Efeitos de um programa de exercícios específico no domicílio, em indivíduos com doença arterial coronária, na composição corporal, gordura abdominal, perfil lipídico, glicose e nível de atividade física

contribuindo para o aumento da gordura abdominal, e consequentes complicações metabólicas. O exercício físico permite quebrar este ciclo através da estimulação da lipólise e da utilização de ácidos gordos. Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos de um programa de exercícios no domicílio, em indivíduos com doença arterial coronária, na composição corporal, gordura abdominal, perfil lipídico, glicose, e nível de atividade física. Métodos: Estudo experimental composto por 20 indivíduos, aleatorizados grupo experimental (GE) e grupo de controlo (GC), ambos com 10, tendo o GE sido sujeito ao programa durante 8 semanas. Realizou-se uma avaliação inicial e final, através da bioimpedância, Tomografia Computorizada (TC) abdominal, perimetria, adipometria, análises sanguíneas e acelerómetro. Resultados: Numa análise intergrupal, verificouse uma diminuição da percentagem (%) de gordura total (GT) calculado pela adipometria (p<0.01), na prega supra-ilíaca (p=0.005), na prega abdominal horizontal (p=0.001) e vertical (p=0.003) no GE, e da % de tempo em atividades moderadas no GC (p=0.035). Após 8 semanas o GE diminuiu a %GT (p=0.008); a massa gorda (MG) (p=0.002); perímetro abaixo da última costela (p=0.037) e acima das cristas-ilíacas (p=0.021); %GT calculado (p=0.002); pregas supra-ilíaca (p=0.008), abdominal horizontal (p=0.002) e vertical (p=0.033); TC abdominal subcutâneo (p=0.031) e %de tempo em atividades vigorosas (p=0.031). O GC diminuiu a %GT (p=0.002) e MG (p=0.008); aumentou o perímetro ao nível dos grandes trocânteres (p=0.008), diminuiu o rácio cintura/anca (p=0.002), e a %de tempo em atividades moderadas (p=0.031) e vigorosas (p=0.008). Parece existir uma tendência no GE para diminuição do rácio cintura/anca, c-LDL, triglicerídeos e aumento do nível de atividade moderado. Conclusão: O programa de exercícios no domicílio demonstrou uma diminuição da gordura abdominal, alteração da composição corporal, e parece promover uma melhoria no perfil lipídico e no aumento do nível de atividade física moderado.

Educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity:Pró-Saúde Study

OBJECTIVE To estimate the degree of educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity in a population of non-faculty civil servants at university campi.METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we used data from 3,117 subjects of both genders aged 24 to 65-years old, regarding the baseline ofPró-Saúde Study, 1999-2001. Abdominal obesity was defined according to abdominal circumference thresholds of 88 cm for women and 102 cm for men. A multi-dimensional, self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate education levels and demographic variables. Slope and relative indices of inequality, and Chi-squared test for linear trend were used in the data analysis. All analyses were stratified by genders, and the indices of inequality were standardized by age.RESULTS Abdominal obesity was the most prevalent among women (43.5%; 95%CI 41.2;45.9), as compared to men (24.3%; 95%CI 22.1;26.7), in all educational strata and age ranges. The association between education levels and abdominal obesity was an inverse one among women (p < 0.001); it was not statistically significant among men (p = 0.436). The educational inequality regarding abdominal obesity in the female population, in absolute terms (slope index of inequality), was 24.0% (95%CI 15.5;32.6). In relative terms (relative index of inequality), it was 2.8 (95%CI 1.9;4.1), after the age adjustment.CONCLUSIONS Gender inequality in the prevalence of abdominal obesity increases with older age and lower education. The slope and relative indices of inequality summarize the strictly monotonous trend between education levels and abdominal obesity, and it described educational inequality regarding abdominal obesity among women. Such indices provide relevant quantitative estimates for monitoring abdominal obesity and dealing with health inequalities.

Fatores familiares associados à obesidade abdominal entre adolescentes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Fatores socioeconômicos e comportamentais associados à adiposidade abdominal de adultos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Impacto de diferentes métodos de avaliação da obesidade abdominal após síndromes coronarianas agudas

Background: Abdominal obesity is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Therefore, identifying the best method for measuring waist circumference (WC) is a priority. Objective: To evaluate the eight methods of measuring WC in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) as a predictor of cardiovascular complications during hospitalization. Methods: Prospective study of patients with ACS. The measurement of WC was performed by eight known methods: midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest (1), point of minimum circumference (2); immediately above the iliac crest (3), umbilicus (4), one inch above the umbilicus (5), one centimeter above the umbilicus (6), smallest rib and (7) the point of greatest circumference around the waist (8). Complications included: angina, arrhythmia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, hypotension, pericarditis and death. Logistic regression tests were used for predictive factors. Results: A total of 55 patients were evaluated. During the hospitalization period, which corresponded on average to seven days, 37 (67%) patients had complications, with the exception of death, which was not observed in any of the cases. Of these complications, the only one that was associated with WC was angina, and with every cm of WC increase, the risk for angina increased from 7.5 to 9.9%, depending on the measurement site. It is noteworthy the fact that there was no difference between the different methods of measuring WC as a predictor of angina. Conclusion: The eight methods of measuring WC are also predictors of recurrent angina after acute coronary syndromes. Key words: Evaluation; Acute Coronary Syndrome; Abdominal Circumference

Biochemical, Anthropometric And Body Composition Indicators As Predictors Of Hepatic Steatosis In Obese Adolescents.

To describe the prevalence of hepatic steatosis and to assess the performance of biochemical, anthropometric and body composition indicators for hepatic steatosis in obese teenagers. Cross-sectional study including 79 adolecents aged from ten to 18 years old. Hepatic steatosis was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound in case of moderate or intense hepatorenal contrast and/or a difference in the histogram ≥7 on the right kidney cortex. The insulin resistance was determined by the Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index for values >3.16. Anthropometric and body composition indicators consisted of body mass index, body fat percentage, abdominal circumference and subcutaneous fat. Fasting glycemia and insulin, lipid profile and hepatic enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase, were also evaluated. In order to assess the performance of these indicators in the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in teenagers, a ROC curve analysis was applied. Hepatic steatosis was found in 20% of the patients and insulin resistance, in 29%. Gamma-glutamyltransferase and HOMA-IR were good indicators for predicting hepatic steatosis, with a cutoff of 1.06 times above the reference value for gamma-glutamyltransferase and 3.28 times for the HOMA-IR. The anthropometric indicators, the body fat percentage, the lipid profile, the glycemia and the aspartate aminotransferase did not present significant associations. Patients with high gamma-glutamyltransferase level and/or HOMA-IR should be submitted to abdominal ultrasound examination due to the increased chance of having hepatic steatosis.

[impact Of The Activation Of Intention To Perform Physical Activity In Type Ii Diabetics: A Randomized Clinical Trial].

Type II diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent disease among the adult Brazilian population, and one that can be controlled by interventions such as physical activity, among others. The aim of this randomized controlled study was to evaluate the impact of a traditional motivational strategy, associated with the activation of intention theory, on adherence to physical activity in patients with type II, diabetes mellitus who are part of the Unified Health System (SUS). Participants were divided into a control group (CG) and an intervention group (IG). In both groups, the traditional motivational strategy was applied, but the activation of intention strategy was only applied to the IG Group. After a two-month follow-up, statistically significant differences were verified between the groups, related to the practice of walking (p = 0.0050), number of days per week (p = 0.0076), minutes per day (p = 0.0050) and minutes walking per week (p = 0.0015). At the end of the intervention, statistically significant differences in abdominal circumference (p = 0.0048) between the groups were observed. The conclusion drawn is that the activation of intention strategy had greater impact on adherence to physical activity and reduction in abdominal circumference in type II diabetics, than traditional motivational strategy.

Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em nipo-brasileiros: comparação entre sexos e geração

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de sobrepeso, obesidade e obesidade abdominal em nipo-brasileiros residentes na cidade de Bauru (SP), Brasil. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram obtidos a partir de um estudo transversal com 1 330 nipo-brasileiros de 1ª e 2ª geração, de ambos os sexos, com idade >30 anos. Os critérios para sobrepeso e obesidade foram índice de massa corporal entre 25-29,9kg/m² e >30kg/m², respectivamente. A obesidade abdominal foi classificada com valores de circunferência da cintura >90cm, para homens, e >80cm para mulheres. Foram calculadas as prevalências de sobrepeso, obesidade e obesidade abdominal por ponto e por intervalo, com 95% de confiança. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que a prevalência de sobrepeso em nipo-brasileiros foi de 26,1% e 27,9% na primeira geração e de 44,8% e 32,5% na segunda geração, respectivamente, para homens e mulheres. Em relação à obesidade, a prevalência entre homens foi de 3,7% e 12%, e nas mulheres de 6,6% e 9,9% respectivamente na primeira e na segunda geração. Observou-se aumento na prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade nos homens entre as gerações, apesar de as diferenças não serem estatisticamente significantes. A obesidade abdominal nos homens de primeira e segunda geração foi de 32,1% e 45,3%, e nas mulheres estes valores foram de 49,2% e 48,5%, respectivamente. No período de estudo não foram observados aumentos nas prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O aumento percentual na prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade abdominal em nipo-brasileiros pode ser, em parte, explicado pelo processo da ocidentalização, reforçando a necessidade de medidas preventivas, visando a minimizar as conseqüências metabólicas da obesidade nos nipo-brasileiros.

Body weight as an indicator of fat-free mass in active elderly women

Objective: Fat-free mass (FFM) reduction and the tendency for a reduction in surrounding fatty issue and increase in the middle are a natural consequence of growing old and should be studied in order to gain a better understanding of the aging process. This study set out to find the FFM differences between active elderly women in two age groups (60-69 and 70-80 years) and to determine which of the anthropometric measurements, body weight (BW), abdominal circumference (AC), or body mass index (BMI) are the best predictors of FFM variation within the group. Methods: Eighty-one (n = 81) active elderly women of the Third Age willingly signed up to participate in the research during the activities at the University of the Third Age (UTA) in Brazil. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Body weight (BW), height (H) and the BMI were measured according to the international standards. The AC was measured in centimetres at the H of the navel and body composition was ascertained using bioimpedance analysis. The SAS program was used to perform the statistical analysis of independent samples and parametric data. Results: The results showed FFM values with significant differences between the two groups, with the lowest values occurring among the women who were over 70 years of age. In the analysis, the Pearson`s Correlation Coefficient for each measured independent variable was ascertained, with the BW measurement showing the highest ratio (0.900). Conclusions: The BW measurement was regarded as reliable, low-cost and easy to use for monitoring FFM in elderly women who engage in physical activities. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Laparoscopic treatment of metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background Metabolic syndrome refers to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Hyperglycemia is a critical component contributing to the predictive power of the syndrome. This study aimed to evaluate the results from the laparoscopic interposition of an ileum segment into the proximal jejunum for the treatment of metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a body mass index (BMI) lower than 35. Methods Laparoscopic procedures were performed for 60 patients (24 women and 36 men) with a mean age of 51.7 +/- 6.4 years (range, 27-66 years) and a mean BMI of 30.1 +/- 2.7 (range, 23.6-34.4). All the patients had a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) given at least 3 years previously and evidence of stable treatment using oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, or both for at least 12 months. The mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 9.6 +/- 4.6 years (range, 3-22 years). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed for all 60 patients. Arterial hypertension was diagnosed for 70% of the patients (mean number of drugs, 1.6) and hypertriglyceridemia for 70%. High-density lipoprotein was altered in 51.7% of the patients and the abdominal circumference in 68.3%. Two techniques were performed: ileal interposition (II) into the proximal jejunum and sleeve gastrectomy (II-SG) or ileal interposition associated with a diverted sleeve gastrectomy (II-DSG). Results The II-SG procedure was performed for 32 patients and the II-DSG procedure for 28 patients. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 7.4 months (range, 3-19 months). The mean BMI was 23.8 +/- 4.1 kg/m(2), and 52 patients (86.7%) achieved adequate glycemic control. Hypertriglyceridemia was normalized for 81.7% of the patients. An high-density lipoprotein level higher than 40 for the men and higher than 50 for the women was achieved by 90.3% of the patients. The abdominal circumference reached was less than 102 cm for the men and 88 cm for the women. Arterial hypertension was controlled in 90.5% of the patients. For the control of metabolic syndrome, II-DSG was the more effective procedure. Conclusions Laparoscopic II-SG and II-DSG seem to be promising procedures for the control of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. A longer follow-up period is needed.

The incremental role of obstructive sleep apnoea on markers of atherosclerosis in patients with metabolic syndrome

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, but the relative role of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is largely unknown. The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of OSA on markers of atherosclerosis in patients with MS. Methods: Eighty-one consecutive patients with MS according to the Adult Treatment Panel III underwent a clinical evaluation, polysomnography, laboratory and vascular measurements of carotid intima media thickness (IMT), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and carotid diameter (CD) in a blind fashion. OSA was defined as an apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) >= 15 events/hour. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the variables that were independently associated with the vascular parameters. Results: Fifty-one patients (63%) had OSA. No significant differences existed in age, sex, MS criteria, and cholesterol levels between patients with (MS+OSA) and without OSA (MS-OSA). Compared with MS-OSA patients, MS+OSA patients had higher levels of IMT (661 +/- 117 vs. 767 +/- 140 mu m), PWV (9.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 10.6 +/- 1.6 m/s), and CD (6705 +/- 744 vs. 7811 +/- 862 mu m) (P < 0.001 for each comparison). Among patients with MS+OSA, all vascular parameters were similar in patients with and without daytime sleepiness. The independent parameters associated with IMT, PWV, and CD were AHI, abdominal circumference, and systolic blood pressure (R(2) = 0.42); AHI and systolic blood pressure (R(2) = 0.38); and AHI, age, abdominal circumference and systolic blood pressure (R(2) = 0.45), respectively. The R(2) of AHI for IMT, PWV and CD was 0.12, 0.10 and 0.20, respectively. Conclusions: OSA is very common and has an incremental role in atherosclerotic burden in consecutive patients with MS. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of Oropharyngeal Exercises on Patients with Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Rationale: Upper airway muscle function plays a major role in maintenance of the upper airway patency and contributes to the genesis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Preliminary results suggested that oropharyngeal exercises derived from speech therapy may be an effective treatment option for patients with moderate OSAS. Objectives: To determine the impact of oropharyngeal exercises in patients with moderate OSAS. Methods: Thirty-one patients with moderate OSAS were randomized to 3 months of daily (similar to 30 min) sham therapy (n = 15, control) or a set of oropharyngeal exercises (n = 16), consisting of exercises involving the tongue, soft palate, and lateral pharyngeal wall. Measurements and Main Results: Anthropometric measurements, snoring frequency (range 0-4), intensity (1-3), Epworth daytime sleepiness (0-24) and Pittsburgh sleep quality (0-21) questionnaires, and full polysomnography were performed at baseline and at study conclusion. Body mass index and abdominal circumference of the entire group were 30.3 +/- 3.4 kg/m(2) and 101.4 +/- 9.0 cm, respectively, and did not change significantly over the study period. No significant change occurred in the control group in all variables. In contrast, patients randomized to oropharyngeal exercises had a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in neck circumference (39.6 +/- 3.6 vs. 38.5 +/- 4.0 cm), snoring frequency (4 [4-4] vs. 3 [1.5-3.5]), snoring intensity (3 [3-4] vs. 1 [1-2]), daytime sleepiness (14 +/- 5 vs. 8 +/- 6), sleep quality score (10.2 +/- 3.7vs. 6.9 +/- 2.5), and OSAS severity (apnea-hypopnea index, 22.4 +/- 4.8 vs. 13.7 +/- 8.5 events/h). Changes in neck circumference correlated inversely with changes in apnea-hypopnea index (r = 0.59; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Oropharyngeal exercises significantly reduce OSAS severity and symptoms and represent a promising treatment for moderate OSAS. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00660777).

Adiponectin: serum levels, promoter polymorphism, and associations with birth size and cardiometabolic outcome in young adults born large for gestational age

Objective: To assess whether the -11391G > A polymorphism in the regulatory region of the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) is associated with birth size, postnatal growth, adiponectinemia, and cardiometabolic risk in adult life. Design: Case-control study nested within a prospective cohort of 2063 community subjects born in 1978/1979 and followed since birth to date. Methods: ADIPOQ -11391G > A genotype-phenotype associations were evaluated in 116 subjects born large for gestational age (LGA) and 392 gender-matched controls at birth (birth size), at 8-10 years (catch-down growth), and at 23-25 years of age (cardiometabolic profile). Results: The -11391A variant allele frequency was higher in LGA subjects (P=0.04). AA genotype was associated with augmented probability of being born LGA (odds ratio=4.14; 95% confidence interval: 1.16-16.7; P=0.03). This polymorphism was associated neither with body composition nor with postnatal growth pattern. At the age of 23-25 years, the -11391A variant allele was associated with higher serum adiponectin levels (GG: 10.7 +/- 6.2 versus GA: 12.2 +/- 6.5 versus AA: 14.2 +/- 6.8 mu g/ml; P < 0.01). Subjects born LGA presented higher body mass index (BMI; P=0.01), abdominal circumference (P=0.04), blood pressure (P=0.04), and homeostasis assessment model for insulin resistance (P=0.01) than adequate for gestational age. Symmetry at birth did not influence these variables. The occurrence of catch-down of weight was associated with lower BMI and abdominal circumference (P < 0.001) at 23-25 years. Conclusions: The -11391A ADIPOQ gene variant was associated with increased chance of being born LGA and with higher adiponectin levels in early adult life.

Fetal Growth Spurt and Pregestational Diabetic Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE - To assess the timing of fetal growth spurt among pre-existing diabetic pregnancies (types 1 and 2) and its relationship with diabetic control. To correlate fetal growth acceleration with factors that might influence fetal growth. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - This retrospective study involved all pregestational diabetic pregnancies delivered at a tertiary obstetric hospital in Australia between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1999. Pregnancies with major congenital fetal anomalies, multiple pregnancies, small-for-gestational-age pregnancies (90th centile for gestation) were compared with babies with normal birth weights. RESULTS- A total of 101 diabetic pregnancies were included. Diabetic mothers, who had LGA babies, had significantly higher prepregnancy body weight and BMI (P < 0.05). There were no differences in maternal age or parity among the two groups. There were also no differences in the first-, second-, and third-trimester HbA(1c) levels between the two groups. The abdominal circumference z-scores were significantly higher for LGA babies from 18 weeks and thereafter. The differences increased progressively as the gestation advanced. Maximum difference was noted in the third trimester (30-38 weeks). CONCLUSIONS - Fetal growth acceleration in LGA fetuses of diabetic mothers starts in the second trimester, from as early as 18 weeks. In this study, glucose control did not appear to have a direct effect on the incidence of LGA babies, and such observation might result from the effects of other confounding factors.

Os efeitos de um programa de exercício supervisionado em indivíduos com factores de risco cardiovascular no Hospital da Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Arouca

Introdução: Estudar os factores de risco cardiovasculares (FRCV), permitem tomar medidas preventivas em relação ao estado de saúde, contribuindo para a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos indivíduos e ajudando a prevenir a ocorrência de um evento cardiovascular. Objectivo: O principal objectivo deste estudo é comprovar se o programa de exercício físico supervisionado melhora a condição física e a capacidade funcional. Como objectivo secundário, foi analisada a correlação existente entre as diferentes variáveis, após realização do programa. Métodos: Vinte sujeitos de Arouca, constituíram a amostra do estudo, dividindo-se em grupo de controlo (n=10) e grupo experimental (n=10). Todos os indivíduos receberam informação para controlo e prevenção dos FRCV, através de palestras educacionais. Apenas o grupo experimental participou no programa de exercício, com a duração de 12 semanas / 36 sessões. Foi feito o levantamento e registo dos valores das provas de esforço (Frequência Cardíaca (FC) máxima, equivalente metabólicos (MET´s) máximos e duplo produto (DP) máximo), avaliação antropométrica (índice de massa corporal (IMC), perímetro abdominal, peso, gordura visceral, massa muscular, gordura total), FRCV (Tensão Arterial, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, triglicerídeos, proteína C reactiva) e os níveis de ansiedade e depressão antes e após o programa. Por fim, verificou-se a correlação entre as variáveis. Foi utilizada a estatística inferencial e um nível de significância de 5% (α=0,05). Resultados: Na análise comparativa intergrupo da variável diferença (MII-MI), registaram-se diminuições estatisticamente significativas da variável perímetro abdominal (p=0,02) e aumento estatisticamente significativo da variável MET´s máximo (p=0,01). As principais correlações foram encontradas entre as variáveis antropométricas: peso – gordura visceral (r2=0,824; p<0,001), peso – perímetro abdominal (r2=0,560; p=0,013), peso – IMC (r2=0,527; p=0,017), IMC – peímetro abdominal (r2=0,770; p=0,001). Conclusões: Conclui-se que o programa de exercício parece aumentar a tolerância ao esforço máximo e diminui o perímetro abdominal dos indivíduos em estudo.