Variation in the type and frequency of postoperative invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections according to type of surgical procedure.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiological characteristics of postoperative invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection following 4 types of major surgical procedures.design. Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Eleven hospitals (9 community hospitals and 2 tertiary care hospitals) in North Carolina and Virginia. PATIENTS: Adults undergoing orthopedic, neurosurgical, cardiothoracic, and plastic surgical procedures. METHODS: We used previously validated, prospectively collected surgical surveillance data for surgical site infection and microbiological data for bloodstream infection. The study period was 2003 through 2006. We defined invasive S. aureus infection as either nonsuperficial incisional surgical site infection or bloodstream infection. Nonparametric bootstrapping was used to generate 95% confidence intervals (CIs). P values were generated using the Pearson chi2 test, Student t test, or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as appropriate. RESULTS: In total, 81,267 patients underwent 96,455 procedures during the study period. The overall incidence of invasive S. aureus infection was 0.47 infections per 100 procedures (95% CI, 0.43-0.52); 227 (51%) of 446 infections were due to methicillin-resistant S.aureus. Invasive S. aureus infection was more common after cardiothoracic procedures (incidence, 0.79 infections per 100 procedures [95%CI, 0.62-0.97]) than after orthopedic procedures (0.37 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.32-0.42]), neurosurgical procedures (0.62 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.53-0.72]), or plastic surgical procedures (0.32 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.17-0.47]) (P < .001). Similarly, S. aureus bloodstream infection was most common after cardiothoracic procedures (incidence, 0.57 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.43-0.72]; P < .001, compared with other procedure types), comprising almost three-quarters of the invasive S. aureus infections after these procedures. The highest rate of surgical site infection was observed after neurosurgical procedures (incidence, 0.50 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.42-0.59]; P < .001, compared with other procedure types), comprising 80% of invasive S.aureus infections after these procedures. CONCLUSION: The frequency and type of postoperative invasive S. aureus infection varied significantly across procedure types. The highest risk procedures, such as cardiothoracic procedures, should be targeted for ongoing preventative interventions.

Community onset staphylococcus aureus infections in Melbourne

Objective: To investigate the relative importance of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the community in Melbourne by describing circulating S. aureus strains and infection characteristics.

Methods: Patients with any community-onset S. aureus infection were identified via clinical specimens submitted to a community-based pathology service in 2006. The referring doctors confirmed community onset and defined site and severity of each infection. Patient isolates were characterised by antibiotic resistance subtype and presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene (pvl).

Results: Between April and September 2006, 2,094 S. aureus isolates were processed. Of these, 133 (6.4%) were multiresistant MRSA (mMRSA) and 110 (5.3%) were resistant to less than 3 non-betalactam antibiotics (non-multiresistant MRSA or nmMRSA). We followed-up all nmMRSA (34) and mMRSA (15) confirmed community-onset infections, and a random subset of eligible patients with MSSA infections (57), for whom clinical data were available from referring doctors (82% response).

The majority of isolates were from skin infections (99/106), but drainage was performed in less than one third of cases (29/99). Antibiotics were prescribed for 89% (95%CI: 82, 94) of infections. The isolates were resistant to the prescribed antibiotic 100% of the time for mMRSA infections and 80% for nmMRSA. Those with infections caused by MRSA had on average one additional visit to their doctor compared with MSSA infections.

Ten nmMRSA clones were identified, including one new pvl positive nmMRSA. Of the 29 nmMRSA isolates, 14 were pvl positive (48%; 95%CIs: 30%, 66%) compared with 16% of MSSA and 0% mMRSA.

Patients with an infection caused by pvl positive strains (23) were younger ((mean age 23 years (95%CI: 16, 30) compared with the 55 years (95%CI: 50, 61)). Infection site also varied with presence of pvl; more pvl positive infections were found in the axilla (17.9% compared with 0%) and head and neck (35.7% compared with 8.2%), and less for the leg or foot (21.4% compared with 55.7%).

Conclusions: We estimate that 3.5% of community-onset S. aureus infections in Melbourne in 2006 were caused by MRSA, and 70 to 90% of patients with MRSA infections were treated initially with antibiotics to which their isolate was resistant. pvl positive isolates of S. aureus were associated with younger age and axillary or head and neck infections.

Community-onset Staphylococcus aureus infections presenting to general practices in South-eastern Australia

Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections are a public health concern, yet little is known about infections that do not present to hospital. We identified community-onset S. aureus infections via specimens submitted to a community-based pathology service. Referring doctors confirmed eligibility and described infection site, severity and treatment. Isolates were characterized on antibiotic resistance, PFGE, MLST/SCCmec, and Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL), representing 106 community-onset infections; 34 non-multiresistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus (nmMRSA) (resistant to <3 non-β-lactam antibiotics), 15 multiply antibiotic-resistant MRSA (mMRSA) and 57 methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). Most (93%) were skin and soft tissue infections. PVL genes were carried by 42% of nmMRSA isolates [95% confidence interval (CI) 26–61] and 15% of MSSA (95% CI 8–28). PVL was associated with infections of the trunk, head or neck (56·4% vs. 24·3%, P= 0·005) in younger patients (23 vs. 52 years, P< 0·001), and with boils or abscesses (OR 8·67, 95% CI 2·9–26·2), suggesting underlying differences in exposure and/or pathogenesis.

Evolution of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in horses and colonized personnel in an equine clinic between 2005 and 2010

A total of 70 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from postoperative infections in hospitalized horses were isolated between January 2005 and January 2011. Among them, 12 isolates were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), 18 were borderline-oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (BORSA), and 40 were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). During the same period, the equine clinic personnel were screened for nasal carriage of BORSA and MRSA. Genotyping revealed that BORSA ST1(MLST)-t2863(spa) isolates were responsible for most equine infections and were the main isolates found in colonized members of the personnel between 2005 and 2007, and that in 2007, MRSA ST398-t011-IVa(SCCmec) emerged in infection sites and personnel, replacing BORSA. Besides decreased susceptibility to oxacillin, all MRSA and BORSA of these two major clonal lineages displayed resistance to gentamicin and kanamycin conferred by the aac(6')-Ie-aph(2')-Ia gene and to trimethoprim conferred by dfr(K) in MRSA and dfr(A) in BORSA. All MRSA had additional resistance to tetracycline conferred by tet(M), whereas BORSA generally also display resistance to streptomycin conferred by str. The number of hospital-acquired MRSA infections in horses could be limited after the introduction of basic hygiene measures and personnel decolonization. Two MRSA carriers could not be decolonized using mupirocin, and a year after decolonization, additional members were recolonized with MRSA. Hygiene measures should, therefore, be maintained to limit the transmission of S. aureus between personnel and horses.

The alternative sigma factor sigma B of Staphylococcus aureus modulates virulence in experimental central venous catheter-related infections.

The impact of the alternative sigma factor sigma B (SigB) on pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus is not conclusively clarified. In this study, a central venous catheter (CVC) related model of multiorgan infection was used to investigate the role of SigB for the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections and biofilm formation in vivo. Analysis of two SigB-positive wild-type strains and their isogenic mutants revealed uniformly that the wild-type was significantly more virulent than the SigB-deficient mutant. The observed difference in virulence was apparently not linked to the capability of the strains to form biofilms in vivo since wild-type and mutant strains were able to produce biofilm layers inside of the catheter. The data strongly indicate that the alternative sigma factor SigB plays a role in CVC-associated infections caused by S. aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus bones and joints infections: in vivo studies and host immune response

Abstract The aim of this work was the development of a murine model of septic arthrosynovitis and osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which could mimic the natural disease occurring in humans and which could be suitable for testing preventive and therapeutic interventions. This model could be particularly useful since S. aureus-mediated joints and bones infections are relevant in humans, both in terms of frequency and severity. Our attention focused in tracking bacterial infiltration in joints and bones over time using different microbiological and hystopathological tools, which allowed us to have a complete overview of the situation and to evaluate the immunological actions undertaken by the host to contain or eradicate the bacterial infection. Antibodies and cytokines profiles, as well as recruitment of host immune cells at joints of immunized and infected mice were therefore monitored for a time period that allowed us to study both the acute and the chronic phases of the disease in situ. Finally the Novartis vaccine formulation proposed against S. aureus infections was tested for its capacity to protect immunized mice from joints infections, and the preventive immunization was compared to a standard antibiotic prophylaxis. The availability of powerful tools to study specific bacterial-mediated diseases is nowadays an important requirement for the scientific community to shed light on the complex interactions between host and pathogens and to test treatments for preventing or contrasting infections. We believe that our work significantly contributes to the overall knowledge in the field of S. aureus-dependent pathologies, opening the possibility for further investigations in several fields of study.

Bacteriophage therapy for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

The protective effect of bacteriophage was assessed against experimental Staphylococcus aureus lethal bacteremia in streptozotocin (STZ) induced-diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Intraperitoneal administrations of S. aureus (RCS21) of 2 x 10(8) CFU caused lethal bacteremia in both diabetic and non-diabetic mice. A single administration of a newly isolated lytic phage strain (GRCS) significantly protected diabetic and nondiabetic mice from lethal bacteremia (survival rate 90% and 100% for diabetic and non-diabetic bacteremic groups versus 0% for saline-treated groups). Comparison of phage therapy to oxacillin treatment showed a significant decrease in RCS21 of 5 and 3 log units in diabetic and nondiabetic bacteremic mice, respectively. The same protection efficiency of phage GRCS was attained even when the treatment was delayed up to 4 h in both diabetic and non-diabetic bacteremic mice. Inoculation of mice with a high dose (10(10) PFU) of phage GRCS alone produced no adverse effects attributable to the phage per se. These results suggest that phages could constitute valuable prophylaxis against S. aureus infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. (C) 2010 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of Staphylococcus aureus homoserine dehydrogenase

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive nosocomial pathogen. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains in both hospital and community settings makes it imperative to characterize new drug targets to combat S. aureus infections. In this context, enzymes involved in cell-wall maintenance and essential amino-acid biosynthesis are significant drug targets. Homoserine dehydrogenase (HSD) is an oxidoreductase that is involved in the reversible conversion of l-aspartate semialdehyde to l-homoserine in a dinucleotide cofactor-dependent reduction reaction. HSD is thus a crucial intermediate enzyme linked to the biosynthesis of several essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, isoleucine and threonine.

Influence of the AgrC-AgrA Complex on the Response Time of Staphylococcus aureus Quorum Sensing

The Staphylococcus aureus agr quorum-sensing system plays a major role in the transition from the persistent to the virulent phenotype. S. aureus agr type I to IV strains are characterized by mutations in the sensor domain of the histidine kinase AgrC and differences in the sequences of the secreted autoinducing peptides (AIP). Here we demonstrate that interactions between the cytosolic domain of AgrC (AgrC(Cyto)) and the response regulator domain of AgrA (AgrA(RR)) dictate the spontaneity of the cellular response to AIP stimuli. The crystal structure of AgrC(Cyto) provided a basis for a mechanistic model of AgrC-AgrA interactions. This model enabled an analysis of the biochemical and biophysical parameters of AgrC-AgrA interactions in the context of the conformational features of the AgrC-AgrA complex. This analysis revealed distinct sequence and conformational features that determine the affinity, specificity, and kinetics of the phosphotransfer reaction. This step, which governs the response time for transcriptional reengineering triggered by an AIP stimulus, is independent of the agr type and similar for agonist and antagonist stimuli. These experimental data could serve as a basis on which to validate simulations of the quorum-sensing response and for strategies that employ the agr quorum-sensing system to combat biofilm formation in S. aureus infections.

Epidemiologia das infecções causadas por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina com perfil comunitário (CA-MRSA) em pacientes atendidos em um hospital terciário no Rio de Janeiro

O Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (MRSA) foi inicialmente descrito como um patógeno associado a infecções relacionadas à assistência em saúde; porém, um clone de MRSA, o CA-MRSA emergiu na comunidade e está atualmente incrementando nos hospitais. O objetivo desta tese foi descrever aspectos relacionados com a epidemiologia das infecções por cepas CA-MRSA no Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HUPE/UERJ), avaliando especificamente fatores de risco relacionado com as infecções por CA-MRSA. Usando informações das bases de dados do laboratório de microbiologia, da farmácia e da Comissão para Controle da Infecção Hospitalar do HUPE/UERJ foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de infecções/colonizações por cepas de S. aureus (fevereiro 2005 a Julho 2011). Foi realizado um estudo caso e controle, utilizando como casos os pacientes com infecções por cepas CA-MRSA. Na avaliação da susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos usados em infecções graves por MRSA (vancomicina, teicoplanina, daptomicina e linezolida), foram determinadas as concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIM) das amostras por diferentes metodologias (testes de difusão em agar, microdiluição em caldo e E-test). Nas analises das tendências temporais da apresentação dos subtipos de MRSA, usando um critério fenotípico para classificação das cepas MRSA, foi observada uma diminuição do número de cepas de MRSA multirresistente (HA-MRSA) (p<0.05). Também foi observada uma tendência ao aumento de cepas não-multirresistentes (CA-MRSA), mas sem alcançar a significância estatística (p = 0.06) igual que os S. aureus sensíveis a meticilina (MSSA) (p = 0.48). Não houve associação entre o subtipo de MRSA e a mortalidade devida à infecção por cepas MRSA. Uma idade acima de 70 anos (OR: 2.46, IC95%: 0.99 - 6.11), a presença de pneumonia adquirida no hospital (OR: 4.94, IC95%: 1.65 -14.8), a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (OR: 6.09, IC95% 1.16 31.98) e a leucemia (OR: 8.2, IC95%: 1.25 54.7) foram fatores de risco associadas à mortalidade nas infecções por cepas de S. aureus. Usando curvas de Kaplan-Meier, foi observada uma tendência ao aumento da mortalidade em infecções causadas por MSSA na primeira semana, porém sem alcançar significância estatística (p = 0.07). Não foram observadas amostras MRSA com susceptibilidade intermediaria a vancomicina, linezolida, daptomicina ou teicoplanina. A dinâmica das infecções por S. aureus no HUPE/UERJ mudou durante o período de estudo, com menor número de episódios infecciosos causados por cepas de MRSA multirresistentes. Existe uma tendência ao aumento das cepas não-multirresistentes de MRSA entanto que a taxa de infecções por MSSA permaneceu estável no período do estudo. O perfil de resistência dos estafilococos não teve associação com a mortalidade

Insights into cell wall synthesis and cell division in Staphylococcus aureus

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biology

Oxacillin Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from the University Hospital of Botucatu Medical School in Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Resistência à oxacilina em Staphylococcus aureus provenientes de pacientes do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)