quality (>100× depth) Illumina genome sequence of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior, a model species for symbiosis and reproductive conflict studies. We compare this genome with three previously sequenced genomes of ants from different subfamilies and focus our analyses on aspects of the genome likely to be associated with known evolutionary changes. The first is the specialized fungal diet of A. echinatior, where we find gene loss in the ant's arginine synthesis pathway, loss of detoxification genes, and expansion of a group of peptidase proteins. One of these is a unique ant-derived contribution to the fecal fluid, which otherwise consists of "garden manuring" fungal enzymes that are unaffected by ant digestion. The second is multiple mating of queens and ejaculate competition, which may be associated with a greatly expanded nardilysin-like peptidase gene family. The third is sex determination, where we could identify only a single homolog of the feminizer gene. As other ants and the honeybee have duplications of this gene, we hypothesize that this may partly explain the frequent production of diploid male larvae in A. echinatior. The fourth is the evolution of eusociality, where we find a highly conserved ant-specific profile of neuropeptide genes that may be related to caste determination. These first analyses of the A. echinatior genome indicate that considerable genetic changes are likely to have accompanied the transition from hunter-gathering to agricultural food production 50 million years ago, and the transition from single to multiple queen mating 10 million years ago.

Emigration of a colony of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex heyeri Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Emigration of a colony of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex heyeri Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Colony migration is a poorly studied phenomenon in leaf-cutting ants. Here we report on the emigration of a colony of the leaf-cutting ant A. heyeri in Brazil. The colony emigrated to a new location 47.4 m away from the original nest site, possibly because it had undergone considerable stress due to competitive interactions with a colony of Acromyrmex crassispinus.

First record of larvae of Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) as prey of Temnocephala sp. (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae), an ectosymbiont on larvae of Corydalidae (Megaloptera)

First record of larvae of Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) as prey of Temnocephala sp. (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae), an ectosymbiont on larvae of Corydalidae (Megaloptera). This study constitutes the first record of Temnocephala Blanchard, an ectosymbiont on Corydalidae, as a possible predator of chironomid larvae. Twenty-eight Corydalidae larvae (Corydalus and Protochauliodes) were examined under stereomicroscopic in search for Temnocephala and Chironomidae larvae, of which five megalopteran larvae had 24 Temnocephala sp. associated. Furthermore, eight of these Temnocephala worms had chironomid larvae in their gut contents, an interaction previously unknown. Gut content analyses revealed Corynoneura as the commonest chironomid, but larvae of Larsia, Rheotanytarsus and Tanytarsus were recorded as well. This study included Corydalus and Protochauliodes as hosts for Temnocephala, which might be important for this worm dispersion and population dynamics.

Densidade e tamanho de formigueiros de Acromyrmex crassispinus em plantios de Pinus taeda

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a densidade e o tamanho dos formigueiros de Acromyrmex crassispinus, ao longo do ano, em plantios de Pinus taeda de diferentes idades. Os experimentos foram realizados, em Rio Negrinho e em Três Barras, SC, em talhões de P. taeda com diferentes idades (recém-plantado, três anos e seis anos de idade). Em cada tratamento, foram demarcadas três parcelas de 1 ha. Os formigueiros foram classificados em três classes de tamanho: classe I, até 30 cm de diâmetro; classe II, 31 a 60 cm; e classe III, mais que 61 cm. A densidade de formigueiros de A. crassispinus foi menor no início do desenvolvimento da floresta, praticamente duplicou nos plantios com três anos, e reduziu quando a floresta estava com seis anos. A maior densidade de formigueiros ocorreu no período de dezembro a abril. Os formigueiros aumentaram de tamanho com a idade do pínus.

Characterization of Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) young nests in a fragment of the Neotropical Forest

Young nests of Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus are characterized by refuse soil in the exterior of the nest, a single fungus chamber 11 to 20 cm deep in relation to soil surface and internal volume ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 liters. These nidification patterns are important characteristics for identifying and understanding the interactions between species and their habitats.

ESTUDIOS SOBRE EL COMPORTAMIENTO DE FORRAJEO DE Acromyrmex lundi Guering (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE) Y SU EFECTO SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO DE PROCEDENCIAS DE Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae)

El ataque de las hormigas cortadoras es una de las principales razones de pérdida de plantas durante la etapa de establecimiento de un monte forestal. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar la intensidad de forrajeo de Acromyrmex lundi asociado a algunas condiciones ambientales y procedencias de Eucalyptus globulus y estimar el impacto de la herbivoría sobre el crecimiento inicial de estos árboles. Dos ensayos se llevaron a cabo durante dos temporadas estivo-otoñales consecutivas, en el Campo Experimental de la Universidad Nacional de Luján, Argentina. Los materiales de diferentes procedencias fueron dispuestos en bloques equidistantes a 5 m de un nido activo de A. lundi. Durante doce semanas se contabilizó el número de hojas cortadas por las hormigas y se registraron algunas variables meteorológicas. En el segundo año la mitad de las parcelas fue protegida de las hormigas y se midieron variables de crecimiento. Los materiales de todas las procedencias fueron atacadas por A. lundi, aunque el número de hojas cosechada fue significativamente diferente sólo entre los orígenes Flinders Island (52,5 hojas) y Nullo Mountain (28,5 hojas). El número de días lluviosos fue el único factor ambiental que se relacionó positivamente con la actividad de las hormigas.Todos los tratamientos redujeron significativamente la altura, el diámetro y el área foliar cuando fueron atacados por las hormigas. Las distintas procedencias compensaron diferencialemnte la herbivoría. Se discuten los resultados en función de los criterios a tener en cuenta para la selección de materiales genéticos como herramienta de manejo y control del ataque de A. lundi.

Preparation of mitotic chromosomes of leaf-cutting ants from the genera Atta and Acromyrmex

Some modifications were made to the methodology of Imai et al. (Jpn. J. Genet. 63: 159-185, 1988) for cytogenetic analysis of the leaf-cutting ants Atta sexdens piriventris and Acromyrmex heyeri (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), shortening preparation time and improving chromosomal preparations. The brain ganglia of prepupae were dissected in a 0.0025% hypotonic solution of colchicine, placed on a glass slide on a cold plate (4 ± 1oC) for 20 min. The material was fixed directly on the cold slide (with cold fixative I), macerated with a histological needle and fixed again with fixative I, followed by fixatives II and III, all of them cold. The slide was flame-dried right after the use of fixative III, and it was allowed to air-dry at room temperature for 2 h. The resulting metaphases presented less contracted chromosomes, with separated and well defined sister chromatids at a high frequency, when the material was processed in the manner described and stained with 3% Giemsa in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 15 min.

Dispersion of Seeds of Tree Species by the Leaf-Cutting Ant Acromyrmex subterraneus molestans (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Vicosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)