Apx toxins in Pasteurellaceae species from animals

Pasteurellaceae species particularly of porcine origin which are closely related to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae were analyzed for the presence of analogues to the major A. pleuropneumoniae RTX toxin genes, apxICABD, apxIICA and apxIIICABD and for their expression. Actinobacillus suis contains both apxICABD(var.suis) and apxIICA(var. suis) operons and was shown to produce ApxI and ApxII toxin. Actinobacillus rossii contained the operons apxIICA(var.rossii) and apxIIICABD(var.rossii). However, only the toxin ApxII and not ApxIII could be detected in cultures of A. rossii. The Apx toxins found in A. suis and A. rossi may play a role in virulence of these pathogens. Actinobacillus lignieresii, which was included since it is phylogenetically very closely related to A. pleuropneumoniae, was found to contain a full apxICABD(var.lign.) operon which however lacks the -35 and -10 boxes in the promoter sequences. As expected from these results, no expression of ApxI was detected in A. lignieresii grown under standard culture conditions. Actinobacillus seminis, Actinobacillus equuli, Pasteurella aerogenes, Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, and also Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, which is known to secrete leukotoxin, were all shown to be devoid of any of the apx toxin genes and did not produce ApxI, ApxII or ApxIII toxin proteins. However, proteins of slightly lower molecular mass than ApxI, ApxII and ApxIII which showed limited cross-reactions with monospecific, polyclonal anti-ApxI, anti-ApxII and anti-ApxIII were detected on immunoblot analysis of A. equuli, A. seminis and P. aerogenes. The presence of Apx toxins and proteins that imunologically cross react with Apx toxins in porcine Actinobacillus species other than A. pleuropneumoniae can be expected to interfere with serodiagnosis of porcine pleuropneumonia.

APX-1 can substitute for its homolog LAG-2 to direct cell interactions throughout Caenorhabditis elegans development.

The homologous LAG-2 and APX-1 membrane proteins are putative signaling ligands in the GLP-1/LIN-12 signal-transduction pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Normally, LAG-2 and APX-1 mediate distinct cell interactions. Here, we demonstrate that APX-1, which normally interacts with GLP-1 in the early embryo, can substitute for LAG-2 throughout development. When expressed under control of the lag-2 promoter, an apx-1 cDNA can completely rescue a lag-2 null mutant. To substitute for LAG-2, APX-1 must be able to interact with both GLP-1 and LIN-12 receptors and to mediate a variety of cell interactions during development. Therefore, APX-1 and LAG-2 are essentially equivalent in their ability to influence receptor activity. On the basis of this result, we suggest that the existence of multiple-signaling ligands in the LIN-12/GLP-1 signal transduction pathway does not reflect the evolution of functionally distinct proteins but rather the imposition of distinct controls of gene expression upon functionally similar proteins. Finally, we propose that the specification of distinct cell fates by the LIN-12/GLP-1 signal-transduction pathway relies on activities functioning downstream of the ligand and receptor, rather than on specific ligand-receptor interactions.

Vindication of Dr. Paley's theory of morals from the principal objections of Mr. Dugald Stewart, Mr. Gisborne, Dr. Pearson, and Dr. Thomas Brown; with an apx. containing strictures on some remarks of Dr. Whately.

Mode of access: Internet.

Operator and organizational maintenance manual : transponder set AN/APX-44.

"7 May 1963."

Organizational/field/intermediate/DS, GS, and depot maintenance with illustrated parts breakdown : control, transponder set, C-6280(P)/APX, C-6280A(P)/APX, C-6717/APX, & C-7483/APX : Admiral aircraft radio.

"1 November 1969."

Direct support, general support or aviation intermediate maintenance (AVIM) : receiver-transmitter, radio RT-859A/APX-72 (NSN 5895-00-149-1319) using test set AN/APM-305A (NSN 6625-01-052-3881).

"5 January 1982."

Organizational maintenance manual : receiver-transmitters, radio, RT-859/APX-72 (NSN 5895-00-089-7179), RT-859A/APX-72 (NSN 5895-00-160-2198) and mountings ....

"June 1967."

Direct support and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools lists ... for receiver-transmitters, radio RT-859/APX-72 (NSN 5895-00-089-7179), RT-859A/APX-72 (NSN 5895-00-160-2198), and mountings ....

"June 1978."

Organizational/intermediate maintenance with depot overhaul instructions and illustrated parts breakdown : transponder set test set TS-1843A/APX (P/N 01A233750-21-11, -12) (Stewart-Warner) (F33657-68-C-1265) (F33657-71-C-0752).

"15 February 1972."

Complexity of distance paired-domination problem in graphs

Suppose G = (V, E) is a simple graph and k is a fixed positive integer. A subset D subset of V is a distance k-dominating set of G if for every u is an element of V. there exists a vertex v is an element of D such that d(G)(u, v) <= k, where d(G)(u, v) is the distance between u and v in G. A set D subset of V is a distance k-paired-dominating set of G if D is a distance k-dominating set and the induced subgraph GD] contains a perfect matching. Given a graph G = (V, E) and a fixed integer k > 0, the MIN DISTANCE k-PAIRED-DOM SET problem is to find a minimum cardinality distance k-paired-dominating set of G. In this paper, we show that the decision version of MIN DISTANCE k-PAIRED-DOM SET iS NP-complete for undirected path graphs. This strengthens the complexity of decision version Of MIN DISTANCE k-PAIRED-DOM SET problem in chordal graphs. We show that for a given graph G, unless NP subset of DTIME (n(0)((log) (log) (n)) MIN DISTANCE k-PAIRED-Dom SET problem cannot be approximated within a factor of (1 -epsilon ) In n for any epsilon > 0, where n is the number of vertices in G. We also show that MIN DISTANCE k-PAIRED-DOM SET problem is APX-complete for graphs with degree bounded by 3. On the positive side, we present a linear time algorithm to compute the minimum cardinality of a distance k-paired-dominating set of a strongly chordal graph G if a strong elimination ordering of G is provided. We show that for a given graph G, MIN DISTANCE k-PAIRED-DOM SET problem can be approximated with an approximation factor of 1 + In 2 + k . In(Delta(G)), where Delta(G) denotes the maximum degree of G. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Hardness results for computing optimal locally Gabriel graphs

Delaunay and Gabriel graphs are widely studied geo-metric proximity structures. Motivated by applications in wireless routing, relaxed versions of these graphs known as Locally Delaunay Graphs (LDGs) and Lo-cally Gabriel Graphs (LGGs) have been proposed. We propose another generalization of LGGs called Gener-alized Locally Gabriel Graphs (GLGGs) in the context when certain edges are forbidden in the graph. Unlike a Gabriel Graph, there is no unique LGG or GLGG for a given point set because no edge is necessarily in-cluded or excluded. This property allows us to choose an LGG/GLGG that optimizes a parameter of interest in the graph. We show that computing an edge max-imum GLGG for a given problem instance is NP-hard and also APX-hard. We also show that computing an LGG on a given point set with dilation ≤k is NP-hard. Finally, we give an algorithm to verify whether a given geometric graph G= (V, E) is a valid LGG.

植物活性氧的产生及其对生命活动的调控

生命的最基本过程是电子转移，而氧是生命过程中最重要的电子受体，当氧的电子传递发生短路时，形成了极具反应力的超氧自由基（O2_.），O2_. 及其衍生物对生命活动造成种种威胁。生物体内自由基的产生、转化、清除、利用、危害和控制是新兴的学科，属自由基生物学与植物生理学交叉领域。该成果参考自由基医学的研究，改良及建立了一套完整的植物自由基的检测技术，如：O2_. 、H2O2、OH、1O2等活性氧和脂质过氧化产物MDA、活性氧防御酶SOD的测试，同工酶类型的鉴别等，克服了植物特有的干扰组分和自由基寿命短的难题。在此基础上，抓住“自由基在植物体内产生的位点”和“它是怎样危害生命活动的”这两个关键性问题，从“活性氧的产生、转化和清除”、“活性氧及其衍生物对核酸、蛋白质的损伤”“线粒体呼吸链的电子漏失形成O2_. ”、“活性氧对植物乙烯的形成和衰老的调控”、“活性氧对光合作用的影响”、“逆境中活性氧诱导的过氧化损伤”等多个角度开展研究，提出逆境中的代谢障碍是由于自由基代谢不平衡、累积造成的，要维持正常的生命活动必须保持体内恒定的自由基水平。以新的自由基生物学理论对逆境下植物发生的代谢障碍和果蔬自然衰老的导因进行解释，为逆境中植物的异常生命现象采取的调控措施、为自然衰老的干预以及为生物工程提供了新的思路，并将建立的理论应用到农业生产实践中，将APX和SOD两种抗氧化酶基因同时导入水稻。成果达国际先进水平。

拟南芥生育酚环化酶基因（VTE1）在烟草中的表达及功能研究

维生素E（V.E.）在动物细胞内具有抗氧化等重要作用，但在植物体内的功能却鲜为人知。本研究以烟草为材料，利用根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导法在烟草中过量表达拟南芥来源的VTE1。通过外源VTE1基因的过量表达提高内源V.E.的含量, 进而研究转VTE1基因植株对胁迫的耐受性反应，以探讨植物体内V.E.含量与植物胁迫耐受性的关系，为植物抗逆机理的研究和利用奠定基础。 本实验利用CaMV35s启动子与拟南芥来源的生育酚环化酶基因（VTE1）构建的嵌合表达载体，以根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化烟草W38。实验结果表明: 1. 具有卡那霉素抗性的再生植株经PCR检测，得到了与阳性对照一致的495bp的目标片段;经RT-PCR检测，其中90%有外源基因表达。 2. 转基因植株的V.E.含量比对照植株高2倍左右，个别株系高达10.16倍。 3. VTE1基因的表达受环境胁迫的影响，不同程度的冷冻、热激、PEG处理均可影响VTE1基因的表达。经过冷冻处理60分钟、热处理20小时、以及PEG处理6小时，该基因表达量均有提高。冷冻处理条件下该基因的表达量是未处理的3倍，热处理条件下是未处理的2倍左右，PEG处理是未处理的3.5倍。在冷冻、热激、PEG胁迫处理过程中，转化苗的V.E.含量变化与外源VTE1基因的表达相对应，表明转化苗的V.E.合成主要由外源VTE1基因的终产物VTE1催化;在冷冻、热激、PEG胁迫处理过程中，V.E.含量与APX、CAT、SOD等抗氧化酶活性之间存在一定程度的正相关性，表明V.E.与这些抗氧化酶共同组成了植物体内的抗氧化网络，保护植株免受氧化损伤;V.E.的变化与MDA之间存在一定程度的负相关性，减轻植物的过氧化损伤; 4. V.E.可提高植物的抗旱性，我们检测了11个转化烟草株系的叶片相对含水量（RWC），在大多数转化烟草植株中，干旱胁迫24小时的RWC都比野生型高，高出0.16-45%（p<0.001）。表明转基因烟草比野生型更抗旱; 5. 在耐盐性实验中转基因植株对盐的抗性明显高于野生型烟草;同时，在不同盐浓度（150、250mM）胁迫下转基因植株V.E.含量比未转化植株增加了1.3-1.8倍。 这些研究结果表明，在植物体内转入V.E.代谢途径中的单个外源基因，可有效提高内源V.E.合成，提高植株对环境胁迫的抗性。

外源草酸对采后果实的保鲜效应及其生理机理研究

本文以桃(Prunus persica L. cv. Bayuecui.)栽培种‘八月脆’和芒果（Mangifera indica L.）栽培种‘圣心’为材料，研究外源草酸对采后果实的生理生化效应及其作用机理，为果实贮藏保鲜提供新方法。采后桃果实用1、5 mM的草酸溶液浸果10 min，以浸水10 min为对照，然后在常温下贮藏，测定果实在贮藏期间对草酸处理的一些生理生化反应。芒果经采后杀菌剂（post- P）、采后草酸（post-OA）、采前＋采后草酸（pre-OA + post-OA）、采前Ca ＋ 采后草酸处理（pre-Ca + post-OA）处理，以采后浸水为对照，然后分别将果实在常温(25 C)、低温（14 C）和控制性气调（3% CO2 + 2% O2 ，14 ± 1 C）下贮藏，测定草酸处理对芒果的成熟进程、病情发展及其相关生理指标的影响。研究结果表明如下： 1．与对照相比，草酸处理的桃果实在贮藏期间果实的电解质渗漏量和呼吸速率降低、果实硬度高、果实的抗氧化酶（超氧化物岐化酶、SOD;过氧化物酶，POD;过氧化氢酶、CAT;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、APX）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性提高、脂氧合酶（LOX）活性降低。同时，在贮藏后期，果实的活性氧自由基（ROS）产量（超氧阴离子、O2.;过氧化氢、H2O2)和丙二醛（MDA）含量降低。草酸的这些生理效应有利于保持膜的完整性和延缓桃果实的成熟;草酸诱导POD、SOD、PPO活性可能有助于提高采后果实的抗病性。 2．外源5、10 mM浓度的草酸（pH值中和或不中和）对芒果炭疽病原菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）孢子萌发和菌丝生长均表现出显著的抑制作用。这种作用不仅与草酸降低培养基（PDA）的pH值相关，而且与草酸独特的化学特性相关。 3．在常温、低温和控制性气调贮藏下，采后草酸、采前 + 采后草酸、采前Ca + 采后草酸处理均能有效减缓芒果果实的软化速率，延缓芒果的成熟进程，降低芒果的病情指数，同时改善芒果成熟时的表皮着色，对果实完全后熟时的可溶性固形物（SSC）、可滴定酸（TA）含量、果肉口感均没有产生负面的影响。 4．草酸处理增强芒果细胞膜的稳定性，诱导提高芒果抗氧化酶活性，特别是提高果皮SOD、APX活性，降低LOX活性，以及降低果皮O2.、H2O2 和果肉H2O2含量，抑制采后果实的乙烯生物合成。这些生理生化效应与延缓芒果的成熟衰老和提高果实的抗病性相关。 5． 采后草酸、采前 + 采后草酸和采前Ca + 采后草酸处理表现出高效低廉、无毒无副作用、易操作等优点，是芒果采后贮藏保鲜的可供选、具有实际应用前景的新方法。

外来入侵种紫茎泽兰生理生态学研究

紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.)种子萌发的温度范围是10-30 ℃，最适宜的萌发温度是25℃，高温显著抑制其萌发，35 ℃恒温即没有种子萌发。紫茎泽兰种子萌发对于光的需求为中等，在黑暗中发芽率为17%。紫茎泽兰种子萌发的pH 范围是5.0-7.0，最高发芽率是以蒸馏水为介质，其pH为5.7。紫茎泽兰种子的萌发率随着水势的加大而逐渐降低，在水势大于-0.7 MPa 条件下，即没有种子萌发。在盐分含量小于100 mM NaCl 条件下，其发芽率均大于65%;在盐分含量小于250 mM条件下，其发芽率仍大于10%，当盐分含量达到300 mM NaCl时，即没有种子萌发。紫茎泽兰种子在土壤表层其发芽率最高，当埋藏深度为1.5 cm时即没有种子萌发。根据我们所得的实验结果，对比其原产地的气候条件并结合我国的气候条件和土壤条件进行分析，我们预测紫茎泽兰未来在中国的分布范围将局限在云贵高原，尽管在某些气候和土壤环境适宜的条件下仍有可能会形成零星分布区。 研究了紫茎泽兰和飞机草(Eupatorium odoratum L.)在三种环境胁迫条件下（高温、低温、干旱）七种抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明：这三种环境胁迫都对两种植物的生物膜系统造成了损伤，造成了植物体内丙二醛含量的升高。紫茎泽兰在这三种环境胁迫条件下，DHAR活性都升高;SOD活性也都升高，但是在低温处理时与对照的差别并不明显;POD和GR活性在低温和干旱处理时升高，在高温处理时降低;CAT活性在高温和干旱处理时降低，在低温处理时升高;MDAR活性在在高温和干旱处理时降低，在低温处理时略微上升，但是与对照的差别并不明显;APX活性则在三种环境胁迫下表现各不相同。通过这些结果可以说明：DHAR对紫茎泽兰抵抗不良环境的损伤具有重要作用。 而飞机草的抗氧化酶系统的变化为：SOD、APX和DHAR在三种环境胁迫下酶活性都升高;CAT在高温胁迫下升高，而在低温和干旱胁迫下酶活性降低;POD和MDAR在高温和干旱胁迫下酶活性升高，而在低温胁迫下酶活性降低;GR在高温和干旱胁迫下酶活性升高，而在低温胁迫下保持不变。以上的研究结果说明，SOD、APX和DHAR是飞机草抵御环境胁迫的关键酶。 通过比较两种植物在温度胁迫下抗氧化酶系统的不同响应，我们研究发现：两种植物之所以对温度的忍耐性不同，在一定程度上是由于它们在温度胁迫时抗氧化酶系统所作出的不同响应，抗氧化酶系统很可能在两种植物抵抗温度胁迫过程中扮演重要角色，即通过有效调节抗氧化酶活性来减少植物体内有害物质-活性氧自由基的积累，从而减少对植物细胞膜的损伤。两者的差别主要是：紫茎泽兰在低温胁迫时，清除活性氧的抗氧化酶都增加，这就减轻了活性氧自由基在植物细胞中的积累，从而可以在一定程度上保护植物。但是，在高温胁迫时CAT, POD, APX, GR和MDAR酶活性并没有随着SOD活性的升高而升高，所以很有可能造成对细胞有毒害作用的H2O2累积，其结果就造成了紫茎泽兰在高温胁迫下叶片细胞膜的过氧化程度较强。而飞机草的情况正相反，在低温胁迫下飞机草叶片细胞膜的过氧化程度较强，抗氧化酶的协调上升出现在飞机草遭受高温胁迫时，而当其处于低温胁迫时抗氧化酶间的变化趋势则出现了很大分歧，这说明飞机草在高温胁迫时较低温胁迫时能够较好地保护自身遭受活性氧自由基的伤害。