Microstructural optimization of cellular acoustic materials

A microstructure based acoustic model is introduced, which can be used to optimize the microstructure of cellular materials and thus to obtain their optimal acoustic property. This acoustic model is an unsteady one which is appropriate in the limit of low Reynolds numbers. The model involves three elements. This first involves the propagation of acoustic waves passing the cylinders whose axes are aligned parallel to the direction of propagation. The second model relates to the propagation of acoustic waves passing the cylinders whose axes are aligned perpendicular to the direction of propagation. In both cases the interaction between adjacent cylinders is taken into account by considering the effect of polygonal periodic boundary conditions. As these two models are linear they are combined to give the characteristics of propagation at arbitrary incidence. The third model involves propagation passing spheres in order to represent the joints. Heat transfer is also included. These three models are then used to expand the design space and calculate the optimum cell structure for desired acoustic performance in a number of different applications. Moreover, the application fields are also analyzed.

Studies on Rubber Composition as Passive Acoustic Materials in Underwater Electro Acoustic Tranducer Technology and Their aging Characteristic

The research work has been in the area of compounding and characterization of rubbers for use in under water electro acoustic transducers. The study also covers specific material system such as encapsulation materials, baffle material, seal material, etc. Life prediction techniques of under water rubbers in general have been established with reference to more than one functional property. Ranges of passive materials, besides the active sensing material go into the construction of underwater electro acoustic transducers. Reliability of the transducer is critically dependent on these passive materials. Rubbers are a major class of passive materials. The present work concentrates on these materials. Conventional rubbers are inadequate to meet many of the stringent function specific requirements. There exists a large gap of information in the rubber technology of underwater rubbers, particularly relating to underwater electro acoustic transducers. This study is towards filling up the gaps of information in this crucial area. Water intake into rubber is considered as the single most important issue for the long-term performance of rubbers, especially Neoprene. In this study, the cause and effects of a range of parameters affecting the water absorption by diffusion and permeation have been investigated.

Studies on rubber compositions as passive acoustic materials in underwater electro acoustic transducer technology-and their aging characteristics

Rubber has become an indispensable material in Ocean technology. Rubber components play critical roles such as sealing, damping, environmental protection, electrical insulation etc. in most under water engineering applications. Technology driven innovations in electro acoustic transducers and other sophisticated end uses have enabled quantum jump in the quality and reliability of rubber components. Under water electro acoustic transducers use rubbers as a critical material in their construction. Work in this field has lead to highly reliable and high performance materials which has enhanced service life of transducers to the extent of 1015 years. Present work concentrates on these materials. Conventional rubbers are inadequate to meet many of the stringent functional of the requirements. There exists large gap of information in the rubber technology of under water rubbers, particularly in the context of under water electro acoustic transducers. Present study is towards filling up the gaps of information in this crucial area. The research work has been in the area of compounding and characterisation of rubbers for use in under water electro acoustic transducers. The study also covers specific material system such as encapsulation material, baffle material, seal material, etc. Life prediction techniques of under water rubbers in general has been established with reference to more than one functional property. This thesis is divided into 6 chapters.

Locally resonant phononic woodpile: A wide band anomalous underwater acoustic absorbing material

To meet the demand of modern acoustic absorbing material for which acoustic absorbing frequency region can be readily tailored, we introduced woodpile structure into locally resonant phononic crystal (LRPC) and fabricated an underwater acoustic absorbing material, which is called locally resonant phononic woodpile (LRPW). Experimental results show that LRPW has a strong capability of absorbing sound in a wide frequency range. Further theoretical research revealed that LRPC units and woodpile structure in LRPW play an important role in realization of wide band underwater strong acoustic absorption.

Guia Termos de Referência de Isolamento Acústico na Reabilitação de Edifícios

Mestrado em Engenharia Civil – Ramo de Construções

Desenvolvimento e caracterização acústica de painéis multicamadas unifibra, multifibras e mesclados, fabricados a partir de fibras vegetais

Em um tempo em que altos níveis de ruído fazem parte do cotidiano das pessoas, a necessidade de controlá-los não é somente evidente, mas providencial. Atualmente a poluição sonora, em nível mundial, só não é mais grave do que a poluição do ar e da água. No Brasil a situação não é diferente, pois se estima que mais de 15 milhões de pessoas apresentem algum grau de deficiência auditiva devido a este problema ambiental. Dispositivos acústicos como painéis, barreiras, etc., quando de alta eficiência, geralmente, são de custosa aquisição, tornando, em muitas das vezes, inviável sua utilização, principalmente, por empresas de pequeno porte e orçamento limitado. Assim, soluções alternativas, a começar por novos materiais, que sejam menos custosos e possuam desempenho satisfatório surgem como uma ótima opção caso propostas tradicionais sejam inviabilizadas devido ao custo. Algumas fibras vegetais, na forma de painéis, possuem características acústicas satisfatórias quando utilizadas para reduzir a reverberação em determinados ambientes fechados. Dessa forma, considerando as tendências ambientais globais, o uso de fibras vegetais é uma boa oportunidade para agregar valor às referidas fibras e assim contribuir com o desenvolvimento tecnológico do país, já que estes materiais são de fácil obtenção, existem em abundância, não são tóxicos e provêm de fontes renováveis. Este trabalho apresenta a metodologia de desenvolvimento de painéis fabricados a partir de fibras vegetais (açaí, coco, sisal e dendê), assim como a metodologia utilizada para sua caracterização acústica em câmara reverberante em escala reduzida, baseando-se na norma ISO 354/1999. Os dados de coeficiente de absorção dos painéis são obtidos através de um analisador de frequências utilizando-se o Método da Interrupção do Ruído. A comparação entre os resultados obtidos para os painéis artesanais e os materiais convencionais ensaiados permite concluir que o desempenho acústico demonstrado por alguns painéis de fibras vegetais são muito satisfatórios, uma vez que seus coeficientes de absorção sonora foram compatíveis, e em alguns casos superiores, àqueles apresentados pelos materiais convencionais em determinada faixa de freqüência. Finalmente, uma comparação numérico-experimental é realizada, a fim de avaliar a influência de painéis de fibras de sisal sobre as características acústicas de uma pequena sala.

Estudio de la precisión en la determinación del coeficiente de absorción acústica en tubo de impedancia

El objetivo del presente Trabajo Fin de Máster es estudiar la precisión de los resultados obtenidos en la medición del coeficiente de absorción acústica en tubo de impedancia, según la norma UNE-EN ISO 10534-2 “Determinación del coeficiente de absorción acústica y de la impedancia acústica en tubos de impedancia. Parte 2: Método de la función de transferencia”. En primer lugar, se han estudiado los fundamentos teóricos relacionados con el método de ensayo. A continuación, se ha detallado dicho método y se ha aplicado a un caso práctico con la instrumentación disponible en el laboratorio de Acústica de la Escuela. En relación a la precisión del método se ha analizado si la preparación e instalación de la muestra son causas de imprecisión. Para ello, se han realizado varios ensayos con dos tipos de materiales acústicos, con el fin de estudiar la dispersión entre los resultados que produce tanto el corte de la muestra, realizado en el proceso de confección, como su colocación en el tubo de impedancia. Además, se ha estudiado si desviaciones en la medida de la temperatura y de la distancia entre los micrófonos influyen en los valores del coeficiente de absorción acústica medido y de su incertidumbre asociada. Puesto que el resultado de un ensayo únicamente se halla completo cuando está acompañado de una declaración acerca de la incertidumbre de dicho resultado, en el presente trabajo se ha aplicado a este método de ensayo un procedimiento para estimar la incertidumbre empleando el método de Monte Carlo. ABSTRACT The objective of this project is studying the precision of the measurements of sound absorption coefficient in impedance tube, according to standard UNE-EN ISO 10534-2 “Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes. Part 2: Transfer-function method”. Firstly, theoretical basis related to the test method have been studied. Furthermore, this method has been defined and applied to a particular case with the instrumentation available in the Acoustics laboratory of the College. In relation to the precision of the method, the preparation and installation of the test sample have been analyzed as possible causes of imprecision. For this purpose, two types of acoustic materials have been tested in order to study the deviation between the results produced by the cutting of the test sample and the collocation in impedance tube. In addition, it has been studied if deviations in the measurement of the temperature and distance between microphones may influence the sound absorption coefficient measured and its associated uncertainty. The test result must be accompanied by a statement of the uncertainty of the result. For this reason, in this project a procedure for estimating uncertainty of the result of this test method has been applied using the Monte Carlo method.

Nuevos materiales absorbentes acústicos obtenidos a partir de restos de botellas de plástico

En el ámbito de acústica de la edificación es común el uso de materiales fibrosos como materiales absorbentes acústicos. Uno de estos materiales cada vez más utilizado es la lana de poliéster. Un problema que presenta el chip virgen de poliéster es que se obtiene del petróleo, cuyo precio no hace más que incrementarse en los últimos años. En este trabajo se presenta una lana de poliéster alternativa, obtenida mediante el tratamiento del PET, a través del conveniente ciclo de reciclado de botellas de plástico. Se comparan valores del coeficiente de absorción; en incidencia normal y en cámara reverberante de los materiales elaborados a partir de chip virgen y de las nuevas lanas obtenidas del PET. Además, se propone un modelo empírico de comportamiento acústico de estas nuevas lanas. Los resultados obtenidos han sido favorables, la fibra virgen ya ha sido sustituida por fibra reciclada en su proceso de fabricación.

In plant partial noise enclosures for the mining industry /

Shipping list no.: 93-0394-P.

Acoustic emission techniques for NDE & structural health monitoring of advanced composite materials

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is an effective extension of NDE to reduce down time and cost of Inspection of structural components. On – line monitoring is an essential part of SHM. Acoustic Emission Techniques have most of the desirable requirements of an effective SHM tool. With the kind of advancement seen in the last couple of decades in the field of electronics, computers and signal processing technologies it can only be more helpful in obtaining better and meaningful quantitative results which can further enhance the potential of AET for the purpose. Advanced Composite materials owing to their specific high performance characteristics are finding a wide range of engineering applications. Testing and Evaluation of this category of materials and SHM of composite structures have been very challenging problems due to the very nature of these materials. Mechanical behaviour of fiber composite materials under different loading conditions is complex and involves different types of failure mechanisms. This is where the potential of AET can be exploited effectively. This paper presents an over view of some relevant studies where AET has been utilised to test, evaluate and monitor health of composite structures.

The use of acoustic emission monitoring to rank paper materials with respect to their fracture toughness

In this study, a simplified Acoustic Emission (AE) equipment, in essence an AE signal conditioner and a USB (Universal Serial Bus) data acquisition system, is used to study what happens in paper structures during mechanical loading. By the use of such equipment, some parameters that can be extracted are e.g. the stress and strain at onset of AE, the stress and strain at the onset of rapid AE defined as some numerical factor (larger then one) times the initial emission rate, the emission rate at the first stage of loading and the stress and strain at final failure i.e. when the specimen loses its load carrying ability.In this study however, the interest is focused on one particular parameter i.e. the elastic strain energy density W c at onset of AE. This is a parameter with a clear physical meaning and in this study, the correlation between this parameter and a fracture toughness measure, is investigated.The conclusion is that when nine different paper materials (with a large span regarding properties) are considered, there is a correlation (however not linear) between these two parameters.

Detection of cracks in scratching tests in ceramic materials through acoustic emission

The mechanisms of material removal and the interactions among scratches performed in ceramic materials were investigated using acoustic emission signals, and scanning electron microscopy, in scratching experiments. Several testing conditions were used to produce different types of removing mechanism on a glass as well as on a polycrystalline alumina sample composed by heterogeneous grain size. It is known that the material removing process on a polycrystalline ceramic involves intergranular microfracture and grain dislodgement, unlike the chipping produced by the extension of lateral cracks in non-granular materials, such as glass. Distinct settings for velocities, loads, and two types of diamond indenter were tested. The material removal was carried out by three different methods of scratching: single passes, repeated overlapping passes, and parallel scratches. As a general result, there was a clear relationship between the acoustic emission signals and the damage intensity occurred in the material removal. More specifically, there were differences in the acoustic emission signal levels in the scratches made on the alumina and on the glass owing to the material removal mechanisms associated with the structure of these materials. A gradual increase in the acoustic emission levels was observed when the number of repeated passes was increased as a result of the damage accumulation process followed by severe material removal. It was also noticed that the acoustic emission signals were capable of reflecting the interactions between two parallel scratches.

Numerical and analytical vibro-acoustic modelling of porous materials: the Cell Method for poroelasticity and the case of inclusions

Porous materials are widely used in many fields of industrial applications, to achieve the requirements of noise reduction, that nowadays derive from strict regulations. The modeling of porous materials is still a problematic issue. Numerical simulations are often problematic in case of real complex geometries, especially in terms of computational times and convergence. At the same time, analytical models, even if partly limited by restrictive simplificative hypotheses, represent a powerful instrument to capture quickly the physics of the problem and general trends. In this context, a recently developed numerical method, called the Cell Method, is described, is presented in the case of the Biot's theory and applied for representative cases. The peculiarity of the Cell Method is that it allows for a direct algebraic and geometrical discretization of the field equations, without any reduction to a weak integral form. Then, the second part of the thesis presents the case of interaction between two poroelastic materials under the context of double porosity. The idea of using periodically repeated inclusions of a second porous material into a layer composed by an original material is described. In particular, the problem is addressed considering the efficiency of the analytical method. A analytical procedure for the simulation of heterogeneous layers based is described and validated considering both conditions of absorption and transmission; a comparison with the available numerical methods is performed. ---------------- I materiali porosi sono ampiamente utilizzati per diverse applicazioni industriali, al fine di raggiungere gli obiettivi di riduzione del rumore, che sono resi impegnativi da norme al giorno d'oggi sempre più stringenti. La modellazione dei materiali porori per applicazioni vibro-acustiche rapprensenta un aspetto di una certa complessità. Le simulazioni numeriche sono spesso problematiche quando siano coinvolte geometrie di pezzi reali, in particolare riguardo i tempi computazionali e la convergenza. Allo stesso tempo, i modelli analitici, anche se parzialmente limitati a causa di ipotesi semplificative che ne restringono l'ambito di utilizzo, rappresentano uno strumento molto utile per comprendere rapidamente la fisica del problema e individuare tendenze generali. In questo contesto, un metodo numerico recentemente sviluppato, il Metodo delle Celle, viene descritto, implementato nel caso della teoria di Biot per la poroelasticità e applicato a casi rappresentativi. La peculiarità del Metodo delle Celle consiste nella discretizzazione diretta algebrica e geometrica delle equazioni di campo, senza alcuna riduzione a forme integrali deboli. Successivamente, nella seconda parte della tesi viene presentato il caso delle interazioni tra due materiali poroelastici a contatto, nel contesto dei materiali a doppia porosità. Viene descritta l'idea di utilizzare inclusioni periodicamente ripetute di un secondo materiale poroso all'interno di un layer a sua volta poroso. In particolare, il problema è studiando il metodo analitico e la sua efficienza. Una procedura analitica per il calcolo di strati eterogenei di materiale viene descritta e validata considerando sia condizioni di assorbimento, sia di trasmissione; viene effettuata una comparazione con i metodi numerici a disposizione.