An accuracy assessment of ASTER stereo images-derived digital elevation model by using rational polynomial coefficient model

The along-track stereo images of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor with 15 m resolution were used to generate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) on an area with low and near Mean Sea Level (MSL) elevation in Johor, Malaysia. The absolute DEM was generated by using the Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC) model which was run on ENVI 4.8 software. In order to generate the absolute DEM, 60 Ground Control Pointes (GCPs) with almost vertical accuracy less than 10 meter extracted from topographic map of the study area. The assessment was carried out on uncorrected and corrected DEM by utilizing dozens of Independent Check Points (ICPs). Consequently, the uncorrected DEM showed the RMSEz of ± 26.43 meter which was decreased to the RMSEz of ± 16.49 meter for the corrected DEM after post-processing. Overall, the corrected DEM of ASTER stereo images met the expectations.

Utilização de imagem do sensor Aster para discriminação espectral de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial das imagens do sensor ASTER, utilizando a região do infravermelho de ondas curtas (SWIR), para discriminação espectral de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, complementando produtos existentes de mapeamento geológico. As rochas carbonáticas servem de matéria-prima para produção de cimento, que atualmente apresenta forte demanda dado o crescimento de obras civis devido à expansão da infraestrutura do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Este crescimento no consumo oferece desafios às companhias produtoras, tornando-se de vital importância a identificação de novas áreas para exploração de insumos para a indústria civil. Neste sentido, o carbonato tem sofrido grande pressão com relação a sua produção pois é a principal matéria-prima utilizada na fabricação do cimento. Imagens do sensor Aster vem sendo utilizadas na área da geologia com êxito, discriminando litologias e minerais como quartzo, óxido de ferro e calcita. Na região do intervalo de ondas entre 2,235-2,285 μm e 2,295-2,365 μm , as bandas 7 e 8 do sensor ASTER na região do SWIR, mostram-se adequadas para a identificação de minerais de calcita e dolomita. Como metodologia, foram aplicadas as técnicas de razões de bandas para separação de calcários e dolomitos e para a classificação espectral, foi utilizada a técnica SAM. Tornou-se como referência para a classificação espectral amostras de áreas de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes e espectros da biblioteca espectral da USGS. As classificações espectrais obtiveram resultados significativos na discriminação espectral das áreas carbonáticas, no entanto as técnicas de razões de bandas não obtiveram resultados suficientes para a discriminação de calcários e dolomitos. Para trabalhos futuros sugere-se a realização de trabalho de campo para a coleta de espectros, através da espectrorradiometria dos afloramentos dos carbonatos.

Morphometric analysis of aeolian bedforms in the Namib Sand Sea using ASTER data

The ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) has made elevation data at 30 m spatial resolution freely available, enabling reinvestigation of morphometric relationships derived from limited field data using much larger sample sizes. These data are used to analyse a range of morphometric relationships derived for dunes (between dune height, spacing, and equivalent sand thickness) in the Namib Sand Sea, which was chosen because there are a number of extant studies that could be used for comparison with the results. The relative accuracy of GDEM for capturing dune height and shape was tested against multiple individual ASTER DEM scenes and against field surveys, highlighting the smoothing of the dune crest and resultant underestimation of dune height, and the omission of the smallest dunes, because of the 30 m sampling of ASTER DEM products. It is demonstrated that morphometric relationships derived from GDEM data are broadly comparable with relationships derived by previous methods, across a range of different dune types. The data confirm patterns of dune height, spacing and equivalent sand thickness mapped previously in the Namib Sand Sea, but add new detail to these patterns.

Deglaciation of the Caucasus Mountains, Russia/Georgia, in the 21st century observed with ASTER satellite imagery and aerial photograpy

Changes in the map area of 498 glaciers located on the Main Caucasus ridge (MCR) and on Mt. Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus Mountains (Russia and Georgia) were assessed using multispectral ASTER and panchromatic Landsat imagery with 15 m spatial resolution in 1999/2001 and 2010/2012. Changes in recession rates of glacier snouts between 1987–2001 and 2001–2010 were investigated using aerial photography and ASTER imagery for a sub-sample of 44 glaciers. In total, glacier area decreased by 4.7 ± 2.1% or 19.2 ± 8.7 km2 from 407.3 ± 5.4 km2 to 388.1 ± 5.2 km2. Glaciers located in the central and western MCR lost 13.4 ± 7.3 km2 (4.7 ± 2.5%) in total or 8.5 km2 (5.0 ± 2.4%) and 4.9 km2 (4.1 ± 2.7%) respectively. Glaciers on Mt. Elbrus, although located at higher elevations, lost 5.8 ± 1.4 km2 (4.9 ± 1.2%) of their total area. The recession rates of valley glacier termini increased between 1987–2000/01 and 2000/01–2010 (2000 for the western MCR and 2001 for the central MCR and Mt.~Elbrus) from 3.8 ± 0.8, 3.2 ± 0.9 and 8.3 ± 0.8 m yr−1 to 11.9 ± 1.1, 8.7 ± 1.1 and 14.1 ± 1.1 m yr−1 in the central and western MCR and on Mt. Elbrus respectively. The highest rate of increase in glacier termini retreat was registered on the southern slope of the central MCR where it has tripled. A positive trend in summer temperatures forced glacier recession, and strong positive temperature anomalies in 1998, 2006, and 2010 contributed to the enhanced loss of ice. An increase in accumulation season precipitation observed in the northern MCR since the mid-1980s has not compensated for the effects of summer warming while the negative precipitation anomalies, observed on the southern slope of the central MCR in the 1990s, resulted in stronger glacier wastage.

A morphometric comparison of the Namib and southwest Kalahari dunefields using ASTER GDEM data

The increased availability of digital elevation models and satellite image data enable testing of morphometric relationships between sand dune variables (dune height, spacing and equivalent sand thickness), which were originally established using limited field survey data. These long-established geomorphological hypotheses can now be tested against very much larger samples than were possible when available data were limited to what could be collected by field surveys alone. This project uses ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) data to compare morphometric relationships between sand dune variables in the southwest Kalahari dunefield to those of the Namib Sand Sea, to test whether the relationships found in an active sand sea (Namib) also hold for the fixed dune system of the nearby southwest Kalahari. The data show significant morphometric differences between the simple linear dunes of the Namib sand sea and the southwest Kalahari; the latter do not show the expected positive relationship between dune height and spacing. The southwest Kalahari dunes show a similar range of dune spacings, but they are less tall, on average, than the Namib sand sea dunes. There is a clear spatial pattern to these morphometric data; the tallest and most closely spaced dunes are towards the southeast of the Kalahari dunefield; and this is where the highest values of equivalent sand thickness result. We consider the possible reasons for the observed differences and highlight the need for more studies comparing sand seas and dunefields from different environmental settings.

Aplicação de imagens Aster para estudos territoriais no nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul

É apresentada uma nova abordagem na técnica e na avaliação de área de florestas nativas, exóticas e uso do solo do Nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em particular no entorno da escarpa que divide os Campos de Cima da Serra e a Planície Costeira, caracterizada por apresentar espécies de Pinus elliotti Engelm var elliottiii e Pinus taeda L., Eucalyptus sp. e Araucaria angustifólia (Bert.) O. Ktze. e áreas de campo nativo. Nas últimas décadas tem se verificado avanço das florestas exóticas, principalmente de florestas de pinus, sobre as áreas de campo e florestas nativas, surgindo como uma das maiores fontes de exploração econômica da região. Parcialmente em razão disto, as florestas de araucária distribuem-se de forma pouco homogênea, em decorrência de décadas de desmatamento. As técnicas de classificação em Sensoriamento Remoto, usando imagens de Landsat, mostraram que é possível separar tipos diferentes de vegetação, e no exemplo das florestas na região estudada, tanto nativas como exóticas. As limitações em definições espacial e espectral até meados da década de 1990 motivaram o desenvolvimento de uma nova geração de satélites e sensores, incluindo o sensor ASTER a bordo do satélite Terra. Este sensor apresenta 14 bandas espectrais com diferentes resoluções espaciais, sendo usado nesta pesquisa suas 9 bandas correspondentes ao espectro de radiância refletida. O foco central deste trabalho está na utilização de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento para determinação de áreas de vegetação e uso do solo no extremo leste dos Campos de Cima da Serra, através de imagens orbitais do sensor ASTER. Utilizando métodos de classificação supervisionada foi possível caracterizar a área, separar as espécies vegetais entre si, além de quantificá-las O grupo das 9 bandas foram distribuídas em três grupos: com 3 bandas de resolução espacial de 15 metros no visível e infravermelho próximo (VNIR); com 6 bandas com resolução espacial de 30 metros no infravermelho médio (SWIR); e com 9 bandas com resolução espacial de 30 metros cobrindo toda a faixa de resolução espectral do espectro de radiância refletida do sensor ASTER (VNIR+SWIR). A metodologia incluiu processamento de imagem e classificação com o algoritmo de máxima verossimilhança gaussiana. Os resultados são: 1) é possível identificar tipos diferentes de manejo e idade nas florestas de Pinus elliottii (jovens, adulto, velho e manejado diferenciado); 2) a exatidão geral foi de 90,89% no subsistema VNIR, e o índice do Kappa foi de 0,81 em ambos subsistemas VNIR e (VNIR+SWIR); 3) a classificação apresentando o mapa do uso do solo mostra que, de forma geral, os dados de VNIR têm os melhores resultados, incluindo o detalhamento para pequenas áreas da superfície terrestre. O grupo (VNIR+SWIR) têm potencial superior para a determinação das classes araucária , eucalipto e pinus com manejo / pinus adulto , enquanto que o grupo SWIR não apresenta não vence em nenhuma classe; 4) com relação aos dados de exatidão geral resultantes do subsistema VNIR, a área estimada de pinus é 22,28% da área estudada (cena de 1543,63 quilômetros quadrados totais), e de araucária é 10,10%, revelando que aquela espécie exótica está mudando rapidamente a paisagem da região. Na comparação destes resultados com outros estudos na região pesquisada, verifica-se que a utilização de dados ASTER implica em um aumento na acurácia da classificação de vegetação em geral e que este sensor é altamente apropriado para estudos ambientais, devido a suas excelentes características espaciais e espectrais.

The Aster Project: Flight to a Near-Earth Asteroid

The information on the project being developed in Brazil for a flight to binary or triple near-Earth asteroid is presented. The project plans to launch a spacecraft into an orbit around the asteroid and to study the asteroid and its satellite within six months. Main attention is concentrated on the analysis of trajectories of flight to asteroids with both impulsive and low thrust in the period 2013-2020. For comparison, the characteristics of flights to the (45) Eugenia triple asteroid of the Main Belt are also given.

Batimetria fluvial estimada com dados orbitais: Estudo de caso no alto curso do rio Paraguai com o sensor ASTER

The Paraguay River is the main tributary of the Paraná River and has an extension of 1.693 km in Brazilian territory. The navigability conditions are very important for the regional economy because most of the central-west Brazilian agricultural and mineral production is transported by the Paraguay waterway. Increased sedimentation along the channel requires continuous dredging to waterway maintenance. Systematic bathymetric surveys are periodically carried out in order to check depth condition along the channel using echo-sounding devices. In this paper, digital image processing and geostatistical analysis methods were used to analyze the applicability of the ASTER sensor to estimate channel depths in a segment of the upper Paraguay River. The results were compared with field data in order to choose the band with better adjustment and to evaluate the standard deviation. Comparing the VNIR bands, the best fit was presented by the red wavelength (band 2; 0,63 - 0,69 μm), showing a good representation of the channel depths shallow than 1,7 m. Applying geostatistical methods, the model accuracy was enhanced from 43 cm to 36 cm and undesired components were slacked. It was concluded that the digital number of band 2, converted to bathymetry information allows a good estimation of river depths and channel morphology.

ASTER: A Brazilian mission to an asteroid

The first Brazilian mission to an asteroid is being planned. The target is the asteroid 2001 SN263, which has a NEA orbit of class AMOR. Spectral analysis indicated that this is a C-type asteroid. This type of asteroids are dark and difficult to be studied from Earth. They hold clues of the initial stages of planetary formation and also the origin of water and life on Earth. In fact, radar data showed that 2001 SN263 is composed of three bodies with diameters of about 2.8 km, 1.1 km and 0.4 km. Therefore, the spacecraft will have the opportunity to explore three bodies on the same trip. The mission is scheduled to be launched in 2015, reaching the asteroid in 2018. It will be used a small spacecraft (150 kg) with 30 kg for the payload. The set of scientific instruments being considered to explore the target of this mission include an Imaging Camera, a Laser Rangefinder, an Infrared Spectrometer, a Synthetic Aperture Radar and a Mass Spectrometer. The main measurements to be made include the bulk properties (size, shape, mass, density, dynamics, spin state), the internal properties (structure, gravity field) and surface properties (mineralogy, morphology, elemental composition). The mission also opens an opportunity for some relevant experiments, not directly related to the target. Two such experiments will take benefit from being on board of the spacecraft along the journey to the asteroid system, which will take about three years. The first is an astrobiology experiment. The main goal of this experiment is to determine the viability of the microorganisms survival in extraterrestrial environments simulated in laboratory (chemical atmosphere, temperature, desiccation, vacuum, microgravity and radiation). The second experiment is a plasma package. The main objectives of this experiment are to study the structure and electrodynamics of plasma along the trajectory, the plasma instability processes and the density and temperature of plasma of solar wind origin along the trajectory and near the asteroids. This mission represents a great challenge for the Brazilian space program. It is being structured to allow the full engagement of the Brazilian universities and technological companies in all the necessary developments to be carried out. In this paper, we present some aspects of this mission and details of the payload that will be used and the scientific expectations. Copyright ©2010 by the International Astronautical Federation. All rights reserved.