A morphometric comparison of the Namib and southwest Kalahari dunefields using ASTER GDEM data

The increased availability of digital elevation models and satellite image data enable testing of morphometric relationships between sand dune variables (dune height, spacing and equivalent sand thickness), which were originally established using limited field survey data. These long-established geomorphological hypotheses can now be tested against very much larger samples than were possible when available data were limited to what could be collected by field surveys alone. This project uses ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) data to compare morphometric relationships between sand dune variables in the southwest Kalahari dunefield to those of the Namib Sand Sea, to test whether the relationships found in an active sand sea (Namib) also hold for the fixed dune system of the nearby southwest Kalahari. The data show significant morphometric differences between the simple linear dunes of the Namib sand sea and the southwest Kalahari; the latter do not show the expected positive relationship between dune height and spacing. The southwest Kalahari dunes show a similar range of dune spacings, but they are less tall, on average, than the Namib sand sea dunes. There is a clear spatial pattern to these morphometric data; the tallest and most closely spaced dunes are towards the southeast of the Kalahari dunefield; and this is where the highest values of equivalent sand thickness result. We consider the possible reasons for the observed differences and highlight the need for more studies comparing sand seas and dunefields from different environmental settings.

Application of a digital elevation model for flood modeling for the Pagsangaan River in Leyte

Flood related scientific and community-based data are rarely systematically collected and analysed in the Philippines. Over the last decades the Pagsangaan River Basin, Leyte, has experienced several flood events. However, documentation describing flood characteristics such as extent, duration or height of these floods are close to non-existing. To address this issue, computerized flood modelling was used to reproduce past events where there was data available for at least partial calibration and validation. The model was also used to provide scenario-based predictions based on A1B climate change assumptions for the area. The most important input for flood modelling is a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the river basin. No accurate topographic maps or Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR)-generated data are available for the Pagsangaan River. Therefore, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Map (GDEM), Version 1, was chosen as the DEM. Although the horizontal spatial resolution of 30 m is rather desirable, it contains substantial vertical errors. These were identified, different correction methods were tested and the resulting DEM was used for flood modelling. The above mentioned data were combined with cross-sections at various strategic locations of the river network, meteorological records, river water level, and current velocity to develop the 1D-2D flood model. SOBEK was used as modelling software to create different rainfall scenarios, including historic flooding events. Due to the lack of scientific data for the verification of the model quality, interviews with local stakeholders served as the gauge to judge the quality of the generated flood maps. According to interviewees, the model reflects reality more accurately than previously available flood maps. The resulting flood maps are now used by the operations centre of a local flood early warning system for warnings and evacuation alerts. Furthermore these maps can serve as a basis to identify flood hazard areas for spatial land use planning purposes.

An updated moraine map of Far NE Russia

Barr and Clark published a series of maps depicting the distribution of end moraines across Far NE Russia. These
moraines outlined the former distribution and dimensions of glaciers, and were identified through the analysis of
Landsat ETM+ satellite images (15- and 30-m resolution). Now, a number of freely available digital elevation
model (DEM) datasets are available, which cover the entire 4 million km2 of Far NE Russia. These include
the 30-m resolution ASTER GDEM and the 90-m resolution Viewfinder Panorama DEM. Here we use these
datasets, in conjunction with Landsat ETM+ images, to complete the process of systematically and
comprehensively mapping end moraines. With the aid of the DEMs described above, here we present a total
dataset of 8414 moraines, which almost quadruples the inventory of Barr and Clark. This increase in the
number of moraines is considered to reflect the utility of the DEMs for mapping glacial landforms. In terms of
moraine distribution, the Barr and Clark map and the one presented here are comparable, with moraines found
to cluster in highland regions and upon adjacent lowlands, attesting to the former occupation of the region by
mountain-centred ice masses. This record is considered to reflect palaeoclimatic and topographic controls upon
the extent and dynamics of palaeoglaciers, as well as spatial variability in moraine preservation.

Validity and behaviour of tropospheric gradients estimated by GPS in Corsica

Estimation of tropospheric gradients in GNSS data processing is a well-known technique to improve positioning (e.g. Bar-Sever et al., 1998; Chen and Herring, 1997). More recently, several authors also focused on the estimation of such parameters for meteorological studies and demonstrated their potential benefits (e.g. Champollion et al., 2004). Today, they are routinely estimated by several global and regional GNSS analysis centres but they are still not yet used for operational meteorology.This paper discusses the physical meaning of tropospheric gradients estimated from GPS observations recorded in 2011 by 13 permanent stations located in Corsica Island (a French Island in the western part of Italy). Corsica Island is a particularly interesting location for such study as it presents a significant environmental contrast between the continent and the sea, as well as a steep topography.Therefore, we estimated Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) and tropospheric gradients using two software: GAMIT/GLOBK (GAMIT version 10.5) and GIPSY-OASIS II version 6.1. Our results are then compared to radiosonde observations and to the IGS final troposphere products. For all stations we found a good agreement between the ZWD estimated by the two software (the mean of the ZWD differences is 1 mm with a standard deviation of 6 mm) but the tropospheric gradients are in less good agreement (the mean of the gradient differences is 0.1 mm with a standard deviation of 0.7 mm), despite the differences in the processing strategy (double-differences for GAMIT/GLOBK versus zero-difference for GIPSY-OASIS).We also observe that gradient amplitudes are correlated with the seasonal behaviour of the humidity. Like ZWD estimates, they are larger in summer than in winter. Their directions are stable over the time but not correlated with the IWV anomaly observed by ERA-Interim. Tropospheric gradients observed at many sites always point to inland throughout the year. These preferred directions are almost opposite to the largest slope of the local topography as derived from the world Digital Elevation Model ASTER GDEM v2. These first results give a physical meaning to gradients but the origin of such directions need further investigations.

Morphometric analysis of aeolian bedforms in the Namib Sand Sea using ASTER data

The ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) has made elevation data at 30 m spatial resolution freely available, enabling reinvestigation of morphometric relationships derived from limited field data using much larger sample sizes. These data are used to analyse a range of morphometric relationships derived for dunes (between dune height, spacing, and equivalent sand thickness) in the Namib Sand Sea, which was chosen because there are a number of extant studies that could be used for comparison with the results. The relative accuracy of GDEM for capturing dune height and shape was tested against multiple individual ASTER DEM scenes and against field surveys, highlighting the smoothing of the dune crest and resultant underestimation of dune height, and the omission of the smallest dunes, because of the 30 m sampling of ASTER DEM products. It is demonstrated that morphometric relationships derived from GDEM data are broadly comparable with relationships derived by previous methods, across a range of different dune types. The data confirm patterns of dune height, spacing and equivalent sand thickness mapped previously in the Namib Sand Sea, but add new detail to these patterns.

An accuracy assessment of ASTER stereo images-derived digital elevation model by using rational polynomial coefficient model

The along-track stereo images of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor with 15 m resolution were used to generate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) on an area with low and near Mean Sea Level (MSL) elevation in Johor, Malaysia. The absolute DEM was generated by using the Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC) model which was run on ENVI 4.8 software. In order to generate the absolute DEM, 60 Ground Control Pointes (GCPs) with almost vertical accuracy less than 10 meter extracted from topographic map of the study area. The assessment was carried out on uncorrected and corrected DEM by utilizing dozens of Independent Check Points (ICPs). Consequently, the uncorrected DEM showed the RMSEz of ± 26.43 meter which was decreased to the RMSEz of ± 16.49 meter for the corrected DEM after post-processing. Overall, the corrected DEM of ASTER stereo images met the expectations.

Surface freshwater storage and variability in the Amazon basin from multi-satellite observations, 1993-2007

The amount of water stored and moving through the surface water bodies of large river basins (river, floodplains, wetlands) plays a major role in the global water and biochemical cycles and is a critical parameter for water resources management. However, the spatiotemporal variations of these freshwater reservoirs are still widely unknown at the global scale. Here, we propose a hypsographic curve approach to estimate surface freshwater storage variations over the Amazon basin combining surface water extent from a multi-satellite-technique with topographic data from the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) from Advance Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). Monthly surface water storage variations for 1993-2007 are presented, showing a strong seasonal and interannual variability, and are evaluated against in situ river discharge and precipitation. The basin-scale mean annual amplitude of similar to 1200 km(3) is in the range of previous estimates and contributes to about half of the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) total water storage variations. For the first time, we map the surface water volume anomaly during the extreme droughts of 1997 (October-November) and 2005 (September-October) and found that during these dry events the water stored in the river and floodplains of the Amazon basin was, respectively, similar to 230 (similar to 40%) and 210 (similar to 50%) km(3) below the 1993-2007 average. This new 15 year data set of surface water volume represents an unprecedented source of information for future hydrological or climate modeling of the Amazon. It is also a first step toward the development of such database at the global scale.

Macro-Level Assessment of Seismically Induced Landslide Hazard for the State of Sikkim, India Based On GIS Technique

This paper presents a macro-level seismic landslide hazard assessment for the entire state of Sikkim, India, based on the Newmark's methodology. The slope map of Sikkim was derived from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM). Seismic shaking in terms of peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) at bedrock level was estimated from deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA), considering point source model. Peak horizontal acceleration at the surface level for the study area was estimated based on nonlinear site amplification technique, considering B-type NEHRP site class. The PHA at surface was considered to induce driving forces on slopes, thus causing landslides. Knowing the surface level PHA and slope angle, the seismic landslide hazard assessment for each grid point was carried out using Newmark's analysis. The critical static factor of safety required to resist landslide for the PHA (obtained from deterministic analysis) was evaluated and its spatial variation throughout the study area is presented. For any slope in the study area, if the in-situ (available) static factor of safety is greater than the static factor of safety required to resist landslide as predicted in the present study, that slope is considered to be safe.

Utilização de imagem do sensor Aster para discriminação espectral de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial das imagens do sensor ASTER, utilizando a região do infravermelho de ondas curtas (SWIR), para discriminação espectral de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, complementando produtos existentes de mapeamento geológico. As rochas carbonáticas servem de matéria-prima para produção de cimento, que atualmente apresenta forte demanda dado o crescimento de obras civis devido à expansão da infraestrutura do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Este crescimento no consumo oferece desafios às companhias produtoras, tornando-se de vital importância a identificação de novas áreas para exploração de insumos para a indústria civil. Neste sentido, o carbonato tem sofrido grande pressão com relação a sua produção pois é a principal matéria-prima utilizada na fabricação do cimento. Imagens do sensor Aster vem sendo utilizadas na área da geologia com êxito, discriminando litologias e minerais como quartzo, óxido de ferro e calcita. Na região do intervalo de ondas entre 2,235-2,285 μm e 2,295-2,365 μm , as bandas 7 e 8 do sensor ASTER na região do SWIR, mostram-se adequadas para a identificação de minerais de calcita e dolomita. Como metodologia, foram aplicadas as técnicas de razões de bandas para separação de calcários e dolomitos e para a classificação espectral, foi utilizada a técnica SAM. Tornou-se como referência para a classificação espectral amostras de áreas de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes e espectros da biblioteca espectral da USGS. As classificações espectrais obtiveram resultados significativos na discriminação espectral das áreas carbonáticas, no entanto as técnicas de razões de bandas não obtiveram resultados suficientes para a discriminação de calcários e dolomitos. Para trabalhos futuros sugere-se a realização de trabalho de campo para a coleta de espectros, através da espectrorradiometria dos afloramentos dos carbonatos.

Deglaciation of the Caucasus Mountains, Russia/Georgia, in the 21st century observed with ASTER satellite imagery and aerial photograpy

Changes in the map area of 498 glaciers located on the Main Caucasus ridge (MCR) and on Mt. Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus Mountains (Russia and Georgia) were assessed using multispectral ASTER and panchromatic Landsat imagery with 15 m spatial resolution in 1999/2001 and 2010/2012. Changes in recession rates of glacier snouts between 1987–2001 and 2001–2010 were investigated using aerial photography and ASTER imagery for a sub-sample of 44 glaciers. In total, glacier area decreased by 4.7 ± 2.1% or 19.2 ± 8.7 km2 from 407.3 ± 5.4 km2 to 388.1 ± 5.2 km2. Glaciers located in the central and western MCR lost 13.4 ± 7.3 km2 (4.7 ± 2.5%) in total or 8.5 km2 (5.0 ± 2.4%) and 4.9 km2 (4.1 ± 2.7%) respectively. Glaciers on Mt. Elbrus, although located at higher elevations, lost 5.8 ± 1.4 km2 (4.9 ± 1.2%) of their total area. The recession rates of valley glacier termini increased between 1987–2000/01 and 2000/01–2010 (2000 for the western MCR and 2001 for the central MCR and Mt.~Elbrus) from 3.8 ± 0.8, 3.2 ± 0.9 and 8.3 ± 0.8 m yr−1 to 11.9 ± 1.1, 8.7 ± 1.1 and 14.1 ± 1.1 m yr−1 in the central and western MCR and on Mt. Elbrus respectively. The highest rate of increase in glacier termini retreat was registered on the southern slope of the central MCR where it has tripled. A positive trend in summer temperatures forced glacier recession, and strong positive temperature anomalies in 1998, 2006, and 2010 contributed to the enhanced loss of ice. An increase in accumulation season precipitation observed in the northern MCR since the mid-1980s has not compensated for the effects of summer warming while the negative precipitation anomalies, observed on the southern slope of the central MCR in the 1990s, resulted in stronger glacier wastage.

Aplicação de imagens Aster para estudos territoriais no nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul

É apresentada uma nova abordagem na técnica e na avaliação de área de florestas nativas, exóticas e uso do solo do Nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em particular no entorno da escarpa que divide os Campos de Cima da Serra e a Planície Costeira, caracterizada por apresentar espécies de Pinus elliotti Engelm var elliottiii e Pinus taeda L., Eucalyptus sp. e Araucaria angustifólia (Bert.) O. Ktze. e áreas de campo nativo. Nas últimas décadas tem se verificado avanço das florestas exóticas, principalmente de florestas de pinus, sobre as áreas de campo e florestas nativas, surgindo como uma das maiores fontes de exploração econômica da região. Parcialmente em razão disto, as florestas de araucária distribuem-se de forma pouco homogênea, em decorrência de décadas de desmatamento. As técnicas de classificação em Sensoriamento Remoto, usando imagens de Landsat, mostraram que é possível separar tipos diferentes de vegetação, e no exemplo das florestas na região estudada, tanto nativas como exóticas. As limitações em definições espacial e espectral até meados da década de 1990 motivaram o desenvolvimento de uma nova geração de satélites e sensores, incluindo o sensor ASTER a bordo do satélite Terra. Este sensor apresenta 14 bandas espectrais com diferentes resoluções espaciais, sendo usado nesta pesquisa suas 9 bandas correspondentes ao espectro de radiância refletida. O foco central deste trabalho está na utilização de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento para determinação de áreas de vegetação e uso do solo no extremo leste dos Campos de Cima da Serra, através de imagens orbitais do sensor ASTER. Utilizando métodos de classificação supervisionada foi possível caracterizar a área, separar as espécies vegetais entre si, além de quantificá-las O grupo das 9 bandas foram distribuídas em três grupos: com 3 bandas de resolução espacial de 15 metros no visível e infravermelho próximo (VNIR); com 6 bandas com resolução espacial de 30 metros no infravermelho médio (SWIR); e com 9 bandas com resolução espacial de 30 metros cobrindo toda a faixa de resolução espectral do espectro de radiância refletida do sensor ASTER (VNIR+SWIR). A metodologia incluiu processamento de imagem e classificação com o algoritmo de máxima verossimilhança gaussiana. Os resultados são: 1) é possível identificar tipos diferentes de manejo e idade nas florestas de Pinus elliottii (jovens, adulto, velho e manejado diferenciado); 2) a exatidão geral foi de 90,89% no subsistema VNIR, e o índice do Kappa foi de 0,81 em ambos subsistemas VNIR e (VNIR+SWIR); 3) a classificação apresentando o mapa do uso do solo mostra que, de forma geral, os dados de VNIR têm os melhores resultados, incluindo o detalhamento para pequenas áreas da superfície terrestre. O grupo (VNIR+SWIR) têm potencial superior para a determinação das classes araucária , eucalipto e pinus com manejo / pinus adulto , enquanto que o grupo SWIR não apresenta não vence em nenhuma classe; 4) com relação aos dados de exatidão geral resultantes do subsistema VNIR, a área estimada de pinus é 22,28% da área estudada (cena de 1543,63 quilômetros quadrados totais), e de araucária é 10,10%, revelando que aquela espécie exótica está mudando rapidamente a paisagem da região. Na comparação destes resultados com outros estudos na região pesquisada, verifica-se que a utilização de dados ASTER implica em um aumento na acurácia da classificação de vegetação em geral e que este sensor é altamente apropriado para estudos ambientais, devido a suas excelentes características espaciais e espectrais.