Effect of configuration and conformation on the spin multiplicity in xylylene type biradicals

The singlet-triplet splitting energy gap DeltaE(S.T) = E-S - E-T is calculated for the ortho-, meta-, and para-xylylenes and their heteroatomic analogous by means of AM1-CI approach. It is shown that when the radical centers R-.(R-.=H2C.-,H2N.+- or HN.-) are twisted sufficiently Tar out of conjugation with the benzene ring, DeltaE(S.T) tends to zero or is negative, i.e, ortho-, meta-, and para-phenylenes turn into weak ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic coupling unit, while they are strong ferromagnetic (meta-isomers) or antiferromagnetic (ortho-, para-isomers) coupling units under planar conformation. It is suggested that serious twisted conformation is not recommended candidate for the design of novel high-spin molecules with stable high-spin ground states by ortho- or para-phenylene coupling unit.

构型与构象对苯双自由基体系基态自旋多重度及其稳定性的影响

利用AM1-CI方法计算了构象对邻、间、对二取代苯双自由基体系基态自旋多重度及其稳定性的影响. 结果表明单 - 三重态能量差(△ES－T)和部分占据分子轨道的能量劈裂(△EPOMO)随自由基与苯环间的二面角而变化. 当二面角接近90°时, 分子具有平面或近平面构象时强的铁磁或反铁磁耦合单元, 由于具有近简并的高自旋和低自旋基态, 而变成弱的反铁磁或铁磁耦合单元. 由此提出为获得具有稳定高自旋基态的高自旋分子, 实验上应尽量避免选用强烈扭曲的邻、对苯分子构象.

A rule to design high spin molecules with hetero-spin centers

The series of biradicals with m-phenylene coupling unit and hetero-spin centers were calculated compared with those possessing home-spin centers using AM1-CI method. A simple rule was proposed to design high spin molecules with ferromagnetic coupling unit and hetero-spin centers. Two neutral (or charged) hetero-spin centers resulted in high spin ground state, one neutral and another charged hetero-spin centers correspond to low spin ground state. The latter was ascribed to the huge splitting of two partially occupied molecular orbitals.

Using triazine as coupling unit for intramolecular ferromagnetic coupling of multiradicals

Novel high spin tri-, tetra-, pentaradicals, composed of triazine coupling units and cationic amino radical spin centers (+ . NH) under various configurations and linkages, are predicted from AM1-CI calculations. It is found that for charged planar multiradicals the stability of high spin ground states depends on both the molecular configuration and the number of end groups. Generally, cyclic 1,3-bridged charged multiradicals (S less than or equal to 5/2) possess more stable high spin ground states than their isomers under the branched 1,3,5,-bridged configuration. Therefore, it is suggested that in the design of planar high spin molecules with stable high spin ground states, less end groups and all the supposed spin centers and/or the coupling units should be under the same structural situation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The intermolecular coupling through space for stacked high spin molecules

Intermolecular ferromagnetic interactions in two stacking models for the dimer of high spin molecules are investigated by means of AM1-CI approach. It is shown that the stability of high spin ground state versus low spin state can be simply traced back to the number and the extent of atoms with reversed signs of pi-spin density in neighboring molecules coupled to each other in shortest distance.

设计具有稳定高自旋基态多自由基体系的结构规则

利用半经验AM1分子轨道方法引入组态相互作用,研究了双自由基体系三重态基态稳定性随分子构象的变化,进一步研究了氯取代基的数量及取代基的位置对基态稳定性的影响。首次发现了影响双自由基及多自由基体系高自旋基态稳定性的自旋分布规律,提出了设计高自旋分子的结构规则。

NDDO-based CI methods for the prediction of electronic spectra and sum-over-states molecular hyperpolarization

NDDO-based (AM1) configuration interaction (CI) calculations have been used to calculate the wavelength and oscillator strengths of electronic absorptions in organic molecules and the results used in a sum-over-states treatment to calculate second-order-hyperpolarizabilities. The results for both spectra and hyperpolarizabilities are of acceptable quality as long as a suitable CI-expansion is used. We have found that using an active space of eight electrons in eight orbitals and including all single and pair-double excitations in the CI leads to results that agree well with experiment and that do not change significantly with increasing active space for most organic molecules. Calculated second-order hyperpolarizabilities using this type of CI within a sum-over-states calculation appear to be of useful accuracy.

Effect of engine backpressure on the performance and emissions of a CI engine

This study investigated the effect of engine backpressure on the performance and emissions of a CI engine under different speed and load conditions. A 4-stroke single cylinder naturally aspirated direct injection (DI) diesel engine was used for the investigation with the backpressure of 0, 40, 60 and 80 mm of Hg at engine speed of 600, 950 and 1200 rpm. Two parameters were measured during the engine operation: one is engine performance (brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption), and the other is the exhaust emissions (NOx, CO and odor). NOx and CO emission were measured by flue gas analyzer (IMR 1400). The engine backpressure produced by the flow regulating valve in the exhaust line was measured by Hg (mercury) manometer. The result showed that, the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) are almost unchanged with increasing backpressure up to 40 mm of Hg pressure for all engine speed and load conditions. The NOx emission became constant or a little decreased with increasing backpressure. The formation of CO was slightly higher with increase of load and back pressure at low engine speed condition. However, under high speed conditions, CO reduced significantly with increasing backpressure for all load conditions. The odor level was similar or a little higher with increasing backpressure for all engine speed and load conditions. Hence, backpressure up to a certain level is not detrimental for a CI engine.

The clay-size fraction of CI chondrites Alais and Orgueil : an AEM study

CI chondrites are used pervasively in the meteorite literature as a cosmochemical reference point for bulk compositions[1], isotope analyses[2] and, within certain models of meteorite evolution, as an important component of an alteration sequence within the carbonaceous chondrite subset[3]. More recently, the chemical variablity of CI chondrite matrices (which comprise >80% of the meteorite), has been cited in discussions about the "chondritic" nature of spectroscopic data from P/comet Halley missions[4] and of chemical data from related materials such as interplanetary dust particles[5]. Most CI chondrites have been studied as bulk samples(e.g. major and trace element abundances)and considerable effort has also been focussed on accessory phases such as magnetites, olivine, sulphates and carbonates [6-8]. A number of early studies showed that the primary constituents of CI matrices are layer silicates and the most definitive structural study on powdered samples identified two minerals: montmorillonite and serpentine[9]. In many cases, as with the study by Bass[9],the relative scarcity of most CI chondrites restricts such bulk analyses to the Orgueil meteorite. The electron microprobe/SEM has been used on petrographic sections to more precisely define the "bulk" composition of at least four CI matrices[3], and as recently summarised by McSween[3], these data define a compositional trend quite different to that obtained for CM chondrite matrices. These "defocussed-beam" microprobe analyses average major element compositions over matrix regions ~lOOµm in diameter and provide only an approximation to silicate mineral composition(s) because their grain sizes are much less than the diameter of the beam. In order to (a) more precisely define the major element compositions of individual mineral grains within CI matrices, and (b)complement previous TEM studies [11,12], we have undertaken an analytical electron microscopy (AEM) study of Alais and Orgueil matrices.

Trace phases in CI chondrites Alais and Orgueil

Minor phases in meteorites are important indicators of parent-body processing conditions. For example, Kerridge and others (1, 2) have shown that the presence of sulphates and carbonates in CI chondrites provides evidence for aqueous alteration on the parent body. Carbonates and sulphates are relatively prominent components of CI chondrites (e.g., -11.6 wt.% of total mass' and> 10 um diameter) compared to minor phases in most other classes of meteorite and thus, have been amenable to macro scale characterisation using optical petrography and electron microprobe analysis. These minor phases account for significant accumulations of low abundance elements, such as Na, S, K, Ca, and Ni within the bulk meteorite. The fine grained matrix, which consists mostly oflizardite- and montmorillonite-like clays (3), is the...

Microalgae: An alternative source of biodiesel for the compression ignition (CI) engine

This thesis is a comprehensive study of microalgae biodiesel for the compression ignition engine. It examines microalgae growing conditions, the extraction process and physiochemical properties with a wide range of microalgae species. It also evaluates microalgae biodiesel with regards to engine performance and emission characteristics and explains the difficulties and potentiality of microalgae as a biodiesel. In doing so, an extensive analysis of different extraction methods and engine testing was conducted and a comprehensive study on microalgae biodiesel is presented.

Structure of l-Diphenylmethyl-3-hydroxyazetidinium Chloride,* C 16 H lsN O+.CI -

M r=275.8, monoclinic, P21/a, a= 12.356 (5), b=9.054 (4), c= 14.043 (4) A, t= 100.34 (3) ° , V=1545.5A 3, Z=4, D,,,= 1.14, D x = 1.185 Mg m -3, p(Mo Ka, /l = 0.7107 ]k) = 2.77 mm -1, F(000) = 584.0, T= 293 K, R = 0.053 for 1088 reflections. The four-membered ring is buckled 13.0 ° (0= 167.0°). The azetidinium moiety is linked to the C1- ion through a hydrogen bond [O-H...C1 = 3.166 (5) A].

大分子物质的质谱研究

1. 利用解吸化学电离质谱(DCI-MS)，研究了C_(60)与烷基甲醚和伯醇自身化学电离(self-CI)产物之间的气相离子-分子反应，观察到加成离子[C_(60)C_2H_5O]~+和质子化分子[C_(60)H]~+是C_(60)与烷基甲醚等离子体反应的主要产物；相反，没有检测到C_(60)与伯醇离子体系形成的相应加成产物。利用AM1半经验方法对[C_(60)C_2H_5O]~+的十四种可能结构进行了计算。结果表明最稳定的加成产物是[3+2]环加成产物，并提出了该加成产物的形成途径。2. 使用同样方法研究了C_(60)与丙烯酸甲酯离子体系发生的气相离子-分子反应，观察到加成离子[C_(60)C_3H_3O]~+和质子化分子[C_(60)H]~+为主要产物。利用AM1半经验方法对[C_(60)C_3H_3O]~+的八种可能结构进行了计算，结果表明三种环加成产物为最稳定结构。3. 合成了一系列L7和σ因子肽片段，并利用基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱(MALDI-MS)、电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)和圆二色(CD)对高效液相色谱(HPLC)提纯的合成肽进行了表征。4. 利用ESI-MS研究了L7和σ合成肽与蛋白质G和蛋白质A的复合物，发现了该复合物产生的最佳条件及其稳定性；并结合亲和色谱，证明了L7和σ合成肽与蛋白质G或蛋白质A形成的复合物是具有特异性的非共价复合物。5. 通过竞争酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）、亲和色谱和MALDI-MS的联用，发现L7和σ肽与IgG的Fc片断在蛋白质G和蛋白质A的结合位置不同。6. 利用鸡多克隆抗L7抗体通过免疫键合印迹法发现L7和σ肽之间没有交叉反应性。