渤海湾不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量及AhR 通道研究

渤海湾沿岸人口密集，工农、航运发达，渤海自身净化能力非常有限。因此，渤海湾 环境污染的压力越来越大，主要污染物包括重金属和持久性有机污染物的。四角蛤蜊广泛 分布于渤海湾海域，是一种重要的经济贝类，对污染物具有较强的富集能力。为了研究不 同站点渤海湾四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量，选择大港油田、高沙岭码头、涧河村三个断面 进行研究，对不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量进行了分析和讨论，最后对水生动物的 POPs 毒理调控通道进行了探索性研究，得到以下结果： 1. 通过比较渤海不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量分布特征和方差分析，发现四 角蛤蜊软体部必需重金属元素含量较高，而非必需重金属元素含量较低，这是由于必需重 金属元素具有重要的生理功能作用。侧重比较A、B 两个断面各站位间四角蛤蜊软体部重 金属含量，发现虽然各站位间分布规律不明显，但各站位间差异显著。 2. 利用简单相关回归分析金属元素间及其与生物学性状间的关系，发现Mn 与Zn 之 间，Cu 与Zn 间均存在显著正相关，Se 与As、Cd 间存在显著正相关。另外，A 断面，BL 与Cd 含量显著负相关其回归方程为：Y（Cd）=－1395.97＋88.34（BL）；R=0.633；在B 断面，利用BW 和BH 分别与Cd 和As 显著负相关和显著正相关，其回归方程分别为：BW 和Cd 的回归方程为：Y（Cd）=－1968.80＋220.72（BW）；R=0.656。BH 和As 的回归方 程为：Y（As）=1496.86＋227.82（BH）；R=0.656。 3. 利用PLS（偏最小二乘分析）方法分析，发现五个生物学性状都与Co、As 呈正相 关，而与Cr、Pb、Se 呈负相关，而与必须重金属元素相关不明显。进一步分析表明表明 渤海湾海域中Co、As 含量低于四角蛤蜊正常生长发育的需要，而Cr、Pb、Se 的含量超过 四角蛤蜊正常生长发育所需的量。最后，通过PLS-DA 分析方法，发现C 站点样品能与A、 B 两个断面的站点区分开，而A、B 间未能区分开，反映了渤海湾三个断面的实际污染状 况。 4. 四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量进行风险评价，首先，利用单因子污染指数法比较分析， 发现从1997 年-2008 年，渤海湾四角蛤蜊软体部Cd 的污染水平在不断降低，现在其含量 已低于《海洋生物质量标准》（第二类）标准。而Cr、As 有污染的趋势，需要引起重视。 然后，利用金属污染指数法进行比较研究，发现B 断面＞A 断面＞C 断面。最后，利用《人 体消费卫生标准》进行比较分析，发现Cd、Ni 存在轻度污染，因此需要加强其污染源的 控制。 5. 渤海湾污染物除了重金属外，还存在一些典型持久性有机污染物。为进一步揭示 二者间协同毒理机制，利用分子系统学方法，对芳香烃受体通道进行了探索性研究，发现 水生动物AhR通道基因在进化过程中发生了适应性进化，对进一步研究重金属和POPs对双 壳贝类的毒理机制具有参考价值。

Assessment of cytotoxicity and AhR-mediated toxicity in tropical fresh water sediments under the influence of an oil refinery

Oil refinery effluents contain many chemicals at variable concentrations. Therefore, it is difficult to predict potential effects on the environment. The Atibaia River (SP, Brazil), which serves as a source of water supply for many municipalities, receives the effluents of one of the biggest oil refinery of this country. The aim of this study was to identify the (eco)toxicity of fresh water sediments under the influence of this oil refinery through neutral red (cytotoxicity) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assays (AhR-mediated toxicity) in RTL-W1 cells (derived from fish liver). Once the refinery captures the waters of Jaguarí River for the development of its activities and discharges its effluents after treatment into the Atibaia River, which then flows into Piracicaba River, sediments from both river systems were also investigated. The samples showed a high cytotoxic potential, even when compared to well-known pollution sites. However, the cytotoxicity of samples collected downstream the effluent was not higher than that of sediments collected upstream, which suggested that the refinery discharges are not the main source of pollution in those areas. No EROD activity could be recorded, which could be confirmed by chemical analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that revealed a high concentration of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, which are not EROD inducers in RTL-W1 cells. In contrast, high concentrations of PAHs were found upstream the refinery effluent, corroborating cytotoxicity results from the neutral red assay. A decrease of PAHs was recorded from upstream to downstream the refinery effluent, probably due to dilution of compounds following water discharges. On the other hand, these discharges apparently contribute specifically to the amount of anthracene in the river, since an increase of anthracene concentrations could be recorded downstream the effluent. Since the extrapolation of results from acute toxicity to specific toxic effects with different modes of action is a complex task, complementary bioassays covering additional specific effects should be applied in future studies for better understanding of the overall ecotoxicity of those environments.

Papel do resveratrol sobra a modulação do receptor Aril-hidrocarboneto (AhR) e o desenvolvimento da próstata de ratos expostos ao 2, 3, 7, 8-tetraclorodibenzo-p-dioxina (TDCC) durante a gestação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Characterization of a murine Ahr null allele: involvement of the Ah receptor in hepatic growth and development.

The Ah receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates a pleiotropic response to environmental contaminants such as benzo[a]pyrene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. In an effort to gain insight into the physiological role of the AHR and to develop models useful in risk assessment, gene targeting was used to inactivate the murine Ahr gene by homologous recombination. Ahr-/- mice are viable and fertile but show a spectrum of hepatic defects that indicate a role for the AHR in normal liver growth and development. The Ahr-/- phenotype is most severe between 0-3 weeks of age and involves slowed early growth and hepatic defects, including reduced liver weight, transient microvesicular fatty metamorphosis, prolonged extramedullary hematopoiesis, and portal hypercellularity with thickening and fibrosis.

Die Rheinlande von der Schweizer bis zur holländischen grenze : Schwarzwald, Vogesen, Haardt, Odenwald, Taunus, Eifel, Siebengebirge, Nahe, Lahn, Mosel, Ahr, Wupper und Ruhr /

Mode of access: Internet.

Tuhfat ul Ahrār, the gift of the noble: being one of the seven poems, or Haft Aurang, of Mullā Jāmī, now first ed. from the collation of eight manuscripts in the library of the Indian house, and in private collections, with various readings,

Mode of access: Internet.

Effet des pesticides MCPA et imidaclopride sur la régulation des voies de signalisation du récepteur à la dioxine (AhR) et au récepteur aux androgènes (AR)

Avec l’ère industrielle sont venus les polluants environnementaux. Ils sont de plus en plus pointés du doigt pour une variété d’effets indésirables en particulier pour leur potentiel à affecter la santé humaine. Les pesticides font partie de ces polluants et leurs usages ne font que croître depuis une vingtaine d’années. Ces produits qui servent à améliorer la production agricole en éliminant les pestes qui ravagent les récoltes sont souvent peu étudiés à long terme avant d’être homologués. L’effet perturbateur au niveau cellulaire et les effets à long terme de ces pesticides sont peu connus. Pour ce projet de maîtrise, nous avons observé l’effet de deux pesticides, l’imidaclopride et l’acide 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic (MCPA), sur les voies de signalisation du récepteur à la dioxine (AhR) et du récepteur aux androgènes (AR). L’imidaclopride est un insecticide de la famille des néonicotinoïdes, une classe de plus en plus utilisée. Ce pesticide est surtout connu pour être en lien avec le déclin des colonies d’abeilles depuis une décennie. Le MCPA est un des herbicides les plus utilisés au Québec, il est persistant et souvent retrouvé dans les eaux de la province. Nous avons traité des cellules du cancer du sein et des cellules du cancer de la prostate avec ces pesticides et nous avons vérifié si leur présence perturbait les deux voies de signalisation cellulaire à l’étude. Le récepteur AhR est un facteur de transcription activé par un ligand. Le TCDD, une dioxine, est le meilleur ligand exogène connu à ce jour de ce récepteur. Par contre, ses ligands naturels, des dérivés du tryptophane ou des facteurs de virulence de bactéries, l’activent de façon beaucoup moins forte. Lors de l’activation de la voie AhR, les gènes CYP1A1 et CYP1B1 sont transcrits et codent pour des enzymes du cytochrome P450 qui transforment les ligands en produits plus facilement éliminables. Dans un contexte où de l’œstradiol (E2) est présent dans les cellules, il y a une interaction croisée entre le récepteur à l’œstrogène (ER) et le récepteur AhR, qui fait en sorte que l’expression de CYP1A1 est réprimée. Cela se traduit en un ratio d’enzyme CYP1A1 à CYP1B1 différent qui pourrait augmenter la possibilité d’une accumulation de métabolites génotoxiques. En effet, CYP1B1 hydroxyle le ligand d’AhR mais aussi l’œstradiol en 4-hydroxyœstradiol (4-OHE), dont l’accumulation peut amener des mutations dans l’ADN alors que l’enzyme CYP1A1 l’hydroxyle en 2-hydroxyœstradiol (2-OHE), qui n’as aucun effet néfaste répertorié sur la cellule. Dans les cellules du cancer du sein, le MCPA appliqué en champs induisait fortement l’expression de CYP1B1 comparable à l’échantillon traité au témoin positif (TCDD), alors que CYP1A1 l’était que très légèrement par rapport au témoin non-traité. Au niveau protéique, CYP1A1 n’était qu’exprimée dans le témoin positif (TCDD) et ce, en quantité moindre lorsqu’il y avait présence d’œstradiol. CYP1B1 était fortement exprimée dans l’échantillon de TCDD, ce qui était attendu, mais aussi dans tous les échantillons traités au MCPA de NuFarm. Ces effets ne sont pas notés avec l’ingrédient actif du MCPA. La présence d’un ou plusieurs autres produits ajoutés dans le MCPA de la compagnie NuFarm en combinaison avec l’ingrédient actif pourrait activer la voie de signalisation d’AhR et causer ce débalancement dans l’expression des gènes CYP1A1 et CYP1B1. Nos résultats indiquent que plusieurs concentrations de l’ingrédient actif de l’imidaclopride ne perturbe pas les voies cellulaires d’AhR ni AR, alors que, le MCPA perturbe ces deux voies cellulaires. Par contre, c’est seulement celui produit par la compagnie NuFarm qui est utilisé en champs. Cette formulation appliquée en terrain agricole inclut l’ingrédient actif ainsi que les antigels, les surfactants et les adjuvants qui permettent au produit d’être plus efficace. L’ingrédient actif du MCPA seul n’affectait pas les deux voies. Le récepteur aux androgènes (AR) est aussi un facteur de transcription qui se lie à l’ADN afin de réguler l’expression des gènes et il est particulièrement important pour le développement et le maintien du phénotype masculin. Depuis une vingtaine d’années, des problèmes de baisse de libido et de fertilité s’accentuent dans notre société et semblent être reliés à la baisse de testostérone des hommes (Travison et al. 2007). Cette molécule est d’ailleurs un des deux ligands du récepteur AR, le deuxième étant la 5-dihydrotestostérone (DHT). Le facteur environnemental plutôt que le mode de vie semble être un facteur déterminant dans l’étude qui portait sur ce déclin. Les pesticides ont déjà été soupçonnés pour avoir un potentiel anti-androgénique, mais aucune étude ne fait un lien de causalité direct. Dans le projet de maitrise présenté dans ce document, l’expression des gènes marqueurs PSA (antigène spécifique de la prostate) et PCA3 (antigène du cancer de la prostate) a été quantifiée pour savoir si les pesticides ont un effet perturbateur sur la voie du récepteur AR. Dans les cellules du cancer de la prostate, l’expression de PSA et PCA3 était semblable au non-traité dans l’échantillon traité au MCPA (NuFarm), et ce, même après l’ajout de DHT, qui active l’expression de ces deux gènes. Cette fois-ci, l’ingrédient actif seul faisait en sorte que les deux gènes marqueurs étaient moins exprimés lors de l’ajout de la DHT, par rapport au témoin. Il semblerait que l’ingrédient actif est à la base de ce changement d’expression de nos gènes marqueurs. Donc, le MCPA pourrait avoir un effet anti-androgénique dans les cellules du cancer de la prostate. Donc, le MCPA est un pesticide qui affecte les voies de signalisation cellulaires AhR et AR. Il est particulier de noter que le pesticide appliqué en champ perturbe nettement plus les voies cellulaires. Il sera important de continuer à étudier les effets des pesticides sur l’homme au niveau cellulaire et de comprendre comment ils pourraient contribuer au développement du cancer.

Constitutive production of IL-13 promotes early-life Chlamydia respiratory infection and allergic airway disease

Deleterious responses to pathogens during infancy may contribute to infection and associated asthma. Chlamydia respiratory infections in early life are common causes of pneumonia and lead to reduced lung function and asthma. We investigated the role of interleukin-13 (IL-13) in promoting early-life Chlamydia respiratory infection, infection-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and severe allergic airway disease (AAD). Infected infant Il13−/− mice had reduced infection, inflammation, and mucus-secreting cell hyperplasia. Surprisingly, infection of wild-type (WT) mice did not increase IL-13 production but reduced IL-13Rα2 decoy receptor levels compared with sham-inoculated controls. Infection of WT but not Il13−/− mice induced persistent AHR. Infection and associated pathology were restored in infected Il13−/− mice by reconstitution with IL-13. Stat6−/− mice were also largely protected. Neutralization of IL-13 during infection prevented subsequent infection-induced severe AAD. Thus, early-life Chlamydia respiratory infection reduces IL-13Rα2 production, which may enhance the effects of constitutive IL-13 and promote more severe infection, persistent AHR, and AAD.

Chemical and bioanalytical assessment of coal seam gas associated water

A comprehensive study was undertaken involving chemical (inorganic and organic) and bioanalytical (a suite of 14 in vitro bioassays) assessments of coal seam gas (coal bed methane) associated water (CSGW) in Queensland, Australia. CSGW is a by-product of the gas extraction process and is generally considered as water of poor quality. This was done to better understand what is known about the potential biological and environmental effects associated with the organic constituents of CSGW in Australia. In Queensland, large amounts of associated water must be withdrawn from coal seams to allow extraction of the gas. CSGW is disposed of via release to surface water, reinjected to groundwater or reused for irrigation of crops or pasture, supplied for power station cooling and or reinjected specifically to augment drinking water aquifers. Groundwater samples were collected from private wells tapping into the Walloon Coal Measures, the same coal aquifer exploited for coal seam gas production in the Surat Basin, Australia. The inorganic characteristics of these water samples were almost identical to the CSGW entering the nearby gas company operated Talinga-Condabri Water Treatment Facility. The water is brackish with a pH of 8 to 9, high sodium, bicarbonate and chloride concentrations but low calcium, magnesium and negligible sulphate concentrations. Only low levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in the water samples, and neither phenols nor volatile organic compounds were found. Results from the bioassays showed no genotoxicity, protein damage, or activation of hormone receptors (with the exception of the estrogen receptor). However, five of the 14 bioassays gave positive responses: an arylhydrocarbon-receptor gene activation assay (AhR-CAFLUX), estrogenic endocrine activity (ERα-CALUX), oxidative stress response (AREc32), interference with cytokine production (THP1-CPA) and non-specific toxicity (Microtox). The observed effects were benchmarked against known water sources and were similar to secondary treated wastewater effluent, stormwater and surface water. As mixture toxicity modelling demonstrated, the detected PAHs explained less than 5% of the observed biological effects.

Cytochrome P450 aromatase in grey mullet: cDNA and promoter isolation; brain, pituitary and ovarian expression during puberty.

In a study towards elucidating the role of aromatases during puberty in female grey mullet, the cDNAs of the brain (muCyp19b) and ovarian (muCyp19a) aromatase were isolated by RT-PCR and their relative expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The muCyp19a ORF of 1515 bp encoded 505 predicted amino acid residues, while that of muCyp19b was 1485 bp and encoded 495 predicted amino acid residues. The expression level of muCyp19b significantly increased in the brain as puberty advanced; however, its expression level in the pituitary increased only slightly with pubertal development. In the ovary, the muCyp19a expression level markedly increased as puberty progressed. The promoter regions of the two genes were also isolated and their functionality evaluated in vitro using luciferase as the reporter gene. The muCyp19a promoter sequence (650 bp) contained a consensus TATA box and putative transcription factor binding sites, including two half EREs, an SF-1, an AhR/Arnt, a PR and two GATA-3s. The muCyp19b promoter sequence (2500 bp) showed consensus TATA and CCAAT boxes and putative transcription binding sites, namely: a PR, an ERE, a half ERE, a SP-1, two GATA-binding factor, one half GATA-1, two C/EBPs, a GRE, a NFkappaB, three STATs, a PPAR/RXR, an Ahr/Arnt and a CRE. Basal activity of serially deleted promoter constructs transiently transfected into COS-7, [alpha]T3 and TE671 cells demonstrated the enhancing and silencing roles of the putative transcription factor binding sites. Quinpirole, a dopamine agonist, significantly reduced the promoter activity of muCyp19b in TE671. The results suggest tissue-specific regulation of the muCyp19 genes and a putative alternative promoter for muCyp19b.

Expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and metabolism of timolol in human ocular tissue

Glaucoma is a group of progressive optic neuropathies causing irreversible blindness if not diagnosed and treated in the early state of progression. Disease is often, but not always, associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP), which is also the most important risk factor for glaucoma. Ophthlamic timolol preparations have been used for decades to lower increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Timolol is locally well tolerated but may cause e.g. cardiovascular and pulmonary adverse effects due to systemic absorption. It has been reported that approximately 80% of a topically administered eye drop is systemically absorbed. However, only limited information is available on timolol metabolism in the liver or especially in the human eye. The aim of this work was to investigate metabolism of timolol in human liver and human ocular tissues. The expression of drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the human ciliary epithelial cells was studied. The metabolism of timolol and the interaction potential of timolol with other commercially available medicines were investigated in vitro using different liver preparations. The absorption of timolol to the aqueous humor from two commercially available products: 0.1% eye gel and 0.5% eye drops and the presence of timolol metabolites in the aqueous humor were investigated in a clinical trial. Timolol was confirmed to be metabolized mainly by CYP2D6 as previously suggested. Potent CYP2D6 inhibitors especially fluoxetine, paroxetine and quinidine inhibited the metabolism of timolol. The inhibition may be of clinical significance in patients using ophthalmic timolol products. CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNAs were expressed in the human ciliary epithelial cells. CYP1B1 was also expressed at protein level and the expression was strongly induced by a known potent CYP1B1 inducer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The CYP1B1 induction is suggested to be mediated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Low levels of CYP2D6 mRNA splice variants were expressed in the human ciliary epithelial cells and very low levels of timolol metabolites were detected in the human aqueous humor. It seems that negligible amount of CYP2D6 protein is expressed in the human ocular tissues. Timolol 0.1% eye gel leads to aqueous humor concentration high enough to achieve therapeutic effect. Inter-individual variation in concentrations is low and intraocular as well as systemic safety can be increased when using this product with lower timolol concentration instead of timolol 0.5% eye drops.

Toxicity of dioxin to developing teeth and salivary glands : An experimental study

Dioxins are ubiquitous environmental poisons having unequivocal adverse health effects on various species. The majority of their effects are thought to be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Developing human teeth may be sensitive to dioxins and the most toxic dioxin congener, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), is developmentally toxic to rodent teeth. Mechanisms of TCDD toxicity can be studied only experimentally. The aim of the present thesis work was to delineate morphological end points of developmental toxicity of TCDD in rat and mouse teeth and salivary glands in vivo and in vitro and to characterize their cellular and molecular background. Mouse embryonic teeth and submandibular gland explants were grown in organ culture without/with TCDD at various concentrations, examined stereomicroscopically and processed for histological examination. The effects of TCDD on cellular mechanisms essential for organogenesis were investigated. The expression of various genes eliciting the response to TCDD exposure or involved in tooth and salivary gland development was studied at the mRNA and/or protein levels by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Association of the dental effects of TCDD with the resistance of a rat strain to TCDD acute lethality was analyzed in two lactationally exposed rat strains. The effect of TCDD on rat molar tooth mineralization was studied in tissue sections. TCDD dose- and developmental stage-dependently interfered with tooth formation. TCDD prevented early mouse molar tooth morphogenesis and altered cuspal morphology by enhancing programmend cell death, or apoptosis, in dental epithelial cells programmed to undergo apotosis. Cell proliferation was not affected. TCDD impaired mineralization of rat molar dental matrices, possibly by specifically reducing the expression of the mineralization-related dentin sialophosphoprotein gene shown in cultured mouse teeth. The impaired mineralization of rat teeth was accompanied by decreased expression of AhR and the TCDD-inducible xenobiotic-metabolozing enzyme P4501 A1 (CYP1A1), suggesting mediation of the TCDD effect by the AhR pathway. The severe interference by TCDD with rat incisor formation was independent of the genotypic variation of AhR determining the resistance of a rat strain to TCDD acute lethality. The impairment by TCDD of mouse submandibular gland branching morphogenesis was associated with CYP1A1 induction and involved blockage of EGF receptor signalling. In conclusion, TCDD exposure is likely to have activated the AhR pathway in target organs with the consequent activation of other signalling pathways involving developmentally regulated genes. The resultant phenotype is organ specific and modified by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and dependent on dose as well as the stage of organogenesis at the time of TCDD exposure. Teeth appear to be responsive to TCDD exposure throughout their development.

Genetic Basis of Pituitary Adenoma Predisposition

Much of the global cancer research is focused on the most prevalent tumors; yet, less common tumor types warrant investigation, since A rare disorder is not necessarily an unimportant one . The present work discusses a rare tumor type, the benign adenomas of the pituitary gland, and presents the advances which, during the course of this thesis work, contributed to the elucidation of a fraction of their genetic background. Pituitary adenomas are benign neoplasms of the anterior pituitary lobe, accounting for approximately 15% of all intracranial tumors. Pituitary adenoma cells hypersecrete the hormones normally produced by the anterior pituitary tissue, such as growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL). Despite their non-metastasizing nature, these adenomas can cause significant morbidity and have to be adequately treated; otherwise, they can compromise the patient s quality of life, due to conditions provoked by hormonal hypersecretion, such as acromegaly in the case of GH-secreting adenomas, or due to compressive effects to surrounding tissues. The vast majority of pituitary adenomas arise sporadically, whereas a small subset occur as component of familial endocrine-related tumor syndromes, such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and Carney complex (CNC). MEN1 is caused by germline mutations in the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene (11q13), whereas the majority of CNC cases carry germline mutations in the PRKAR1A gene (17q24). Pituitary adenomas are also encountered in familial settings outside the context of MEN1 and CNC, but unlike in the latter syndromes, their genetic background until recently remained elusive. Evidence in previous literature supported the notion that a tumor suppressor gene on 11q13, residing very close to but still distinct from MEN1, causes genetic susceptibility to pituitary tumors. The aim of the study was to identify the genetic cause of a low penetrance form of Pituitary Adenoma Predisposition (PAP) in families from Northern Finland. The present work describes the methodological approach that led to the identification of aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) as the gene causing PAP. Combining chip-based technologies (SNP and gene expression arrays) with traditional gene mapping methods and genealogy data, we showed that germline AIP mutations cause PAP in familial and sporadic settings. PAP patients were diagnosed with mostly adenomas of the GH/PRL-secreting cell lineage. In Finland, two AIP mutations accounted for 16% of all patients diagnosed with GH-secreting adenomas, and for 40% of patients being younger than 35 years of age at diagnosis. AIP is suggested to act as a tumor suppressor gene, a notion supported by the nature of the identified mutations (most are truncating) and the biallelic inactivation of AIP in the tumors studied. AIP has been best characterized as a cytoplasmic interaction partner of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), also known as dioxin receptor, but it has other partners as well. The mechanisms that underlie AIP-mediated pituitary tumorigenesis are to date largely unknown and warrant further investigation. Because AIP was identified in the genetically homogeneous Finnish population, it was relevant to examine its contribution to PAP in other, more heterogeneous, populations. Analysis of pituitary adenoma patient series of various ethnic origins and differing clinical settings revealed germline AIP mutations in all cohorts studied, albeit with low frequencies (range 0.8-7.4%). Overall, PAP patients were typically diagnosed at a young age (range 8-41 years), mainly with GH-secreting adenomas, without strong family history of endocrine disease. Because many PAP patients did not display family history of pituitary adenomas, detection of the condition appeared challenging. AIP immunohistochemistry was tested as a molecular pre-screening tool on mutation-positive versus mutation-negative tumors, and proved to be a potentially useful predictor of PAP. Mutation screening of a large cohort of colorectal, breast, and prostate tumors did not reveal somatic AIP mutations. These tumors, apart from being the most prevalent among men and women worldwide, have been associated with acromegaly, particularly colorectal neoplasia. In this material, AIP did not appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of these common tumor types and other genes seem likely to play a role in such tumorigenesis. Finally, the contribution of AIP in pediatric onset pituitary adenomas was examined in a unique population-based cohort of sporadic pituitary adenoma patients from Italy. Germline AIP mutations may account for a subset of pediatric onset GH-secreting adenomas (in this study one of seven GH-secreting adenoma cases or 14.3%), and appear to be enriched among young (≤25 years old) patients. In summary, this work reveals a novel tumor susceptibility gene, namely AIP, which causes genetic predisposition to pituitary adenomas, in particular GH-secreting adenomas. Moreover, it provides molecular tools for identification of individuals predisposed for PAP. Further elaborate studies addressing the functional role of AIP in normal and tumor cells will hopefully expand our knowledge on endocrine neoplasia and reveal novel cellular mechanisms of pituitary tumorigenesis, including potential drug targets.

Cellular and molecular responses of zebrafish to legacy and emerging pollutants: the specific cases of PAHs and metal oxide nanoparticles

270 p.

Primary cultured cells as sensitive in vitro model for assessment of toxicants-comparison to hepatocytes and gill epithelia

In an effort to develop cultured cell models for toxicity screening and environmental biomonitoring, we compared primary cultured gill epithelia and hepatocytes from freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to assess their sensitivity to AhR agonist toxicants. Epithelia were cultured on permeable supports (terephthalate membranes, "filters") and bathed on the apical with waterborne toxicants (pseudo in vivo asymmetrical culture conditions). Hepatocytes were cultured in multi-well plates and exposed to toxicants in culture medium. Cytochrome P4501A (measured as 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, EROD) was selected as a biomarker. For cultured gill epithelia, the integrity of the epithelia remained unchanged on exposure to model toxicants, such as 1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), benzo(a)pyrene B[a]P, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture (Aroclor 1254), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture (DE71). A good concentration-dependent response of EROD activity was clearly observed in both cultured gill epithelia and hepatocytes. The time-course response of EROD was measured as early as 3 h, and was maximal after 6 h of exposure to TCDD, B [alp and Aroclor 1254. The estimated 6 h EC50 for TCDD, B [a]P, and Aroclor 1254 was 1.2x10(-9), 5.7x10(-8) and 6.6x10(-6) M. For the cultured hepatocytes, time-course study showed that a significant induction of EROD took place at 18 h, and the maximal induction of EROD was observed at 24 h after exposure. The estimated 24 It EC50 for TCDD, B[a]P, and Aroclor 1254 was 1.4x10(-9), 8.1x10(-8) and 7.3x10(-6) M. There was no induction or inhibition of EROD in DE71 exposure to both gill epithelia and hepatocytes. The results show that cultured gill epithelia more rapidly induce EROD and are slightly more sensitive than cultured hepatocytes, and could be used as a rapid and sensitive tool for screening chemicals and monitoring environmental AhR agonist toxicants. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.